The Phonological Spectrum: Suprasegmental Structure v. 2 (Current Issues in Linguistic Theory)
By Jeroen van de Weijer, Vincent J.Van Heuven, Harry Van Der Hulst
* Publisher:John Benjamins Publishing Co
* Number Of Pages:293
* Publication Date:2003-03
* ISBN-10 / ASIN:9027247455
* ISBN-13 / EAN:9789027247452
Product Description:
The two volumes of the "Phonological Spectrum" aim at giving a comprehensive overview of current developments in phonological theory, by providing a number of papers in different areas of current theorizing which reflect on particular problems from different angles. Volume II deals with phonological structure above the segmental level, in particular with syllable structure, metrical structure and sentence-level prosodic structure. Different syllable structure theories, as well as possible relations between segment structure and syllabic structure, and evidence from language acquisition and aphasia are examined in section 1. Metrical structure is examined in papers on foot structure, and, experimentally, on word stress in Indonesian. Finally in this volume, there are three laboratory-phonological reports on the intonation of Dutch.
Studies in Interactional Linguistics (Studies in Discourse&Grammar)
By Sandra A. Thompson, Margret Selting, Elizabeth Couper-Kuhlen
* Publisher:John Benjamins Publishing Co
* Number Of Pages:444
* Publication Date:2001-09
* ISBN-10 / ASIN:9027226202
* ISBN-13 / EAN:9789027226204
Synopsis
This work provides rich discussions of linguistic phenomena explained in terms of the actions that participants are engaged in when they are interacting. These linguistic phenomena include discourse particles, connectives and complementizers, adpositions, the internal structure of clauses and phrases, word order, interrogation, constituency, deixis, negation, languages acquisition and prosody. In each case the researchers show, with careful empirical argumentation, that these are emergent phenomena, dependent on and shaped by not just the context in which they occur, but more specifically by the actions which the speakers are undertaking with their talk.
Vocabulary in a Second Language. Selection,Acquisition,and Testing
By
* Publisher:
* Number Of Pages: 249
* Publication Date:2004-12
* ISBN-10 / ASIN:9027217092
* ISBN-13 / EAN:9789027217097
Meaning Through Language Contrast: v. 1 (Pragmatics&Beyond New Series)
By K. Jaszczolt, Ken Turner
Meaning Through Language Contrast: v. 2 (Pragmatics&Beyond New Series)
By K. Jaszczolt, Ken Turner
* Publisher:John Benjamins Publishing Co
* Number Of Pages:487
* Publication Date:2002-09
* ISBN-10 / ASIN:9027251207
* ISBN-13 / EAN:9789027251206
Product Description:
This chapter is comparative at two levels. The first concerns whole language families, or perhaps we should say, groups of languages of a similar typological type. The second level of comparison concerns two individual Bantu languages: Digo (or Chidigo) which is spoken along the Kenyan and Tanzanian coast between Mombasa and Tanga, and Fuliiru (or Kifuliiru) spoken in the eastern eastern part of the Democratic Republic of Cango.1 The focus of this study is grammaticalisation involving verbs of movement, direction and position. A distinction can be drawn between those languages in which grammaticalisation involving such verbs rapidly results in the loss of the semantic component of physical movement etc. and those languages in which such semantic change does not necessarily occur. In many Bantu languages, including Digo and Fuliiru, grammaticalisation involving verbs of movement, direction and position does not necessarily entail the loss of their lexical semantic content, which is typically the case during grammaticalisation in other languages families. Between Digo and Fuliiru there are differences both in the range of lexical sources each language utilises and also in the extent to which these source constructions undergo formal grammaticalisation. Before describing these differences in detail, I shall briefly discuss the features of grammaticalisation relevant to this study. Grammaticalisation is the process whereby a construction involving one of the lexical word classes, such as nouns, verbs and adjectives, develops into a gram, that is, a morpheme of one of the functional, or grammatical, classes, such as prepositions and TAM (tense-aspect-modality) markers. For example, verbs of movement are common sources of future tense markers. Semantically, grammaticalisation results in semantic bleaching (or generalisation) and functional dependence on associated lexical material; in relevance theoretic terms grammaticalisation involves a shift from conceptual to procedural encoding (Nicolle 1998a). Following
Grammar in Plain English
By Harriet Diamond, Phyllis Dutwin
* Publisher:Barron''s Educational Series
* Number Of Pages:368
* Publication Date:2005-08-01
* ISBN-10 / ASIN:0764128876
* ISBN-13 / EAN:9780764128875
Product Description:
Here is an excellent English grammar brush-up manual and subject review for adults preparing for the GED, for students of English as a second language preparing for the TOEFL or TOEIC exams, and for all others who need to improve their skills in basic English usage. Topics presented and explained include:
The sentence, the simplest complete thought Adding descriptive words and using them correctly Rules of agreement between nouns and verbs Time and sequence of tenses Balanced sentences to reflect coordinated thoughts Spelling, capitalization, punctuation, and much more Twenty-two lessons cover the various aspects of English grammar with practice exercises accompanying each lesson and answers to all questions. This new edition has been updated to reflect the most recent GED writing skills tests.Summary: A recommended pick; not just for students, but for any wishing a refresher course in an easy workbook.Rating: 5Any planning on taking the GED, or adults wishing to brush up on their English skills, will find the fourth edition of GRAMMAR IN PLAIN ENGLISH provides over twenty important lessons to reinforce grammar. Practice exercises with answer keys use some of the latest GED writing skills test formats and provide plenty of examples, practice questions, and explanations for review. A recommended pick; not just for students, but for any wishing a refresher course in an easy workbook. Diane C. Donovan California BookwatchSummary: You'll never learn grammar from this book.Rating: 1I bought this book after doing a brief review on-line and after reading the five-start comments and it turned out to be a big disappointment. It claims to be in plain English but, what it really is, is a very poorly organized book explaining grammar in a different vocabulary than what most of those who study languages know. Good luck finding rules, exceptions, etc. in this book. If you are a foreign student learning English, forget it, it will be completely useless to you. This is definetely going to be returned and replaced by a better book.Summary: An Excellent Primer but the formant needs an overhaulRating: 5I am an ESL teacher and this was great book for me to review before teaching the grammar rules. The problem with using it for my students was that the format was too confusing. The author needs to go back and find a way to differentiate categories from subcategories, e.g. using Roman numerals or letters for subcategories instead of double sets of numbers. Otherwise, it's a great book, straight-forward, simply stated, and not too busy. Summary: An excellent grammar tutorialRating: 5I picked up this book when I realized that my grammar was not up to par as a result of attending a sorry little public school with an inadequate number of hours and instructors in the subject. Although this book is written for the GED crowd, I found it to be an excellent tutorial on the fundamentals of grammar. It's style is very easy to read and fun with a good blend of content with practical exercises.
Semantic-pragmatic Language Disorder 作者：Charlotte Firth, Katherine Venkatesh, Inc NetLibrary
更多详细信息
Semantic-pragmatic Language Disorder
作者：Charlotte Firth, Katherine Venkatesh, Inc NetLibrary
Edition: illustrated
由Winslow出版, 1999
ISBN 0863882412, 9780863882418
144 页
An Historical Study of English 作者：Jeremy J. Smith
Through his analysis of selected major developments in the history of English, Jeremy Smith argues that the history of the language can only be understood from a dynamic perspective. He proposes that internal linguistic mechanisms for language change cannot be meaningfully explained in isolation or without reference to external linguistic factors.
Smith provides the reader with an accessible synthesis of recent developments in English historical linguistics. He looks at the theory and methodology of linguistic historiography while considering the major changes in writing systems, pronunciation and grammer and providing examples of these changes, such as the standardization of spellings and accent and the origins of the Great Vowel Shift. A Historical Study of English also focuses on the origins of two non-standard varieties--18th century Scots and 20th century British Black English. This book will be fascinating reading to those interested in English historical linguistics and will make an original, important and, above all, lively contribution to the field.
更多详细信息
An Historical Study of English: Function, Form and Change
作者：Jeremy J. Smith
Edition: illustrated, reprint
由Routledge出版, 1996
ISBN 0415132738, 9780415132732
225 页
Life Stories: The Creation of Coherence (Oxford Studies in Sociolinguistics)
By Charlotte Linde
* Publisher:Oxford University Press, USA
* Number Of Pages:256
* Publication Date:1993-07-01
* ISBN-10 / ASIN:0195073738
* ISBN-13 / EAN:9780195073737
Product Description:
All adult speakers in Western cultures have life stories argues Charlotte Linde, and the ways in which these life stories are formed and exchanged with others have a powerful effect on all of us. Life stories express our sense of self, who we are and how we got that way. According to Linde, we also use these stories to show that our lives can be understood as coherent, and to assert or negotiate group membership. These life stories take part in the highest level of social constructions, since they are built on cultural assumptions about what is expected in a life, what the norms for a successful life are, and what common or special belief systems are necessary to establish coherence. The life story, illuminated by this engrossing study, is a form of everyday discourse which has not previously been precisely defined or studied. It is an oral, discontinuous unit, consisting of stories which are retold in a variety of forms over a long period of time, and which may be revised and changed as the speaker comes to drop old meanings and add new ones to parts of the life story. The life story is a particularly rich and important area for study, because it represents a crossroads of linguistic structure and social practice. Linde's analysis is of importance to linguistics, as well as having broader implications for anthropology, psychology, and sociology.
Summary: A Must Read
Rating: 5
It is rare to find a ground-breaking scholarly book written so gracefully while covering such a wide range of scholarly literatures. In less than 200 pages Linde brings down a framework for the understanding of the personal life story which is invaluable for psychologists, anthropologists, linguistis and indeed anyone who wishes to understand the process of the creation of the self.
Summary: Life Stories The Creation Of a Good Sleeping Device
Rating: 1
This book is obviously not for the average reader. I read it for a psychological anthropology book review and found myself regretting every moment of it. First of all, Linde tries to give to many examples and restates the same thing over and over. When I finished chapter 8 and read the conclusion which was four pages I was a little upset. The whole book was a waste of time, by just reading the conclusion the few points that were made are clearly stated there without the non-sense and all the repetition. INSOMNIACS this is a must buy for you it put me to sleep about 7-8 times. Besides that avoid this book if at all possible. You can thank me for the sacrafice I made for you.
Grammar and Style at Your Fingertips
By Lara M. Robbins
* Publisher:Alpha
* Number Of Pages:304
* Publication Date:2007-07-03
* ISBN-10 / ASIN:1592576575
* ISBN-13 / EAN:9781592576579
Product Description:
Knowing the rules of grammar never goes out of style.
Now readers can brush up on their writing skills with just one book. This guide covers the gamut of grammar and style topics, including nouns and pronouns; tense, mood, and voice as expressed through verbs; subject and verb agreement in complete sentences; commas, colons, and semicolons; ellipses and other marks; parenthesis and brackets; capitalization; numbers and signs; spelling; abbreviations; and much more.
—Ideal for both native speakers and those learning English as a second language
—Encyclopedic approach
—Features thumbtabs and other navigation aids
The Evolution of Language Out of Pre-Language (Typological Studies in Language)
By Talmy Givon, Bertram F. Malle
* Publisher:John Benjamins Publishing Co
* Number Of Pages:392
* Publication Date:2002-12
* ISBN-10 / ASIN:1588112381
* ISBN-13 / EAN:9781588112385
Summary: Super book
Rating: 5
A must purchase for anyone who is interested in the field. I am a mathematician with only casual interest in linguistics. But I found it a super introduction to many questions I am interested in studying. A must purchase.
External Possession (Typological Studies in Language)
By Doris L. Payne, Immanuel Barshi
* Publisher:John Benjamins Publishing Co
* Number Of Pages:551
* Publication Date:1999-04
* ISBN-10 / ASIN:9027229384
* ISBN-13 / EAN:9789027229380
Product Description:
This text examines the concept of external possession. It covers topics including pyscholinguistic perspectives and comparative studies.
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments ix
PART I
Introduction
External Possession: What, Where, How, and Why 3
Doris L. Payne and Immanuel Barshi
PART II
Psycholinguistic Perspectives on External Possession
External Possession and Language Processes 33
Murray Singer
External Possession Constructions in Japanese: A Psycholinguistic
Perspective 45
Keiko Uehara
PART III
Comparative Studies
Body-Part EP Constructions: A Cognitive/Functional Analysis 77
Maura Velázquez-Castillo
External Possession in a European Areal Perspective 109
Martin Haspelmath
Mapping Possessors: Parameterizing the External Possession
Construction 137
Donna B. Gerdts
PART IV
External Possession, Topics, and Subjects
External Possessor and Logical Subject in Tz’utujil 167
Judith Aissen
The Double Unaccusative Construction in Sinitic Languages 195
Hilary Chappell
External Possession in Creek 229
Jack B. Martin
Chickasaw Subjecthood 251
Pamela Munro
PART V
The Breadth of External Possession
External Possession in Mohawk: Body Parts, Incorporation, and
Argument Structure 293
Mark Baker
“Where” rather than “What”: Incorporation of ‘Parts’ in Totonac 325
Paulette Levy
External Possessor in Oluta Popoluca (Mixean): Applicatives and
Incorporation of Relational Terms 339
Roberto Zavala Maldonado
Syntactic Roles vs. Semantic Roles: External Possession in Tukang
Besi 373
Mark Donohue
External Possession in Sahaptian 403
Noel Rude
External Possession Constructions in Nyulnyulan Languages 429
William McGregor
On the Properties of Emai Possessors 449
Ronald P. Schaefer
From Interest to Ownership: a Constructional View of External
Possessors 473
Mirjam Fried
External Possession, Reflexivizatio and Body Parts in Russian 505
Vera I. Podlesskaya and Ekaterina V. Rakhilina
Possessor Raising in a Language that Does Not Have Any 523
Maria Polinsky and Bernard Comrie
Authors Index 543
Language Index 549
Subject Index 555
Evidentiality and Epistemological Stance: Narrative Retelling (Pragmatics and Beyond New Series)
By Ilana Mushin
* Publisher:John Benjamins Pub Co
* Number Of Pages:240
* Publication Date:2001-11
* ISBN-10 / ASIN:1588110338
* ISBN-13 / EAN:9781588110336
Preface
This book is about how people talk about the status of their knowledge—their
epistemological assessment of information. The linguistic category most associated
with epistemological assessment is evidentiality. Evidential forms encode
information about the way in which knowledge was acquired and the subsequent
relationship between speakers and their knowledge of what they talk
about. Evidentials also may code the effect that this has on the assessment of
knowledge as true or reliable by both speakers and their audience.
Tuyuca (adapted from Barnes 1984)
(1) díiga apé-wi
soccer play-3sg.visual
‘He played soccer (I saw him play)
(2) díiga apé-ti
soccer play-3sg.nonvisual
‘He played soccer (I heard the game and him but did not see him or the
game)
(3) díiga apé-yi
soccer play-3sg.apparent
‘He played soccer (I have seen evidence that he played but I did not see
him play)
(4) díiga apé-yigi
soccer play-3sg.secondhand
‘He played soccer (I obtained the information from someone else)
(5) díiga apé-hiyi
soccer play-3sg.assumed
‘He played soccer (it is reasonable to assume that he did)
The Tuyuca (Brazil and Colombia) examples in (1)–(5) illustrate the canonical
morphological evidential system. There are five evidential ‘suffixes’. The visual,
non-visual, apparent and second-hand suffixes all code something about the
manner in which the speaker acquired the information they talk about. The
assumed suffix (in (5)) codes a lack of specific evidence in addition to the
strength of the speaker’s belief state regarding the proposition ‘he played
soccer’. The system is a grammaticalised paradigm of evidential contrasts such
that Tuyuca speakers must choose an evidential suffix or the utterance will be
judged incomplete.
Studies of evidentiality have primarily focused on the semantics and origins
of grammaticalised systems like that found in Tuyuca (e.g. Chafe&Nichols
(eds) 1986; Palmer 1986; Willett 1988; Aikhenvald & Dixon 1998), with lipservice
paid to non-grammatical linguistic means of coding epistemological
assessment in such languages, or in languages which lack grammaticalised
evidential systems (e.g. Chafe 1986 for English; Aoki 1986; Kamio 1998 for
Japanese). There has been very little investigation into the discourse pragmatics
of evidentiality, grammaticalised or otherwise (exceptions include DuBois 1986;
Biber & Finegan 1989; Hill & Irvine 1992).
This focus of research into grammaticalised, morphological evidentiality
means that we have good frameworks within which to describe formal and
semantic properties of evidential phenomena cross-linguistically, and a good
understanding of the etymology of certain morphological systems. But we have
little empirical knowledge of how they function and the processes by which
evidential forms acquire grammatical properties such as obligatoriness and
morphologisation. More importantly, we have little knowledge of whether
speakers of different languages use the same pragmatic principles in adopting
evidential strategies or whether evidential pragmatics is dependent on the
evidential phenomena available to speakers of particular languages. These
questions relate to the extent to which speakers are constrained by the grammars
of their language and are thus linked to the larger issues of the relationship
between language structure, language use and cognition.
This book aims to fill the gap through an exploration of the extralinguistic
and discourse factors that motivate evidential use in a particular discourse
context - narrative retelling. In this work, evidential forms are characterised as
expressions of the epistemological stance of some conceptualising individual,
typically the speaker. Epistemological stance is a notion developed within the
framework of Cognitive Linguistics (esp. Langacker 1985, 1990, 1997), an
approach to the study of language that assumes that linguistic structure is a
reflection of conceptual structure. In this light, speakers’ choices of evidential
strategy are taken as their conceptual construal of information on the basis of
the pragmatic context. Epistemological stance thus provides the conceptual
basis for the distribution of evidential phenomena in discourse.
As a study of how speakers use language to express their relationship to
knowledge, this book contributes to the study of linguistic subjectivity — how
language is used to express the ‘voices’ of speakers and to represent the consciousness
of story characters in narration. Chapter 1 is an introduction to the
study of linguistic subjectivity, and the status of epistemological assessment in
the expression of subjective viewpoints in discourse.
Chapters 2 and 3 set the theoretical scene for the study of epistemological
assessment. Chapter 2 presents a review of some classic approaches to evidentiality,
including some brief descriptions of some well known cases of grammaticalised
evidential systems in different languages. Chapter 3 introduces the
notion of epistemological stance as a useful way of characterising both the
semantics and pragmatics of evidentiality cross-linguistically.
The second half of this book details the results of a cross-linguistic study of
epistemological assessment in narrative retelling. Chapter 4 provides a description
of the text corpus and its collection. The three languages chosen for this
investigation—Macedonian, Japanese and English represent different types of
evidential systems. Macedonian has a morphological evidential system incorporated
into its verbal tense paradigm. Japanese represents a more complex
system of evidential coding — its status with respect to grammaticalisation is
somewhat controversial. English is a language which lacks any grammaticalised
(morphological) evidentiality.
The method of text collection controlled for source of information—the
way in which speaker acquired knowledge of the story events. Tellers knew what
they were talking about either because they had experienced events personally
or because they had been told about the events by someone else. These differences
in source of information were hypothesised to motivate the construction
of particular epistemological stances: personal experience for personal stories and
reportive for retold stories. The linguistic strategies chosen to express the
adoption of these epistemological stances in the retelling context, was predicted
to occur regardless of the type of evidential system available to the reteller by
virtue of the language spoken.
Chapter 5 is a description of the reportive strategies that were employed by
the Macedonian, Japanese and English retellers who participated in this study.
The results and discussion of the empirical investigation of the pragmatics of
epistemological stance adoption are detailed in Chapter 6. Analysis of the
narrative retelling corpus did indeed reveal that choice, frequency and distribution
of evidential strategies was not simply a function of how the speaker
acquired her information. Rather it was dependent on other textual and
contextual factors.Most notable of these were the role of perspective taking and
the storyteller’s assessment of her role as a storyteller in the interaction. The
interplay between these pressures, and its consequences for epistemological
stance adoption, is the main focus of Chapter 7.
English in Australia (Varieties of English Around the World)
By David Blair, Peter Collins
* Publisher:John Benjamins Publishing Co
* Number Of Pages:363
* Publication Date:2000-12
* ISBN-10 / ASIN:9027248842
* ISBN-13 / EAN:9789027248848
Product Description:
This title explores the English language in Australia, focusing on aspects such as structure, phonology, morphology and lexicon, to variation from Torres Strait English and Aboriginal to ethnic varieties and regional variations.
Language and identity in Australia
Peter Collins and David Blair
1. Introduction
Australians seem to have a perennial fascination with the question of national
identity. In the minds of most citizens (at least, as represented by those social
surveyors and media commentators who report the national mindset), Australia
is still undergoing a process of establishing a clear self-image and a national
sense of purpose. In contrast, there is considerable evidence that Australia’s
linguistic identity was established early in the history of the colony.
According to the late A. G. Mitchell, the founder of Australian English
(henceforth, “AusE”) studies, it is likely that the colony of New South Wales
saw the formation of a variety approximating what we now know as Broad
Australian as early as the 1830s (see Yallop, this volume). It is generally
accepted that the origins of AusE lay in the dialects spoken in the south-east of
England in the late 18th century. Language historians may argue over whether
those dialects were mixed in the London area and then transported to Australia
as a new amalgam, or whether the dialect contact processes that created AusE
took place on Australian soil (Blair 1975; Trudgill 1986); but Mitchell was
almost certainly correct in his view that the process of dialect levelling
produced an identifiable variety within the first 50 years.
Early printed sources give a strong indication that this was so. James
Dixon wrote in 1822 of the “amalgamation of such various dialects assembled
together” which had already produced “a better language, purer, more harmonious,
than is generally the case in most parts of England” (Dixon 1822: 46).
George Bennett visited NSW twice, in 1829 and in 1832, before settling in
Sydney in 1836. He noted that “the English spoken is very pure” and that, as in
the United States of America, it was not “corrupted by so many different
provincial dialects”; the native-born could be clearly distinguished from those
who had emigrated from England, by this characteristic alone (Bennett 1834:
I, 331).
Louisa Meredith (1844: 50) had a very different assessment of the local
dialect:
…a very large proportion of both male and female snuffle dreadfully; just the
same nasal twang as many Americans have. In some cases English parents
have come out here with English-born children; these all speak clearly and
well, and continue to do so, whilst those born after the parents arrive in the
colony have the detestable snuffle. This is an enigma which passes my
sagacity to solve.
Despite the different appreciation, she was at one with both Dixon and
Bennett in noting the clear distinction between the native-born and the English-
born pronunciation.
Three commentators, Peter Cunningham (1827: II, 60), Samuel Mossman
(1852: 19) and Friedrich Gerstaecker (1853: II, 269), reported differently.
They identified the dialect of NSW as Cockney. It is likely that all three, as
Cunningham explicitly acknowledged, were responding to the accents of adult
emigrants: Gerstaecker noted the presence of “broad Irish brogue” as well.
But it should not surprise us that there was a strong London component in the
original version of AusE, even though Australians have been reluctant to
acknowledge the similarities of their pronunciation, in some respects, to that
of working-class London. If Mitchell was right, that the original Broad AusE
was formed in the first 50 years, it is inconceivable that it did not carry a set of
Cockney-related features.
Those features, of course, have been somewhat attenuated over the years,
and AusE progressively expanded its repertoire of variation to include RP-like
varieties. (The dialect is now usually described as having several sociolects, in
an accent continuum which leads from “Broad Australian” at one end to a
more RP-like “Cultivated Australian” at the other; the middle ground is held
by the variety named “General Australian”.) In addition, Australia’s multiethnic
society has recently generated varieties which are associated with
community groups of various non-English migrant backgrounds (Clyne,
Eisikovits and Tollfree, this volume); and together with the English of Aboriginal
communities, these form a distinct subset of Englishes in Australia.
As a result of this, it is now common for linguists to distinguish AusE (or
“Anglo-English”, the unmarked form of English in Australia) in its several
varieties, from Aboriginal English and the other Englishes of Australia.
2. Attitude and identity
Many sociolinguists have argued that language functions as a badge of social
identity. (See Fasold (1984) as a typical example.) It is certainly true that the
many identifiable social groups in Australia are marked by, and can to some
extent be identified by, variation in their language use. Language is part of the
social dynamic, and may undergo considerable modification by individual
speakers and by groups, from context to context. The slightest difference in
language may be detected by listeners and perceived to have social significance
(Giles and St Clair 1979: 17).
This being so, we might expect changes in language and in social identity
to go hand-in-hand. For example, Blair (1993) notes the linguistic consequences
of the shift in Australian national consciousness ushered in by the
election of the a Labor government led by E.G. Whitlam in 1972. Corresponding
to the break with the British-oriented outlook of the previous long-serving
Menzies government and heightened awareness of Australian cultural icons,
claims Blair, there was a greater acceptance of the Broad Australian accent. In
fact a number of ministers in the new Whitlam government spoke with a
Broad accent. It was during this time that aggressively local “Ocker”1 TV
commercials became highly popular, and there was a resurgence of Australian-
produced films portraying an overtly Australian culture and lifestyle.
According to Delbridge (this volume: 310) it was not until the 1940s that
a positive attitude towards AusE began to develop, the only earlier sign being
a temporary surge in national feeling towards the end of the nineteenth
century, “a small manifestation of interest, even pride, in some of the words
and phrases of Australian idiom…”
What is happening today? Are Australians over their ‘identity-crisis’ of
the 1970’s, when they began to lose confidence in the Mother Country, and
began to question their traditional emotional, political, cultural, and economic
allegiances?
3. Lexicon
Arguably, the most transparent reflection of speakers’ attitudes, values and
self-perception is to be found in the lexicon. The Australian vocabulary
embodies the ideals that Australians cherish, those of egalitarianism and anti
authoritarianism, sympathy for the battler and desire for a fair go. The
fondness with which words like mateship have been preserved and the benign
regard for archaisms like cobber illustrate the close relationship between
words and the culture they reflect.
The most significant lexical development in recent decades has been the
influx of words and expressions from American English (“AmE”), reflecting
the increasing influence of American culture in Australia since World War II.
Rapid developments in communication such as the Internet are bringing AusE
closer than ever before to the “now” of AmE.
Taylor (this volume: 334–5) comments on the changing nature of the
exposure to AmE, as “the increasing speed of technological development
brings the inhabitants of the global village even closer together”, and as
younger Australians “communing day in, day out for hours on end with their
AmE-speaking computers are being interactively exposed to that variety in a
way earlier generations never were with passive TV watching”.
Opinions differ as to the extent and impact of American influence on
AusE. Members of the public and journalists constantly bemoan the debasement
of AusE through Americanisation (see Taylor, this volume) suggesting
or at least implying that AusE is merely a passive receptacle for Americanisms.
Butler (this volume) speaks of an “identity crisis” for AusE, a nervousness
in self-image prompted by the feeling that AmE is “taking over”.
Sussex’s studies of radio, film and TV data led him to the conclusion that
Australians “still exhibit the classic signs of cultural insecurity” (1989: 167)
and “don’t seem to place a great deal of emphasis on their variety as part of the
national culture” (1995: 22).
Despite talking of Australians’ linguistic nervousness, Butler (this volume)
observes the operation of a “filtering process” in AusE that blocks the
entry of items from AmE that have no interest or relevance to Australia (e.g.
advanced television, Anita-Hill, attack-fax). In an earlier article she noted
(Butler 1996) that some AmE borrowings, such as bushranger and phoney
have become so integrated into AusE that speakers are no longer aware that
they are AmE in origin. Peters (1993: 25) also argues that Australian borrowings
from AmE are selective, and that show “no sign of going all the way with
the USA.” Corpus evidence adduced by Peters indicates a preference, for
example, for past tense burnt over the form favoured in AmE, burned.
Taylor’s (1989) research shows that AmE influence on AusE has by no
means been limited to the lexical level. Phonologically, Taylor notes, there
has been a tendency for the stress patterns in certain words to move from a
traditional British to an American pattern (e.g. finANCE to FINance,
reSEARCH to REsearch). Graphologically, simplification of digraphs such as
<ae> and <oe> as in medieval and fetal follows American practice. Syntactically,
Taylor notes, amongst other things, the American-influenced elision of
the in structures of the type I play (the) piano.
Let us examine several further lexical trends in AusE and their possible
explanation in terms of Australians’ self-perception and identity. According to
Moore (this volume) there has been an influx of words from Aboriginal
culture since the 1960s which parallels the development of Aboriginal political
and cultural activism and a growing interest in Aboriginal languages and
culture amongst white Australians. Examples are native title and Mabo, which
entered AusE following the High Court decision in 1992 to recognise the
claim by Koiki Mabo, a Mer islander from the Torres Strait, that his people’s
land had been illegally annexed by Queensland. A number of Aboriginal place
names have risen to prominence in recent years beside their European counterparts,
the most well known being Uluru (for Ayers Rock).
Taylor (1989, and this volume) identifies a revival of British influence
from the 1970s, through television series such as Till Death Us Do Part,
Steptoe and Son, Heartbeat, A Touch of Frost, and The Bill, resulting in the
importation of terms such as telly (‘television’), loo (‘toilet’), knickers
(‘women’s underpants’), and cheers (‘goodbye’). The lexical effects of other
foreign influences in Australia have been more semantically restricted. Bearing
testimony to the multicultural identity that Australia has gradually developed
since the commencement of large-scale immigration at the end of World
War II are the many terms for food and drink introduced by migrants from a
large variety of language backgrounds. Terms such as cappuccino, goulash,
souvlaki and hummus have, as Clyne, Eisikovits and Tollfree (this volume)
note, “become a tangible indicator of multiculturalism”.
Finally, as Seal (1999: 235) has observed in his lively account of the
“Lingo”, the continuing vitality and creativity of the colloquial vernacular
wordstock is a constant reminder of how directly the lexicon enshrines the
deep-seated beliefs and ideals of its speakers. The most ardent efforts of
political correctness advocates have not succeeded in curtailing the intrinsically
“incorrect” elements in the Australian lexicon. Alongside trends suggesting
a new pluralism in Australia’s identity there persists a rich array of
terms suggesting intolerance of those who are somehow different: these
include racist expressions such as wog, chink, pom, yank and more recently
ethno. Many Australians today — particularly males — retain a penchant for
the coarse and irreverent, in some cases perpetuating “flash” expressions
originating in early nineteenth century prison contexts (e.g. stink (‘uproar’),
bludger (‘lazy person), sort out (‘fight’)). Australians continue to display
considerable colloquial creativity, building up large sets of expressions using
a single stem: scared shitless (‘very scared’), shit a brick! (expression of
surprise), up shit creek (‘in a difficult predicament’), built like a brick
shithouse (‘strongly built’), bullshit artist (‘one who tells lies’), shit-faced
(‘drunk’).
4. Syntax and morphology
Typically the dialects of a language differ least at the syntactic level, so it is
significant — and perhaps suggestive of an attempt to find a separate identity
— that some syntactic phenomena have emerged in AusE that are different
from those of both BrE and AmE. According to Newbrook (this volume)
AusE allows both singular and plural concord with the names of sports teams
and other singular collective proper nouns (e.g. North Melbourne is/are
playing well), whereas plural concord is favoured in BrE, and singular concord
in AmE. Newbrook also claims that some Australian teachers propagate
a reversed form of the traditional rule governing the use of commas around
relative clauses, resulting in the following types of pattern: Joanne and Jane
who had finished left the hall; Any students, who have finished, may leave the
hall. Peters’ corpus studies (this volume) indicate that contractions (it’s, don’t,
there’s, etc.) are more widely distributed and more frequent in non-fictional
genres in AusE than in BrE and AmE.
Some examples restricted to the syntax of nonstandard spoken AusE and
not attested in nonstandard BrE or AmE, are also adduced by Newbrook (this
volume), including the use of genitive ’s with relative that as in This is the girl
that’s book I borrowed.................................................................
Empty Categories in Sentence Processing (Linguistik Artuell/Linguistics Today)
By Sam Featherston
* Publisher:John Benjamins Publishing Co
* Number Of Pages:293
* Publication Date:2001-06
* ISBN-10 / ASIN:9027227640
* ISBN-13 / EAN:9789027227645
Foreword
The work reported in this book came about as a result of the realization that the
issue of the role of syntactic gaps in processing was unresolved. It is surprising
that this should be the case, since there are few fields of study which seem to
allow experimental approaches to produce answers to syntactic questions, and
these few are generally investigated with great zeal. Gap processing shows the
potential to be such a field, and it too had been very popular in the late eighties
and the first half of the nineties. The early studies from both self-paced reading
and cross-modal lexical priming (first and foremost Nicol&Swinney 1989) had
shown clear effects at gap positions and this had been widely accepted as strong
evidence that traces, or something similar, played an active part in human
sentence processing. This, if confirmed, would be a fascinating discovery, as it
would reveal a correspondence between the functioning of the human parser
and a construct of generative grammar far closer than is normally assumed. The
excitement was deflated with the publication of Pickering & Barry (1991) and
their demonstration that the data could be interpreted otherwise, as activation
of a complement of the verb at the verb position. Subsequent empirical work
such as Nicol (1993) tended to strengthen the impression that the excitement
about trace activation had been misplaced, since other accounts, not making
use of traces, were available.
Roughly this was the situation when my attention was called to the phenomenon
by Harald Clahsen at Essex.While alternative explanations had been
put forward, the extensive work necessary to decide between them had not been
undertaken, for two main reasons. First, it was difficult to see how this might be
achieved using English materials, since objects are normally adjacent to verbs in
English, and this was one of the confounds in the data which needed to be
resolved. Second, the excitement that psycholinguistics was finding hard
answers to questions of syntactic theory had been given a douse of cold water,
and disillusionment set in: few doubted that the theoretically less interesting
answer of Pickering & Barry would prove to be correct. Harald Clahsen had
noticed that, while English data could not distinguish between the accounts,
German materials could, and suggested I should have a look. Thus began a
fascinating journey into the various facets of the phenomenon, which, perhaps
not surprisingly, became more complex as time went on. The original intention
had been to perform one experiment in order to settle the issue of what the
previous cross-modal priming experiments had been measuring. Instead of one
experiment, three were necessary in order to produce an answer which could
not be accounted for by any of the competing theories which do not assume
additional processing at gap positions.
There remained, however, the unresolved question of what the data on the
same topic from the other methodologies was showing. Surprising results
require unanimity in the data to support them: since the cross-modal priming
data showed one distribution of effects and the probe recognition data (e.g.
McElree & Bever 1989) showed another, the overall position still had to be
regarded as doubtful. This led the other experiments reported here, using probe
recognition, sentence matching and event-related potentials, as well as selfpaced
reading. The result of this is perhaps as full an exploration of the topic as
could be imagined.
I am occasionally asked why I chose to discuss two different frameworks’
analyses of the experimental materials instead of assuming just one as is more
usual. The answer is twofold: first, one of the aims of the study was to test the
competing analyses of the two grammars. I regard it as deeply unsatisfactory
that two generative grammar models can produce such different analyses of the
same data. This strikes me as demonstrating that neither model has a sufficiently
close relationship with the linguistic data it claims to represent. In order to
rectify this situation, I look to psycholinguistic research and corpus-based work
to provide a means of adjudicating between them, and this book is in part an
attempt to do just that. The second reason for discussing the predictions of both
Principles and Parameters Theory and Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar
is that each of them has its descriptive strengths, but if we wish to gain the
maximum insight into a syntactic structure it is often best to consider what each
of them has to say about it.
Various other researchers have contributed suggestions, criticisms and
revisions to this work, above all Harald Clahsen, to whom I owe many of the
ideas for experimentation here. Particular thanks also to Thomas F.Muente and
Matthias Gross of the Hannover Medical School. Thanks also to Janet Fodor,
Andrew Radford, Claudia Felser, Meike Hadler, Kerstin Maut and Sonja
Eisenbei
Discourse Analysis as Theory and Method
By Marianne W Jorgensen, Louise J Phillips
* Publisher:Sage Publications Ltd
* Number Of Pages:230
* Publication Date:2002-12-26
* ISBN-10 / ASIN:0761971114
* ISBN-13 / EAN:9780761971115
Product Description:
A systematic introduction to discourse analysis as a body of theories and methods for social research. Introduces three approaches and explains the distinctive philosophical premises and theoretical perspectives of each approach. Softcover available.
Preface
A preface is used to place the text in a wider context. It informs the
reader about how the text has come into existence, and how it is to be
read. Or, using concepts we will apply later in the book, it suggests how
the text has been produced and how it is to be consumed. The preface
navigates the text between the individual and the collective. As authors,
we know that we are not the exclusive originators; rather, the text is
indebted to other texts and to discussions with other people. And as
authors let go of their texts in publishing them, they also let go of their
control of the text. Readers may find quite different messages in the text
from those expected by the author.
Attempting to domesticate the unruly readers, the preface often provides
guidelines for the reading of the text. By stating the intentions of
the book, authors hope to reduce the readers’ possibilities for alternative
interpretations. The intention of this book is to provide an introduction
to the large, interdisciplinary field of social constructionist discourse
analysis. In the book, we demonstrate the scope of the field by presenting
and discussing three different approaches to discourse analysis –
Laclau and Mouffe’s discourse theory, critical discourse analysis and
discursive psychology. We aim to delineate the distinctive theoretical and
methodological features of each of the approaches, and, by presenting a
range of empirical examples, we hope to provide inspiration for new discourse
analytical studies. In addition, by outlining and discussing the
philosophical premises common to all forms of social constructionist
discourse analysis, we aim to facilitate the design of research frameworks
which draw on more than one of the approaches.
Of course, all of these issues cannot be covered fully by one single
book. Some discussions we only touch on briefly, we condense the theories,
and the methodological tools we present are only a small selection of the
possibilities each approach provides. In that sense, the book should be
read as an appetiser, encouraging the reader to engage in further exploration
of the field of discourse analysis.
After having negotiated the meaning potentials of the text on its way
to the reader, the preface is also used to acknowledge debts. This book
has its origins in the Department of Communication at the University of
Roskilde in Denmark, and we would like to thank the department for
support in all phases of our project. Since the very first version of the text
appeared, many people have taken the time to read it, to discuss it with
us and to make comments and suggestions concerning both form and
content. We remain indebted to all of these people. Students in the different
departments in which we have taught discourse analysis have contributed
immensely through specific comments to the text and through
more general discussions of discourse analytical issues. Likewise, colleagues,
families and friends have both challenged and supported us, thus
making highly appreciated imprints on the text.
While vivid in our minds and hearts, all these people remain anonymous
in this preface, as we restrict ourselves to mentioning only a few
of the helping hands that have seen us through the final phase of
the process. The Danish Social Science Research Council gave financial
support for the preparation of the English-language manuscript. Ebbe
Klitg錼d and Laura Trojaborg produced the first draft translation of the
Danish-language edition on which the book builds. Alfred Phillips spent
weeks working with the translation of the text. Erik Berggren, Lilie
Chouliaraki, Torben Dyrberg, Norman Fairclough, Henrik Larsen and
Chantal Mouffe all offered valuable comments to almost-final drafts of
individual chapters.
We have not been able to implement all of the good ideas given to us
along the road about how to change and expand the text. But we have
incorporated many suggestions, and the discussions we have had with
people have stimulated us to rewrite and elaborate on the text. Without
all our discussion partners, the book would never have become what it is.
In this preface the writing of the text has been attributed to collective
processes in which many people have made an imprint. It may sound as
if the authors have done nothing themselves. But with the traditional
concluding remark, that the author takes full responsibility for any
errors and mistakes in the text, some measure of authority as authors is
modestly reclaimed.
Through this preface, then, we have made an attempt to exert control
over the text. Now, the rest is in your hands.
Marianne W. J鴕gensen and Louise J. Phillips
Dimensions of Possession (Typological Studies in Language)
By Irene Baron, Michael Herslund, Finn Sorensen
* Publisher:John Benjamins Pub Co
* Number Of Pages:335
* Publication Date:2001-12
* ISBN-10 / ASIN:1588110621
* ISBN-13 / EAN:9781588110626
Table of Contents
Introduction: Dimensions of possession 1
Michael Herslund and Irène Baron
1. The operational basis of possession:
A dimensional approach revisited 27
Hansjakob Seiler
2. The concept of possession in Danish grammar 41
Ole Togeby
3. Possession spaces in Danish 57
Finn S鴕ensen
4. The verb have in Nyulnyulan languages 67
William McGregor
5. Semantics of the verb have 85
Irène Baron and Michael Herslund
6. Possessum-oriented and possessor-oriented constructions
in Russian 99
Per Durst-Andersen
7. Datives and comitatives as neighbouring spouses
The case of indirect objects and comitatives in Danish 115
Lars Heltoft
8. Towards a typology of French NP de NP structures or how much
possession is there in complex noun phrases with de in French? 147
Inge Bartning
9. Spanish N de N structures from a cognitive perspective 169
Henrik H鴈g Müller
10. The grammatical category “Possession’’
and the part–whole relation in French 187
Martin Riegel
11. Kinship in grammar 201
謘ten Dahl and Maria Koptjevskaja-Tamm
12. (In)alienability and (in)determination in Portuguese 227
Anne-Marie Spanoghe
13. Possessives with extensive use:
A source of definite articles? 243
Kari Fraurud
14. Possessors and experiencers in Classical Latin 269
A. Machtelt Bolkestein
15. The difference a category makes in the expression
of possession and inalienability 285
Marianne Mithun
16. Ways of explaining possession 311
Bernd Heine
Index of languages 329
Index of authors 331
Index of subjects 334
English Collocations in Use: Advanced
By Felicity O'Dell, Michael McCarthy
* Publisher: Cambridge University Press
* Number Of Pages: 190
* ISBN-10 / ASIN: 0521707803
* ISBN-13 / EAN: 9780521707800
Product Description:
A good knowledge of collocations (typical word combinations) is essential for fluent and natural-sounding English, and knowledge of collocations is often tested in advanced level examinations such as Cambridge CAE, CPE and IELTS. English Collocations in Use Advanced presents and practises hundreds of collocations in typical contexts to help you improve your written and spoken English. It also includes tips on learning strategies and ways to avoid common learner errors. The book is informed by the Cambridge International Corpus to make sure that the collocations taught are the most frequent and useful for students at each level.
Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Text Processing: 10th International Conference, CICLing 2009, Mexico City, Mexico, March 1-7, 2009, Proceedings ... Computer Science and General Issues)
By Alexander Gelbukh
* Publisher:Springer
* Number Of Pages:604
* Publication Date:2009-03-01
* ISBN-10 / ASIN:3642003818
* ISBN-13 / EAN:9783642003813
Product Description:
This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Text Processing, CICLing 2009, held in Mexico City, Mexico in March 2009.
The 44 revised full papers presented together with 4 invited papers were carefully reviewed and selected from numerous submissions. The papers cover all current issues in computational linguistics research and present intelligent text processing applications.
The Derivational Residue in Phonological Optimality Theory (Linguistik Aktuell / Linguistics Today)
By Ben Hermans, Marc Van Oostendorp
* Publisher:John Benjamins Publishing Co
* Number Of Pages:321
* Publication Date:1999-10
* ISBN-10 / ASIN:1556199120
* ISBN-13 / EAN:9781556199127
Table of Contents
List of Contributors vii
Introduction: Optimality Theory and Derivational Effects 1
Marc van Oostendorp and Ben Hermans
Head Dependence in Stress-Epenthesis Interaction 29
John Alderete
Unrecoverable Origins 51
Mary M. Bradshaw
Uniformity in Extended Paradigms 81
Eugene Buckley
Directionality Constraints on Derivation? 105
Matthew Y. Chen
Alignment and the Cycle are Different 129
San Duanmu
Stricture is Structure 153
Chris Golston and Harry van der Hulst
Phonological Restructuring in Yidi\ and its Theoretical Consequences 175
Bruce P. Hayes
Surface Opacity of Metrical Structure in Optimality Theory 207
René Kager
Sign-Based Morphology: A Declarative Theory of
Phonology-Morphology interleaving 247
Cemil Orhan Orgun
Derivationalism in Kikamba Vowel Hiatus Phenomena 269
R. Ruth Roberts-Kohno
References 295
Language Index 313
Name Index 315
Subject Index 319