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发表于 2011-3-16 11:32:41
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人生起起落落,十之八九决定在命中的有与无;这一辈子腰缠多少财富,说穿了也是注定的,不容强求。有人学究天人,一生潦倒;有人平平庸庸,一生富贵。有人命里有利无名,有人命里有名无利,更有人既有名又有利。收穫和耕耘未必都成正比。
陈寅恪的一则议论:「我侪虽事学问,而决不可倚学问以谋生,道德尤不济飢寒。要当於学问道德之外,另谋求生之地,经商最妙。」葛兆光认为这是说明陈先生觉得以学问教书或以学问当官便不能不「随人敷衍」;教书是误己误人,问心不安,做官是弄权窃柄,颠危社宗。与其如此,不如将谋生之「术」和追求的「道」分开,以经商维持生计,以学问维系精神。人生真有这样的命,当然上上大吉;陈寅恪这是说来泄一泄胸中的闷气而已。要他真去经商,一定大为不妙了。认命是好的。有人说:「我的运气真坏,连投资买一块墓地人家居然都不死了」(“My luck is so bad if I bought a cemetery, people would stop dying”)。信不信由你。
师爷都靠搬弄文字语言吃饭,书要读得多,脑筋要灵。有一位绍兴师爷说:「我们这些人因科举扬名不成,转而寻找职业谋生,只有习幕一途,与读书最为接近,所以从事的很多」。这些高手化鹿为马,指红为白,造孽不少,所谓笔孽深重,冤仇越结越多。莎士比亚有一齣戏就说要杀绝天下律师(“The first thing we do, let's kill all lawyers”)。
当年《鹿鼎记》在报上连载期间,有一天,宋淇先生遇到查先生,谈话中不免提到这部新作。宋先生说,这是开辟蹊径的尝试,隐然与西方新潮小说遥相呼应:男主角韦小宝是个「反英雄」(antihero),小说本身也是「反传统武侠小说」。宋先生还说,《鹿鼎记》写作手法有些地方引用正史,一本正经,骨子里却冷嘲暗讽,彷彿十八世纪大诗人蒲伯( Alexander Pope)的「仿史诗」(mockheroic)。蒲伯的《秀发记》(Rape of the Lock)写两大家族为一绺头发而吵闹,其实蓝本是荷马史诗《伊利亚特》的两大城市争夺绝代美女海伦的故事,还有密尔顿《失乐园》中上帝与魔鬼之争,极尽讥讽嘲弄之能事。
我登过他的一篇长文《不定向东风》,写於霍克思(David Hawkes)和华兹生(Burton Watson)两大英美汉学家隐退之后。宋先生说,霍克思是继Arthur Waley之后第二代的中译英泰斗,「他们的特长是非但译好书,而且译成好英文,因为本身就是第一流的文体家。这在不再讲究文字的今日社会已不多见。」
我於是想到语文功力既然不是一朝一夕可以练好,也不是三言两语可以纠正,不如多多留意古今中外可观可赏的文字和有情有趣的故事,在营营役役的社会里追逐一点书香。这样做,或许也是提高我们的语文水平的一个方法。
读到立法局议员吴霭仪圣诞节致法律界选举人的信,有趣得很。信是英文,有感而发,发为幽默。文字简练而清雅,可以观摩,殊难中译。第一段说圣诞节吃火鸡政治上不正确,人人改吃鹅,她於是做了一点关於鹅的研究工作:
In anticipation that some of us may consider forgoing the politically incorrect turkey (which reportedly still grows wild in parts of the American continent) for the more desirable goose, I have done some modest research on this latter bird.
生金蛋的鹅只有童话里有。食谱上只说鹅是喜欢移栖的候鸟,起初属猎鸟,后来驯为家禽。产蛋的鹅养到五六岁鹅肉甚乾硬,多半要炖或醃。
Firstly, I have to tell you that there is no evidence of the existence, let alone the longevity, of the Goose that Lays the Golden Egg, except in fairy tales. My Larousse Gastronomique says that the goose is“ A migrating bird originally prized as a game bird and later domesticated... Laying birds may be kept until they are five or six years old; as their meat is by then very tough and dry it is usually stewed or preserved...”
烹食香港之鹅有两款基本法。中式方法是拔毛洗浸弃掉一切肮髒不纯的东西,过滚水,涂色酱,风乾,明火烧红。英式方法於鹅肚中塞满八宝,煮后封入烤箱密烤,熬炼出油,至骨肉分离为止:
There are, apparently, two Basic Laws or Methods for cooking the Hong Kong goose. The Chinese method calls for the bird to be plucked, drawn and removed of all alien impurities. Following which it is quickly immersed in boiling water, painted with a dark sauce, hanged up to dry in the wind, and finally roasted to a brilliant red over an open fire. The British method is more obscure. It seems that the goose is stuffed with sage and onion, and then cooked, covered up in a tightly shut oven, until all the fat is rendered, and the flesh falls away from the bones.
至於用哪一种方法去泡制,鹅通常是做不了主的(“Usually, the goose has no choice as to which method is used”)。
照英国食谱说,鹅未必是圣诞佳餚,倒是九月二十九日米迦勒节租客送给业主的礼品。那是英国四大结账日之一,租客恐怕租约续不了,非巴结一下地主不可。当然,这一类的奉献未必保得住权利;历来都是这样的:
You would be aware that according to Elizabeth Ayrton's Cookery of England, the goose is not necessarily a Christmas dish. It was a customary offering by the tenants to the landlord at Michaelmas (Which is, of course, in September) “For feare their lease flie loose”. Of course, this, and other offerings made from time to time during the year, were no guarantee for anybody's rights, as history has shown.
英国人圣诞节作兴吃里脊牛排,殖民地香港自难免俗。可是,加官晋爵渐渐不利於政治生涯,有些餐馆善解人意,步步为营,菜单上里脊肉sirloin的sir字都删掉了:
You are also aware, of course, that the real British Christmas fare, which had become popular in Hong Kong through colonisation, is the roast sirloin. However, as knighthoods become politically dubious, you should be prepared to see it referred to in the bill of fare of the more cautious restaurants simply as“loin”.
形势如此,聊颂圣诞尽量作乐(“Have the happiest Christmas possible in the circumstance!”)
我渐渐不信文字有文白之分;好文字往往读来不觉得是文是白。「五四」白话文运动已经成功,对文白问题矫枉过正,可能囿於文体而害了文章的神采;要计较的是文字好坏而已。《红楼梦》中《好了歌》白里有文,正是关键所在。《闲居笔记》里也有文字相似之歌:「水花儿聚了还散,蛛网儿到处去牵,锦缆儿与你暂时牵绊。风筝儿断线了,扁担儿担不起你去担。正月半的花灯,也亮不上三五晚,同心带结就了,割做两段。双飞燕一遭弹打,无得成双。并头莲才放开,被风儿吹断。青鸾音信杳,红叶御沟乾,交颈的鸳鸯,也被钓鱼人来赶。」此中实在说不清是文是白。
唐诗宋词元曲都是锻炼文字的大好范本。前几年我的朋友詹德隆有《听歌学英文》之节目,旨在複习新旧歌曲中的歌词以领悟英文句法词彙的妙处,构思甚佳。近见邓之诚引《一夕话》也是上乘的韵文:「贫家一婢任驰驱,不说旁人怎得知。壁脚风多寒彻骨,厨头柴湿泪抛珠。梳妆娘子嫌汤冷,上学书生骂饭迟。打扫堂前犹未了,房中又唤抱孩儿。」清清爽爽勾勒出婢女的狼狈生涯,识字的人谁都看得懂。
绝诗律诗自然是文得多了,却也不乏可以化入白话文骨子里的词彙。
旧诗旧词第一好处是长话短说;这一层是学写短文章的他山之石。第二好处是词彙典雅,借以用在白话文中,可以营造意境。当然,「诗的语言」恰当处偶尔一拈,自有化腐朽为神奇之功效,通篇文章尽是雅语丽词,未免纤弱了,所谓「雅得一塌胡涂」也。
鲁迅读过古书不少,从而「知旧世之弊」,文章「浑厚冷峭,於书卷气杂以斗士风采」。仔细阅读鲁迅的白话文,不难发现他下笔其实「白」中处处有「文」,可见文言真是白话的基础。鲁迅用文言写中国小说史,通篇精练得不得了,又不失情致,他的语文底子昭然若揭。甚至读《孔乙己》,读《阿Q正传》,读《在酒楼上》,虽是白话,文言的成份还是不少,否则不会「凝」得那么晶莹。文言文是传统的、古典的,像正月半的花灯,纵使只亮三五晚,也好。
「案前相对,忽然记起清代雕砚名家顾二娘的一句话:砚系一石琢成,必圆活而肥润,方见镌琢之妙,若呆板瘦硬,乃石之本来面目,琢磨何为?然则文章也是文字琢成,若乾涩无光,那是字之堆砌,不成篇章,写来做什么?最紧要是琢字成章,是方是圆都不露镌琢之痕,却显见镌琢之妙,既可榴开百子,也能太璞自全;最后若然浮出那么一丝古艳,想必更妙!」
我藏有一件竹刻臂栏,金北楼画的梅花一枝,金西崖精刻,朱疆村题的一句易安词,正是「一枝折得,人间天上,没个人堪寄」。金北楼是北方着名画家,金西崖的伯兄;金西崖是现代著名竹刻大家,王世襄的四舅父。这件竹刻我是在伦敦买到的,伦敦一本艺术专书里还做了插图,详加描写,那十三字英译为:“A branch snaps: the watery man (mankind) between is drowned by heaven; the bamboo man is fit to live here”。错得非常好笑。朱疆村的字歪歪的,「得」写作「淂」,「個」写作「个」,没有标点,洋人才错看成「水汪汪的人」和「竹人」。
学术与创作都讲求「创意」(originality),不得拾人牙慧。此事伤透了脑筋。Samuel Johnson有致作者信说:尊稿既好又有创意;可惜好的地方毫无创意,有创意之处又不甚好(“Your manuscript is both good and original; but the part that is good is not original, and the part that is original is not good”)。这话刻薄,却是常见的实情。天下文章一大抄,有的露出破绽,有的不露痕迹;前者多半生手所为,后者肯定是老手技俩。W R Ince於是说,创意乃隐不可探之剽窃(“Originality is undetected plagiarism”)。至於博士论文,十之八九无足观赏,不外把一堆屍骨从一个坟墓搬到另一个坟墓里去(“The average PhD thesis is nothing but the transference of bones from one graveyard to the other”)。好的学术文章通常是拿了博士当了教授之后才写出来的;当了讲师教授还制造不出一篇像样的文章则可以休矣。
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