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Representing Others: Translation, Ethnography and the Museum

Author:

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Introduction to Court Interpreting

Author:燵/b] Mikkelson, Holly
Publisher: St. Jerome Publishing
Year of Publication: 2000
Pages: 120

Description

Court interpreting is becoming increasingly professionalized as the number of practitioners grows and judicial systems and legislatures throughout the world focus more on language rights as an element of due process. Introduction to Court Interpreting is the first course book for court interpreter training that is not oriented toward the judicial system of a particular country, but can be used in any country for training interpreters in any language combination. It covers the history of the profession, the legal basis for the interpreter's presence in the courtroom, criminal and civil procedure, comparative law, the role of the interpreter in the judiciary setting, ethical principles, techniques of interpreting, and resources for continuing education and research. Designed to be accessible to both teachers and students, it contains numerous practical exercises and suggestions for further reading, as well as a comprehensive bibliography.

Many changes have taken place in the court interpreting profession and in the judicial systems of many countries in recent years. Introduction to Court Interpreting reflects these developments and addresses the need for an up-to-date, globalized approach to preparing an increasingly diverse student population to enter this challenging profession.

Contents

Chapter 1: Introduction

Scope and Objective

Role of the Court Interpreter

History of Court Interpreting

Suggestions for Further Reading

Chapter 2: The Law

2.1. The Right to an Interpreter

2.1.1. Europe

2.1.2. The Americas

2.1.3. Asia

2.1.4. Australia

2.1.5. Africa

2.1.6. Defining Competency

2.1.7. U.S. Federal Court Interpreters Exam

2.1.8. Other Exams

2.2. The Role of the Professional Association

2.3. Suggestions for Further Study

Chapter 3: Legal Traditions of the World

3.1. Attitudes towards the Law and Lawyers

3.2. Civil Law

3.3. Common Law

3.4. Other Legal Traditions

3.4.1. Africa

3.4.2. Hinduism

3.4.3. Islam

3.4.4. Judaism

3.4.5. Socialist Law

3.4.6. Confucianism

3.4.7. International Law and Supranational Courts

3.5. Conclusion

3.6. Suggestions for Further Reading

3.7. Suggestions for Further Study

Chapter 4: Criminal and Civil Procedure

4.1. Criminal Procedure

4.1.1. Investigative Phase

4.1.2. Pre-Trial Phase

4.1.3. The Trial

4.1.4. Under Civil Law

4.1.5. Under Common Law

4.1.6. The Sentence

4.1.7. Appeals

4.1.8. Alternative Programmes

4.2. Civil Procedure

4.3. The Interpreter's Role

4.4. Suggestions for Further Reading

4.5. Suggestions for Further Study

Chapter 5: The Code of Ethics

5.1. Canons of the Code of Ethics

5.1.1. Fidelity

5.1.2. Confidentiality

5.1.3. Impartiality

5.1.4. Professional Conduct

5.2. Practical Guidelines

5.3. Conclusion

5.4. Role-Playing Scenarios

5.5. Suggestions for Further Reading

5.6. Suggestions for Further Study

Chapter 6: Interpreting Techniques

6.1. Definition of Interpreting

6.2. Consecutive Interpreting

6.3. Simultaneous Interpreting

6.4. Sight Translation

6.5. Ancillary Tasks

6.6. Remote Interpreting

6.7. Practical Exercises

6.7.1. Active Listening and Retention

6.7.2. Communication Skills

6.7.3. Split Attention

6.7.4. Restructuring

6.7.5. Anticipation

6.7.6. Interpreting

6.8. Suggestions for Further Reading

6.9. Suggested Class Activities

Chapter 7: Specialized Topics, Resources and References

7.1. Criminal Cases

7.2. Civil Cases

7.3. Resources for Research and Preparation

7.3.1. The Interpreter's Basic Library

7.3.2. Human Resources

7.3.3. Electronic Resources

7.4. Continuing Education

7.5. Suggested Activities

Appendix A: Instructions to Parties in Interpreted Proceedings

Appendix B: Best Practice in Court Interpreting and Code of Conduct for Court Interpreters

Bibliography

Index

daxigua

Scientific and Technical Translation Explained: A Nuts and Bolts Guide for Beginners

Author:燵/b] Byrne, Jody
Publisher: St. Jerome Publishing
Year of Publication: 2012
Pages: 230

Description

From microbiology to nuclear physics and chemistry to software engineering, scientific and technical translation is a complex activity that involves communicating specialized information on a variety of subjects across multiple languages. It requires expert linguistic knowledge and writing skills, combined with the ability to research and understand complex concepts and present them to a range of different audiences. Using a combination of interdisciplinary research, real-world examples drawn from professional practice and numerous learning activities, this introductory textbook equips the student with the knowledge and skills needed to get started in this exciting and challenging field. It examines the origins and history of scientific and technical translation, and the people, tools and processes involved in translating scientific and technical texts.

Scientific and Technical Translation Explained provides an overview of the main features of scientific and technical discourse as well as the different types of documents produced. A series of detailed case studies highlight various translation challenges and introduce a range of strategies for dealing with them. A variety of resources and exercises are included to make learning effective and enjoyable. Additional resources and activities are available on Facebook.

Contents

Acknowledgements
About this book
Using this book

1. Scientific and Technical Translation
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Some distinctions
1.1.2 Historical significance
1.1.3 Modern scientific and technical translation
1.1.4 Some legal dimensions
1.2 A place for translation theory?
1.2.1 Recreating the source text
1.2.2 Focusing on the target text
1.3 Tools of the trade
1.3.1 General tools
1.3.2 Text processing tools
1.3.3 Translation tools
1.4 Who’s who in scientific and technical translation?
1.4.1 The translator
1.4.2 The clients

2. Translation and Technical Communication
2.1 Introduction
2.2 What is technical communication?
2.2.1 Generic features of technical communication
2.3 Who reads technical documentation?
2.3.1 Understanding audiences
2.3.2 Finding out who the audience is
2.3.2.1 Asking the right questions
2.4 Knowing what you’re talking about

3. Understanding Technical Documentation
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Specific features of technical documentation
3.1.1.1 Language
3.1.1.2 Facts and specifications
3.1.1.3 References
3.1.1.4 Graphics
3.1.1.5 Formulae, equations and scientific notation
3.2 Typical text types
3.2.1 Manuals
3.2.2 Applications and proposals
3.2.3 Reports and scientific papers
3.2.4 Presentations
3.2.5 Regulatory documents
3.2.6 Popular science
3.2.7 A word on how texts are structured
3.2.8 Making sense of text types in translation

4. Case Studies
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Scientific Journal Paper
4.3 Technical Data Sheet (TDS)
4.4 Creating your own document profiles
4.4.1 Document Profile Sheet
4.5 Test Instructions
4.6 Expert Technical Report
4.7 User Guide
4.8 Popular Science Book
4.9 Certificate of Conformity
4.10 Technical Case Study

5. Basic Translation Techniques
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The basics
5.2.1 Direct translation
5.2.1.1 Literal translation
5.2.1.2 Borrowing
5.2.1.3 Calque
5.2.2 Oblique translation
5.2.2.1 Equivalence
5.2.2.2 Transposition/Recategorization
5.2.2.3 Modulation
5.2.2.4 Adaptation
5.2.3 Expansion and contraction
5.2.3.1 Recycling information
5.2.4 Generalizing and particularizing
5.2.5 Compensation
5.2.6 Restructuring
5.2.7 Iconic Linkage
5.3 What type of translation are you producing?
5.3.1 Instrumental and documentary translations
5.3.2 Producing a translation brief
5.3.3 When not to translate
5.3.3.1 Official translations and proper names
5.3.3.2 Laws
5.3.3.3 European Directives
5.4 Writing within limits
5.4.1 Terminology
5.4.2 Clarity, readability and usability
5.4.3 Editing and proof-reading
5.4.3.1 Reviewing the work of another translator
5.4.3.2 General hints for editing and reviewing translations
5.5 When in doubt

6. Pitfalls, Problems and How to Deal with Them
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Abbreviations and acronyms
6.3 Formulae and Equations
6.4 Quantities and units of measure
6.5 Currencies
6.6 Culture and Familiarity
6.7 Errors in the Source Text
6.8 Sample text and computer code
6.9 Graphics, screenshots and menus
6.10 Product names
6.11 Contact details
6.12 Scenarios and examples
6.13 Giving warnings and advice
6.14 References to other documents
6.15 Partially translated source texts
6.16 Latinisms and scientific nomenclatures
6.17 Instructions that do not make sense
6.18 Tables of contents and indices
6.19 Formatting and layout
6.20 Managing and naming files
6.21 Using the Internet

Bibliography

Appendix 1. Glossary of Terms
Appendix 2. Scientific Notation & Units of Measure
Appendix 3. Hazard, Risk and Safety Phrases
Appendix 4. Sample Document Profiles

Index

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Electronic Tools for Translators

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Revising and Editing for Translators (Second Edition)

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Legal Translation Explained

Authors:

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Translating for the European Union Institutions (Second Edition)

Authors:燵/b]

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Translating Official Documents

Author:燵/b] Mayoral Asensio, Roberto
Publisher: St. Jerome Publishing
Year of Publication: 2003
Pages: 165

Description

Official translations are generally documents that serve as legally valid instruments. They include anything from certificates of birth, death or marriage through to academic transcripts or legal contracts. This field of translation is now as important as it is fraught with difficulties, for it is only in a few areas that the cultural differences are so acute and the consequences of failure so palpable. In a globalizing world, our official institutions increasingly depend on translations of official documents, but little has been done to elaborate the skills and dilemmas involved.

Roberto Mayoral deals with the very practical problems of official translating. He points out the failings of traditional theories in this field and the need for revised concepts such as the virtual document, pragmatic constraints, and risk analysis. He details aspects of the social contexts, ethical norms, translation strategies, different formats, fees, legal formulas, and ways of solving the most frequent problems. Care is taken to address as wide a range of cultural contexts as possible and to stress the active role of the translator.

This book is intended as a teaching text for the classroom, for self-learning, or for professionals who want to reflect on their practice. Activities and exercises are suggested for each chapter, and information is included on professional associations and societies across the globe.

Contents

1. Introduction

2. Professional practice

2.1 Professional practice around the world
2.2 Features of official translation in different countries and regions

3. Social context

3.1 Participants
3.2 Loyalties
3.3 The translator's ideology
3.4 Across cultural distance

4. Documents

4.1 Types
4.2 Information and functions

5. The Official translator as a jurilinguistic expert

6. Different ways of translating

6.1 Adequacy conditions
6.2 Constraints
6.2.1 Legal norms
6.2.2 Ethical norms: Professional vs. personal
6.2.3 Traditions and customs
6.2.4 Constraints imposed by the client, the initiator or the recipient
6.3 Freedom

7. Common problems and frequent solutions

7.1 Means of expression
7.2 Format and typing conventions
7.2.1 Belonging to the original vs. belonging to the translation
7.2.2 Converting complex formats into paragraph sequences
7.2.3 Text vs. image
7.2.4 Avoiding deception
7.2.5 One source language
7.2.6 Legibility
7.2.7 Understandability
7.2.8 Originality
7.2.9 Other writing conventions
7.2.10 Translating into different formats
7.3 Validity and execution of documents
7.3.1 Signature and seal
7.3.2 Certifying authorities
7.4 Medium

8 On the translation of different documents

8.1 Birth, marriage and death certificates
8.2 Academic transcripts and diplomas
8.3 Agreements and undertakings

9. Sources of information

10. Other professional aspects

10.1 Fees and estimates
10.2 Professional associations

References and further reading

Addresses

Appendix

Index

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Conference Interpreting Explained

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Note-taking for Consecutive Interpreting - A Short Course

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Medical Translation Step by Stepearning by Drafting

Authors:

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A Handbook for Translator Trainers

Author:

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Audiovisual Translation: Subtitling

Authors:燵/b] Díaz Cintas, Jorge, Remael, Aline
Publisher: St. Jerome Publishing
Year of Publication: 2007
Pages: 290

Description

Audiovisual Translation: Subtitling is an introductory textbook which provides a solid overview of the world of subtitling. Based on sound research and first-hand experience in the field, the book focuses on generally accepted practice but identifies current points of contention, takes regional and medium-bound variants into consideration, and traces new developments that may have an influence on the evolution of the profession. The individual chapters cover the rules of good subtitling practice, the linguistic and semiotic dimensions of subtitling, the professional environment, technical considerations, and key concepts and conventions, providing access to the core skills and knowledge needed to subtitle for television, cinema and DVD. Also included are graded exercises covering core skills.

Audiovisual Translation: Subtitling can be used by teachers and students as a coursebook for the classroom or for self-learning. It is also aimed at translators and other language professionals wishing to expand their sphere of activity.

Highlight: While the working language of the book is English, an accompanying DVD contains sample film material in Dutch, English, French, Italian and Spanish, as well as a range of dialogue lists and a key to some of the exercises. The DVD also includes WinCAPS (www.sysmedia.com), SysMedia's professional subtitling preparation software package, used for broadcast television around the world and for many of the latest multinational DVD releases of major Hollywood projects.

Contents


Acknowledgements

The structure of Audiovisual Translation: Subtitling

The book

The DVD

WinCAPS

1. Introduction to Subtitling

1.0 Preliminary discussion

1.1 Definition

1.2 Translation or adaptation? Audiovisual Translation (AVT)

1.3 Classification of subtitles

1.3.1 Linguistic parameters

1.3.2 Time available for preparation

1.3.3 Technical parameters

1.3.4 Methods of projecting subtitles

1.3.5 Distribution format

1.4 Surtitles

1.5 Intertitles

1.6 Fansubs

1.7 Discussion points

2. The Professional Environment

2.0 Preliminary discussion

2.1 The subtitling process

2.2 The professionals

2.3 The working conditions

2.3.1 Clients and rates

2.3.2 Globalization

2.3.3 Deadlines

2.3.4 Subtitlers' visibility and professional associations

2.3.5 Training

2.4 Discussion points



3. The Semiotics of Subtitling

3.0 Preliminary discussion

3.1 The film as text

3.1.1 The complexity of the filmic sign system

3.1.2 The semiotics of screenwriting and film dialogue

3.2 Subtitling and images

3.2.1 Semiotic cohesion

3.2.2 The multimodality of language

3.2.3 Camera movement and editing

3.2.4 A blessing in disguise

3.3 Subtitling, soundtrack, and text on screen

3.3.1 Subtitling's vulnerability

3.3.2 Multilingual films

3.3.3 Text on screen

3.4 Change of medium

3.4.1 Speech to writing: a matter of compromise

3.5 Discussion points

3.6 Exercises

4. Technical Considerations

4.0 Preliminary discussion

4.1 Subtitling programs

4.2 Feet and frames

4.3 Dialogue lists

4.4 Style guides

4.5 Code of good subtitling practice

4.6 Spatial dimension

4.6.1 Maximum number of lines and position on the screen

4.6.2 Font type and number of characters per line

4.6.3 One-liners and two-liners

4.6.4 Centred and left-aligned

4.7 Temporal dimension

4.7.1 Spotting and duration of subtitles

4.7.2 Synchronization

4.7.3 Multiple voices

4.7.4 Shot changes

4.7.5 Delay function between subtitles

4.7.6 One or two lines?

4.7.7 Timecodes

4.7.8 Reading time

4.7.9 Six-second rule

4.7.10 DVD reading speed

4.8 Exercises

5. Punctuation and other Conventions

5.0 Preliminary discussion

5.1 In search of conventions

5.2 Punctuation conventions

5.2.1 Commas and semi-colons

5.2.2 Full stops

5.2.3 Colons

5.2.4 Parentheses and brackets

5.2.5 Exclamation marks and question marks

5.2.6 Dashes and hyphens

5.2.7 Triple dots

5.2.8 Asterisks

5.2.9 Slashes

5.2.10 Other symbols

5.2.11 Capital letters

5.2.12 Quotation marks or inverted commas

5.3 Other conventions

5.3.1 Italics

5.3.1.1 Songs

5.3.1.2 Letters and written documents

5.3.2 Colours

5.3.3 Abbreviations

5.3.4 Numbers

5.3.4.1 Cardinals

5.3.4.2 Ordinals

5.3.4.3 Time

5.3.4.4 Measurements and weights

5.4 A glimpse of the future?

5.5 Discussion points

5.6 Exercises

6. The Linguistics of Subtitling

6.0 Preliminary discussion

6.1 Subtitling: translation as rewriting

6.2 Text reduction

6.2.1 Condensation and reformulation

6.2.1.1 Condensation and reformulation at word level

6.2.1.2 Condensation and reformulation at clause/sentence level

6.2.2 Omissions

6.2.2.1 Omissions at word level

6.2.2.2 Omissions at clause/sentence level

6.3 Linguistic cohesion and coherence in subtitling

6.4 Segmentation and line breaks

6.4.1 Line breaks within subtitles: syntactic-semantic considerations

6.4.2 Line breaks across subtitles: syntactic-semantic considerations

6.4.3 Rhetorical segmentation

6.5 Discussion points

6.6 Exercises

7. Translation Issues

7.0 Preliminary discussion

7.1 Linguistic variation

7.2 Denotative versus connotative meaning

7.3 The translation of marked speech

7.3.1 Style

7.3.2 Register

7.3.3 Dialects, sociolects, and idiolects

7.3.3.1 Grammar

7.3.3.2 Lexicon

7.3.3.3 Accents and pronunciation

7.3.4 Emotionally charged language: taboo words, swearwords, interjections

7.4 The translation of culture-bound terms

7.5 The translation of songs

7.5.1 Deciding what to translate

7.5.2 Deciding how to translate

7.6 The translation of humour

7.6.1 Pinning down humour

7.6.2 Subtitling humour

7.7 Ideological issues: whose voice and whose message

7.8 Discussion points

7.9 Exercises

8. Further Activities

8.1 WinCAPS activities

8.2 Extra scenes

9. A Glossary of Terms Used in Subtitling

10. References

10.1 Bibliography

10.2 Filmography

11. Index

daxigua

Translating Promotional and Advertising Texts

Author:燵/b] Torresi, Ira
Publisher: St. Jerome Publishing
Year of Publication: 2010
Pages: 200

Description

Promotional and advertising texts come in different forms and account for a considerable share of the translation market. Advertisements, company brochures, websites, tourist guides, institutional information campaigns, and even personal CVs all share a common primary purpose: that of persuading the reader to buy something, be it a product or a lifestyle, or to act in a particular way, from taking preventive measures against health risks to employing one candidate in preference to another. Consequently, their translation requires the application of techniques which, although they vary depending on the specific text type, are all aimed at preserving that persuasive purpose. This often requires in-depth cultural adaptation and, on occasion, thorough rewriting.

Translating Promotional and Advertising Texts covers different areas of personal promotion, business to business promotion, institutional and business to consumer promotion, including advertising. Numerous examples from a wide variety of languages and media, taken from the author's own professional experience and from real-life observation, are provided throughout. The volume is designed for use as a coursebook for classroom practice or as a handbook for self-learning. It will be of interest to undergraduate and postgraduate students, but also freelance and in-house translators, as well as other professionals working in sales, public relations or similar departments whose responsibilities include involvement in the management of multilingual advertising and promotion activities.

Contents


List of Tables and Illustrations

Acknowledgements

1. Introduction: Why a Book on the Translation of Promotional Texts?

1.1 How to use this book

1.2 Intended readership

1.3 A short note on terminology

1.4 Structure

1.5 What this book does and does not do

2. Promotional Translation and Professional Practice

2.1 Why advertising and promotional translators aren't just translators

2.2 Valuable tools: the brief, visuals, multiple versions, and negotiation

2.3 A short note for freelance translators: can one live off promotional and advertising translation?

3. Key Issues in Promotional Translation

3.1 The brand name

3.2 Accuracy and loyalty to the original text

3.3 Different kinds of text

4. Translating Promotional Material: Self-Promotion

4.1 Source, target, context of distribution, and information-to-persuasion ratio

4.2 Self-promotion

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Subtitling through Speech Recognition: Respeaking

Author:燵/b] Romero-Fresco, Pablo
Publisher: St. Jerome Publishing
Year of Publication: 2011
Pages: 194

Description

Based on sound research and first-hand experience in the field, Subtitling through Speech Recognition: Respeaking is the first book to present a comprehensive overview of the production of subtitles through speech recognition in Europe. Topics covered include the origins of subtitling for the deaf and hard of hearing, the different methods used to provide live subtitles and the training and professional practice of respeaking around the world. The core of the book is devoted to elaborating an in-depth respeaking course, including the skills required before, during and after the respeaking process. The volume also offers detailed analysis of the reception of respeaking, featuring information about viewers’ preferences, comprehension and perception of respoken subtitles obtained with eye-tracking technology.

An accompanying DVD features a wealth of video clips and documents designed to illustrate the material in the book and to serve as a basis for the exercises included at the end of each chapter. The working language of the book is English, but the DVD also contains sample material in Dutch, French, Galician, German, Italian and Spanish.

Subtitling through Speech Recognition: Respeaking is designed for use as a coursebook for classroom practice or as a handbook for self-learning. It will be of interest to undergraduate and postgraduate students as well as freelance and in-house language professionals. It will also find a reading public among broadcasters, cinema, theatre and museum managers, as well as the deaf and members of deaf associations, who may use the volume to support future campaigns and enhance the quality of the speech-to-text accessibility they provide to their members.

Contents


List of abbreviations, figures and tables

Contents of Accompanying DVD

Acknowledgements

How to Use this Book and DVD

1. Introduction to Respeaking

1.1 What is respeaking?

1.2. The name game

1.3. Discussion points

2. Live Subtitling

2.0. Introduction

2.1. Origins of SDH and live subtitling

2.2. Legislation and developments

2.3. Classification and methods

2.4. Discussion points and exercises

3.

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Audiovisual Translation: Dubbing

Author:燵/b] Chaume, Frederic
Publisher: St. Jerome Publishing
Year of Publication: 2012
Pages: 208

Description

Audiovisual Translation: Dubbing is an introductory textbook that provides a solid overview of the world of dubbing and is fundamentally interactive in approach. A companion to Audiovisual Translation: Subtitling, it follows a similar structure and is accompanied by a DVD.

Based on first-hand experience in the field, the book combines translation practice with other related tasks – usually commissioned to dialogue writers and dubbing assistants – thus offering a complete introduction to the field of dubbing. It develops diversified skills, presents a broad picture of the industry, engages with the various controversies in the field, and challenges prevailing stereotypes. The individual chapters cover the map of dubbing in the world, the dubbing market and professional environment, text segmentation into takes or loops, lip-syncing, the challenge of emulating oral discourse, the semiotic nature of audiovisual texts, and specific audiovisual translation issues. The book further raises a number of research questions and looks at some of the unresolved challenges of this very specific form of translation. It includes graded exercises covering core skills that can be practised in class or at home, individually or collectively. The accompanying DVD contains sample film material in Dutch, English, French, Italian and Spanish, as well as a range of useful material related to professional practice.

Contents

Acknowledgements

How to use this book and DVD
The rationale of Audiovisual Translation: Dubbing
The structure of Audiovisual Translation: Dubbing
The Book
The DVD

1. Translation for dubbing
1.0 Preliminary discussion
1.1 Definition
1.2 Dubbing as a type of Audiovisual Translation
1.3 The global dubbing map
1.3.1 Europe
1.3.2 Asia
1.3.3 America
1.3.4 Africa
1.3.5 Oceania
1.4 History of dubbing
1.5 Quality standards
1.5.1 Acceptable lip-sync
1.5.2 Credible and realistic dialogue lines
1.5.3 Coherence between images and words
1.5.4 A loyal translation
1.5.5 Clear sound quality
1.5.6 Acting
1.6 Exercises


2. The professional environment
2.0 Preliminary discussion
2.1 The market
2.1.1 How to get a foot in the market
2.2 Rates and visibility
2.3 The dubbing process and professionals
2.3.1 The industrial process
2.3.2 The professionals
2.4 The translator’s task
2.5 Globalization and localization
2.6 Training
2.7 Exercises


3. Text segmenting and dubbing symbols
3.0 Preliminary discussion
3.1 Dubbing vs. subtitling in the global world
3.2. Text segmentation: Takes or loops
3.2.1 Text segmentation in Spain
3.2.2 Text segmentation in France
3.2.3 Text segmentation in Germany
3.2.4 Text segmentation in Italy
3.2.5 Text segmentation in Poland
3.2.6 Text segmentation in Argentina
3.2.7 Text segmentation in the United States of America
3.3 Dubbing symbols
3.3.1 Dubbing symbols in Spain
3.3.2 Dubbing symbols in France
3.3.3 Dubbing symbols in Italy
3.3.4 Dubbing symbols in Germany
3.3.5 Dubbing symbols in Poland
3.4 Final remarks
3.5 Exercises


4. Synchronization or lip-sync: Read my lips
4.0 Preliminary discussion
4.1 Synchronization: A key factor in dubbing
4.1.1 Denomination
4.1.2 Definition
4.1.3 Types of synchronization
4.1.4 What synchronization is not
4.2 Kinesic synchrony
4.3 Isochrony
4.4 Lip-sync
4.5 Further discussion
4.5.1 Considerations on genres and text types
4.5.2 Considerations on language contact
4.5.3 Considerations on the translation brief
4.5.4 Considerations on the viewer
4.5.5 Factors relevant to synchronization
4.6 Exercises


5. The language of dubbing: A matter of compromise
5.0 Preliminary discussion
5.1 In search of oral discourse
5.1.1 A balance between planned and spontaneous speech
5.1.2 The notion of prefabricated orality
5.2 The language of dubbing: Linguistic and translation issues
5.3 An analytical model for the study of prefabricated orality
5.4 A usual case study: Calques
5.5 Exercises


6. The specific nature of AVT: Acoustic and visual dimensions
6.0 Preliminary discussion
6.1 The acoustic dimension
6.1.1 Translating paralinguistic features
6.1.2 Translating songs
6.1.3 Special effects and the soundtrack: Implications for translation
6.1.4 Off- and On-screen sound
6.2 The visual dimension
6.2.1 The language of images: Icons, indices and symbols
6.2.2 The style of images: Photography and colour
6.2.3 Types of shots and their incidence on translation operations
6.2.4 Body language: Proxemics, kinesics and mouth articulation
6.2.5 The language we watch: Text on screen
6.2.6 Editing: Implications for translation
6.3 Exercises


7. Translation Issues
7.0 Preliminary discussion
7.1 An initial look at original scripts
7.1.1 Dialogue lists
7.1.2 Dubbing bibles
7.2 Translating film titles
7.2.1 Why are film titles translated?
7.2.2 Retranslations and premieres
7.2.3 Translation techniques
7.3 Translating multilingual movies
7.4 Translating language variation
7.4.1 Style
7.4.2 Dialects (user-related language varieties)
7.4.2.1 Geographical dialects
7.4.2.2 Temporal dialects
7.4.2.3 Standard/non-standard dialects
7.4.2.4 Social dialects or jargons
7.4.2.5 Idiolects
7.4.3 Registers (use-related language varieties)
7.5 Translating cultural and intertextual references
7.5.1 Cultural references
7.5.2 Intertextual references
7.6 Translating humour
7.7 Translating ideology
7.7.1 Censorship
7.7.2 Normalization
7.7.3 Gender issues
7.7.4 Patronage
7.8 Exercises

8. Research in dubbing
8.0 Preliminary discussion
8.1 State of the art
8.2 A descriptive and semiotic model of analysis of dubbed texts
8.2.1 Rationale
8.2.2 AVT models of analysis
8.2.3 An integrated model of analysis
8.2.3.1 The external level of the model
8.2.3.2 The internal level of the model (I): General translation problems
8.2.3.3 The internal level of the model (II): Specific problems of AVT
8.3 Exercises

9. A glossary of terms used in dubbing and AVT

10. References
10.1 Bibliography
10.2 Filmography

Index

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