文化      12-19世纪西方经典绘画(不断更新中)

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MINIATURIST, Flemish (active 1490s) Book of Hours 1490s Illumination on parchment Cathedral Library, Esztergom The miniature showing the Presentation comes from a Book of Hours (Flemish Book of Prayers).
Author: MINIATURIST, Flemish Title: Book of Hours Time-line: 1451-1500 School: Flemish Form: illumination Type: religious

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MINIATURIST, Spanish (active in 14th century) Peszach Haggada 14th century Illumination on parchment, 18,5 x 22 cm Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest The Haggada is one of the richly decorated Hebrew manuscripts of the Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. The picture shows its only page with figural initial illustrating the Exodus (Second Book of Moses). The miniature represents a group of wandering Jews headed by Moses. They wear Oriental robes and characteristic hats.
Author: MINIATURIST, Spanish Title: Peszach Haggada Time-line: 1301-1350 School: Spanish Form: illumination Type: religious

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MINIATURIST, English (active c. 1250) Amesbury Psalter 1240-50 Illumination on parchment, 30,3 x 21,6 cm All Souls College, Oxford This is a page from the Amesbury Psalter depicting the Virgin and Child with Donor. The graceful looping folds into which the drapery is caught was very popular in England. This psalter represents well the English illumination around 1250.
Author: MINIATURIST, English Title: Amesbury Psalter Time-line: 1201-1250 School: English Form: illumination Type: religious

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MINIATURIST, French (active 1285-1315) Book of Hours c. 1290 Illumination on parchment Stadtbibliothek, Nuremberg This page representing the Death of the Virgin is from the Book of Hours. This manuscript has a text-page layout which came to be almost universally adopted for Books of Hours during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. The Nuremberg manuscript is puzzling since its contents show that it was designed for use in England or by someone with English connections. However, it is certainly a Parisian production. The page illustrated shows the opening of the Hours of the Virgin. The upper part of the page is occupied by an illustration, still at this stage connected to the initial letters of the text. From this illustration springs foliage decoration which branches down and round to enclose the text beneath. This scheme is satisfactory since the foliage sprays bind text and picture together to form a pleasing surface pattern, and it is not surprising that it was widely adopted.
Author: MINIATURIST, French Title: Book of Hours Time-line: 1251-1300 School: French Form: illumination Type: religious

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MINIATURIST, French (active 1490s) Book of Hours 1490s Illumination on parchment Cathedral Library, Esztergom The miniature representing The Legend of the Golden Gate comes from a Book of Hours, a French (Tours) Book of Prayers.
Author: MINIATURIST, French Title: Book of Hours Time-line: 1451-1500 School: French Form: illumination Type: religious

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MINIATURIST, Hungarian (active in 1330s) Legend of Saint Ladislas (from the Anjou Legendarium) 1330s Tempera on parchment, 283 x 215 mm Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vatican This collection of legends were made on the occasion of the Italian journey of Charles Robert of Anjou and the child Prince Andrew. Fragments of this collection can be found in the Vatican, in the Morgan Library, New York and in the Hermitage, St. Petersburg. The collection contains stories from the life of saints important for the House of Anjou. It was intended for children with brief text for the picture. The painters of the legendarium came from Bologna and they painted in the style of the Italian trecento. The scenes represented on this page: Saint Ladislas and the Devil, Battle of Saint Ladislas with the Cumanians, Saint Ladislas is wounded, Conquering the Cumanian.
Author: MINIATURIST, Hungarian Title: Legend of Saint Ladislas (from the Anjou Legendarium) Time-line: 1301-1350 School: Hungarian Form: illumination Type: historical

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MINIATURIST, Hungarian (active in 1330s) Legend of Saint Ladislas (from the Anjou Legendarium) 1330s Tempera on parchment, 283 x 215 mm Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vatican The Anjou Legendarium (a collection of legends) were made on the occasion of the Italian journey of Charles Robert of Anjou and the child Prince Andrew. Fragments of this collection can be found in the Vatican, in the Morgan Library, New York and in the Hermitage, St. Petersburg. The collection contains stories from the life of saints important for the House of Anjou. It was intended for children with brief text for the picture. The painters of the legendarium came from Bologna and they painted in the style of the Italian trecento.
Author: MINIATURIST, Hungarian Title: Legend of Saint Ladislas (from the Anjou Legendarium) Time-line: 1301-1350 School: Hungarian Form: illumination Type: historical

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MINIATURIST, Italian (active 1430-1465 in Milan) The Visconti Book of Hours after 1430 Vellum, 25 x 17,9 cm Biblioteca Nazionale, Florence Giovannino de'Grassi began illuminating this two-volume prayer-book for Gian Galeazzo Visconti; but it was a long time after they both were dead that the work was completed by Luchino Belbello da Pavia and his assistants. The initial of the text, the capital C, is the nucleus of the folio with rather crowded embellishments. Encircled by the letter we can see the creation of Eve, in front of a golden background. The three figures - God the Father, Eve and Adam - are arranged in a way that follows the line of the C. Stylized golden vine-leaves, springing from a straight vine-stock on the right-hand side of the margin, surround the initial, and the seemingly irregular, curving network of vine-tendrils is also adjusted to the shape of the letter. In the arid, rocky landscape at the bottom of the folio there are some luxuriant, thriving bushes and shrubs, with different animals among them, which point back to the previous days of the Creation, when the Earth was populated by plants and animals. The bottom strip with its flat representations - connected with the principal one, as was usual at that time - expands in Belbello's miniature, as it did in the works of his contemporaries, into a spacious stage. In the two upper corners of the initial, groups of radially arranged angels support the Viscontis' unpleasant coat of arms which depicts the serpent devouring a child. We are presented with a fantastic mixture of fairytale and reality, of decoration and representation. The griffin is depicted in a three-dimensional manner as is the hunting leopard, the favourite "domestic animal" of the Viscontis, an animal the painter may have seen every day in his master's park. However, at that time it did not depend only on the presence of the model whether the artist succeeded in representing it successfully. This is shown by the fact that, although there were elephants, bears, lions, monkeys and rabbits too in the Viscontis' menagerie, in Belbello's miniature they appear schematically, in a childishly simplified form. This may be due to the fact that the painter had not had much practice in depicting them and had not mastered the skill of representing them. From among the innumerable instances of the intertwining of natural and fantastic forms it is worth while pointing to the oval, colourful flower cups swaying among the golden vine-leaves. These flowers have nothing to do with reality, and, in particular, not among vine-leaves. On the other hand, they have striking similarities to ornaments on the jewellery of the period, not only because they appear in three-dimensional forms, but because of the enamel-like layers of paint which cover them.
Author: MINIATURIST, Italian Title: The Visconti Book of Hours Time-line: 1401-1450 School: Italian Form: illumination Type: religious

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MINIATURIST, Italian (active in 1480s) Epitome Rerum Hungaricarum before 1490 Illumination on parchment National Széchényi Library, Budapest The miniature is from a manuscript by Ransanus, entitled Epitome Rerum Hungaricarum. he picture depicts Ransanus Speaking in the Presence of King Matthias.
Author: MINIATURIST, Italian Title: Epitome Rerum Hungaricarum Time-line: 1451-1500 School: Italian Form: illumination Type: historical

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MINIATURIST, Flemish (active 1490s) Book of Hours 1490s Illumination on parchment Cathedral Library, Esztergom The miniature depicting the Annunciation comes from a Book of Hours (Flemish Book of Prayers).
Author: MINIATURIST, Flemish Title: Book of Hours Time-line: 1451-1500 School: Flemish Form: illumination Type: religious

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MINIATURIST, Spanish (active 1250-1300) Cantigas de Alfonso el Sabio 1250-1300 Illumination on parchment, 34,4 x 23 cm Biblioteca del Escorial, Madrid The manuscript (The Songs of Alfonso the Wise) contains several stories (1255 scenes on 210 pages) following French examples. On the page reproduced here the life of the marine merchants is narrated, started from the upper left corner of the page. In spite of the strong French influence the ornamental decoration and the coat-of-arms in the corners of the frame are characteristically Spanish.
Author: MINIATURIST, Spanish Title: Cantigas de Alfonso el Sabio Time-line: 1251-1300 School: Spanish Form: illumination Type: religious

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MINIATURIST, English (active in 1250s) Historia Anglorum c. 1250 Illumination on parchment, 35,6 x 23,8 cm British Museum, London This is the frontispiece of the "Historia Anglorum" by Matthew Paris (died 1259), artist and historian. The picture represents the Virgin and Child with the artist kneeling. The style of it is outline drawing, tinted with colour. This technique is very old and it had been momentarily revived by Matthew Paris and his associates.
Author: MINIATURIST, English Title: Historia Anglorum Time-line: 1201-1250 School: English Form: illumination Type: historical

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MINIATURIST, English (active in 1270s) Douce Apocalypse c. 1270 Illumination on parchment, 14,6 x 11,4 cm Bodleian Library, Oxford This page depicting St John and the Angel is from the Douce Apocalypse. The influence of the new style found in the books of Louis IX shortly reached England. Henry III, while he commissioned a great many paintings for his palaces and chapels was not a bibliophile. Almost all the painting on a larger scale has vanished and we do not, by way of compensation, possess a nucleus of royal manuscript such as is found in France. Two works survive, however, which, although not commissioned for Henry III, may nevertheless come within this category. One is known as the Douce Apocalypse, the other is the Alfonso Psalter. The Douce Apocalypse, one of an extraordinary number of Apocalypse manuscripts produced during the thirteenth century, was made for Henry III's son, Edward, at sosme date before his accession to the throne in 1272. Thus it probably follows the St Louis manuscripts.
Author: MINIATURIST, English Title: Douce Apocalypse Time-line: 1251-1300 School: English Form: illumination Type: religious

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MINIATURIST, German (active in 1410s) Bellifortis 1414-15 Illumination on parchment Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest The picture is from the introduction of Bellifortis by Konrad Kyeser, a manuscript on warfare. The rider on the picture is Sigismund King of Hungary (1387-1437). All pages of the introduction represent a rider symbolizing one of the planets.
Author: MINIATURIST, German Title: Bellifortis Time-line: 1401-1450 School: German Form: illumination Type: historical

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MINIATURIST, Hungarian (active in 1330s) Bible of D鰉鰐鰎 Nekcsei c. 1330 Illumination on parchment Library of Congress, Washington The page of the Bible presented here contains references to the owner. The two columns of text is separated by scenes from the Genesis and at top of them the coat-of-arms of D鰉鰐鰎 Nekcsei, a Hungarian nobleman. The larger miniature at bottom left is a votive picture: below the feet of the enthroned Christ there is a small church dedicated to the Madonna by the kneeling donators, the old Nekcsei and his wife. In the two volumes of the Bible there are 156 illuminations, 116 figurative and 40 ornamental. They were executed by several unknown miniaturists one them edudated certainly in Bologna.
Author: MINIATURIST, Hungarian Title: Bible of D鰉鰐鰎 Nekcsei Time-line: 1301-1350 School: Hungarian Form: illumination Type: religious

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MINIATURIST, English (active in 1280s) Alfonso Psalter c. 1284 Illumination on parchment, 24,1 x 16,5 cm British Museum, London This page depicting four female saints is from the Alfonso Psalter. The influence of the new style found in the books of Louis IX shortly reached England. Henry III, while he commissioned a great many paintings for his palaces and chapels was not a bibliophile. Almost all the painting on a larger scale has vanished and we do not, by way of compensation, possess a nucleus of royal manuscript such as is found in France. Two works survive, however, which, although not commissioned for Henry III, may nevertheless come within this category. One is known as the Douce Apocalypse, the other is the Alfonso Psalter. The Alfonso Psalter was intended for Edward's son, Alfonso. He died in 1294 and some of the decoration of his psalter belongs to a later date. Those parts of the manuscript which belong to the earliest and best phase (before 1284), like the page presented here, show strong French influence.
Author: MINIATURIST, English Title: Alfonso Psalter Time-line: 1251-1300 School: English Form: illumination Type: religious

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MINIATURIST, Hungarian (active in 1360s) Illuminated Chronicle c. 1360 Illumination on parchment National Széchényi Library, Budapest The illumination depicts the Capture of Gyula.
Author: MINIATURIST, Hungarian Title: Illuminated Chronicle Time-line: 1351-1400 School: Hungarian Form: illumination Type: historical

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MINIATURIST, Swiss (active in 1300-20 in Zürich) Manesse Song Collection 1300-20 Illumination on parchment Universit鋞sbibliothek, Heidelberg The cloack of the kneeling knight is decorated with the letter "A", probably the initial of his ideal woman. The picture comes from the most extensive collection of German songs (Minnesang), the "Mannesische Liederhandschrift" created probably in Zurich. Rüdiger and Johannes Manesse collected the songs from several smaller songbooks. The codex contains 138 miniatures made by at least four different artists.
Author: MINIATURIST, Swiss Title: Manesse Song Collection Time-line: 1301-1350 School: Swiss Form: illumination Type: other

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MINIATURIST, German (active in 1200-20 in Erfurt) Book of Prayers of St Elisabeth of Hungary c. 1220 Illumination on parchment Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Cividale The two scenes in a single frame depict Biblical scenes: the Annunciation and the Birth of Christ. At the left side of each scene a prophet (Amos and Isaias) can be seen. The style of the miniatures reflects the influence of the so-called new-Byzantine style prevailing in the workshops of Erfurt. The codex originally belonged to Sophie, Princess of Bavaria. According to an inscription on page 2, St Elisabeth gave it to the Treasury of the Cividale church in 1220.
Author: MINIATURIST, German Title: Book of Prayers of St Elisabeth of Hungary Time-line: 1201-1250 School: German Form: illumination Type: religious

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MINIATURIST, Hungarian (active mid 13th century) Psalter of St Margaret of the House 羠pád 1259-61 Illumination on parchment Herzog-August-Bibliothek, Wolfenbüttel Similarly to other Psalters, the first initial B of the text of the first psalm is the most beautifully decorated lettes of the manuscript. In the upper part the half-figure of Christ, in the lower King David palying the harph can be seen. The Hungarian miniaturist alloyed Byzantine, Romanesque elements reaching an individual style. The first owner of the codex was Margaret, daughter of King Béla IV, a nun later canonized.
Author: MINIATURIST, Hungarian Title: Psalter of St Margaret of the House 羠pád Time-line: 1251-1300 School: Hungarian Form: illumination Type: religious