有奖讨论 大家来看看这篇稿子
**** Hidden Message *****关于集体林权改革的初步分析
张江非
摘要：辽宁省的集体拥有的林业产权改革集中在家庭责任体系上，允许几种所有权同时共存。通过改革，林地使用权和林产所有权变得清晰。改革促成了管理权的放宽，处置权的实现并确保收益权。同时提升了林业的发展，提高了林农的收入并改善了社会福利。
关键词：集体所有林业，林产所有权，改革，效果 Preliminary Analysis on Reform of Collectively Owned Forest Ownership
Abstract: Reform of collectively owned forest ownership in Liaoning Province focused on family responsibility system, and allowed several ownerships to be co-existent. The rights of using forest land and ownership of forest were clarified through reform. The reform broadened the management right, fulfilled disposition right and ensured usufruct through, too. In the while, the forestry’s development was promoted, the incomes of forest farmers were increased and the society’s benefit was improved, too.
Key words: collectively owned forest, forest ownership, reform, effect
集体林权改革的初步分析
张江非
摘要：辽宁省的集体拥有的林业产权改革集中在家庭责任体系上，允许几种所有权同时并存。通过改革，林地使用权和林产所有权划的更清楚。改革放宽了管理权，实施了处置权并确保收益权。同时提升了林业的发展，提高了林业工人的收入,并改善了社会福利。
关键词：集体所有林业，林产所有权，改革，效果 标题：集体林权改革浅析
摘要：辽宁省的集体林权改革主要集中在家庭责任制上，允许多种所有制并存。通过改革，明晰了林场的所有权和使用权。改革同时还扩大了管理权，落实了处置权，保证了使用权。促进了林业发展，林业工人的收入和社会效益均得到提高。
关键词：集体林， 林权， 改革， 效果
林权改革好像是这两年的一个新生事物，在东三省比较热点吧。
关于摘要，典型的中译英，逐字翻译，读着很不爽，
偶水平有限，没啥好建议 Preliminary Analysis on Collectively Owned Forest Ownership Reform
Zhang Jiangfei
Abstract: Reform of collectively owned forest ownership in Liaoning Province focused on family responsibility system, and allowed several ownerships to be co-existent. The rights of using forest land and ownership of forest were clarified through reform. To broaden the management right, fulfill disposition right, ensure usufruct through the reform, too. And the forestry’s development was promoted, the income of forest farmers was increased and the society’s benefit was improved, too.
Key words: collectively owned forest, forest ownership right, reform, effect
1、朗道英汉汉英词典
集体所有【经】 community ownership
但是我们常用State-owned enterprise(SOE)和Collectively-Owned enterprise
依据惯例，还是Collectively-Owned比较合适。
2、论文是否用过去时，我觉得现在时更佳
3、reform, too这个too啥意思，我感觉在这里有点多余哈
4、benefit还是benefits好些 参考资料
1、我国集体林产权内容的法律界定
並列篇名 Legal Definition on Property Right of the Collectively-owned Forest
作 者 张红霄(Hong-Xiao Zhang);张敏新(Min-Xin Zhang)
刊 名 林業經濟
卷期／出版年月 2006卷11期(2006/11)
頁次 14-17
資料語文 中文
摘要 重新界定产权是我国历次集体林产权改革的主题，其对集体林业和社区经济发展的危害已是不争的事实。而我国现行集体林产权法律制度的缺陷是这一现象产生的制度性根源之一。文章从集体林产权制度改革实践出发，运用产权经济学与法学相关理论，从界定原则、所有权、用益物权三方面阐述我国集体林产权内容，以期为集体林产权制度立法提供参考。
To redefinite on property right is one of the traditional subjects of all previous reforms of the collectively-owned forest. That has formed the undebatable fact which is harmful to the collectively-owned forestry. The defect of current legal system on the collectively-owned forest is one of institutional reasons. From the practical need of reforms about the collectively-owned forestry, the authors use some theories of economic and law, to describe the content of property right in the viewpoints of its principle、ownership and usuftuctuary right. It will be expected to be an reference to the legislation.
關鍵詞 集体林,产权内容,用益物权;collective-owned forest,the content of property right,usufructuary right
2、Ownership
所有权
The right recognised by the law, in respect of a particular piece of property (real or personal), to exercise with respect to that property all such rights as by law are capable of being exercised with respect to that type of property against all persons, including the right to possession of the property and any proceeds of its sale.
Intellectual property - In relation to copyright, the first owner of any copyright in a work is the author, subject to (a) if a copyright work is made by an employee in the course of his employment, his employer is the first owner, subject to any agreement to the contrary; (b) if a copyright work is made on the commission of a person, and there is an agreement to whom the copyright belongs, copyright belongs to the person who is entitled under the agreement. However, these do not apply to Government copyright, copyright in Ordinances, Legislative Council copyright and copyright vesting in international organizations: Copyright Ordinance (Cap 528) ss 13-16, 182-184, 188. In relation to registered design, the designer of a design, subject to (a) if the design is commissioned by someone for money or money’s worth, the person who commissioned it is the original owner, unless the agreement provides otherwise; (b) if the design is created by an employee in the course of his employment, the employer is the original owner, unless the contract of employment provides otherwise; (c) if a design, or the right to apply a design to any article, becomes vested, whether by assignment, transmission or operation of law, in any person other than the original owner, either alone or jointly with the original owner, that other person or, as the case may be, the original owner and that other person, will be treated as the owner of the design or as the owner of the design in relation to that article: Registered Design Ordinance (Cap 522) s 3. In relation to any variety, a person who bred or discovered and developed that variety; an agent of that person; a successor to that person: Plant Varieties Protection Ordinance (Cap 490) s 2.
Real property -Owners of property are those entitled, first, to the beneficial use of the object of ownership at their discretion, secondly, to exclude others from using it or interfering with it, and thirdly, to alienate it to others. These powers are subject to law and the rights of third parties such as neighbours, just as the owner has the right to exclude interference by neighbours. At common law, particularly with respect to real property, ownership is not a legal term of art. In the correct parlance of real property law an owner of land is the tenant or proprietor of a legal or equitable estate or interest in it. The use of land in Hong Kong is by way of leasehold tenure (except the ground on which St John’s Cathedral stands which was granted in fee simple and so held under a freehold tenure). The concept of tenure continues to apply after 1 July 1997. The land within the Hong Kong SAR became State property: Basic Law art 7. The Government of the Hong Kong SAR is responsible for their management, use and development and for their lease or grant to individuals, legal persons or organisations for use or development.Also known as ‘title’. See also Equitable interest; Fee simple; Legal title; Nuisance; Owner; Personal property; Possession; Property; Real Property; Tenancy; Waste.
法律认可的、有关特定（不动产或个人）财产的权利，根据法律，可针对任何人行使有关该类财产的所有该等权利，其中包括对财产管有及其任何销售收益的权利。
知识产权 -就版权而言，作品的作者是该作品的任何版权的第一拥有人，但下列情况例外 (a) 凡版权作品是由雇员在受雇工作期间制作的，则除任何协议有相反的规定外；该雇员的雇主是该作品的版权的第一拥有人；(b) 凡作品是某人委托制作的，而作者与委托人之间订有就版权的享有权作出明确的规定的协议，则委托作品的版权属于根据该协议享有版权的人。但并不适用于政府版权、条例的版权、立法会版权、以及归属国际组织的版权：《版权条例》(第528章) 第13至16、182至184及188条。 就外观设计而言，任何外观设计的设计人须视作为该项外观设计的原拥有人，但下列情况则属例外 (a) 凡任何外观设计是依据一项为金钱或金钱的等值而接受的委托创作的，则除双方另有任何相反协议外，委托创作该项外观设计的人，须视作为该项外观设计的原拥有人； (b) 凡任何外观设计是由雇员在其受雇工作期间创作的，则除双方另有任何相反协议外，其雇主须视作为该项外观设计的原拥有人；(c) 凡某项外观设计或应用某项外观设计于任何物品的权利藉转让、转传或法律的实施而归属原拥有人以外的任何其它人(不论是由该其它人单独或与原拥有人联合享有)，则就本条例而言，该其它人，或原拥有人及该其它人(视属何情况而定)须视作为该项外观设计的拥有人或该物品所关乎的外观设计的拥有人：《注册外观设计条例》(第 522章) 第3条。就任何品种而言，指培育或发现并发展该品种的人；该人的代理人；该人的继承人：《植物品种保护条例》(第490章) 第2条。
土地财产- 财产拥有人指1)在其酌情决定权下有权实益使用拥有权项目的人，2)有权排除他人使用或从中干扰的人，及3)有权让与他人的人。此等权力受限于法律及第三方（例如邻人）的权利，犹如拥有人具有排除受邻人干扰的权利。普通法中，特别就土地财产而言，拥有权并非法律术语。就土地财产法的正确用语以言，土地拥有人是法律上或衡平法上的产业或权益的租户或所有人。香港的土地用途是以租借地的方式授予 (但圣约翰大教堂坐落的土地除外，此幅土地是以永久产权的方式授予，因而是以永久业权的方式持有)。1997年7月1后租住权的运作继续生效。香港特别行政区内的土地属于国家所有：《基本法》第7条。香港特别行政区政府负责土地的管理、使用及发展、以及向个别人士、法人或组织就用途或发展方面作出的租契或授予。另称「业权」。另见 Equitable interest; Fee simple; Legal title; Nuisance; Owner; Personal property; Possession; Property; Real Property; Tenancy; Waste。
3、Right
权利
Generally, a benefit or claim entitling a person to be treated in a certain way. More exact definitions vary according to the theoretical frameworks of the jurisprudential schools. The most frequently used definitions are those of Wesley Newcombe Hohfeld, who drew a distinction between rights and liberties; Ronald Dworkin, who developed a theory of rights in Taking Rights Seriously (1977); and the natural law theorist John Finnis, particularly as formulated in his Natural Law and Natural Rights (1980). The major cleavage between the schools is whether rights are natural or divinely ordained (and as such, universal and immutable); or whether they exist merely by convention (in which event they are relative to changing cultural and social norms). In Hong Kong, the fundamental rights of the residents are protected by, among others, the Hong Kong Bill of Rights (Cap 383), Chapter III of the Basic Law of the Hong Kong SAR, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966, and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 1966. See also Bill of rights; International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966; Law of nature.
概括而言，一人有权被若干方式对待的权益或权利。更加确实的定义根据法理学学派的理论而有所不同。最常用的定义有：Wesley Newcombe Hohfeld就权利和自由作出的分辨；Ronald Dworkin在认真对待权利（1977年）发展的权利理论；及自然法理论家John Finnis特别在其自然法及自然权利（1980年）提出的理论。主要学派之间的分歧是权利是否由自然而生或神圣地被制定（因而权利是世界共通的及永远不变的）；或是否仅由惯例而存在（因而与转变中的文化和社会规范有关）。在香港，《香港人权法案条例》（第383章），《香港特别行政区基本法》第三章，《1966年公民权利和政治权利国际公约》及《1966年经济、社会和文化权利国际公约》等均保障居民的基本权利。另见Bill of rights; International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966; Law of nature。 林业产权制度改革的初步分析
张江飞
摘要:辽宁省改革集体所拥有的森林所有权时重点在家庭责任制，并允许几个所有制可同时并存。通过改革后林地使用权和林地所有权划分更清晰。确保通过扩大林产经营管理权、完成林地处置权落实的改革后能推动林业的发展，并可增加林业工人的收入，提高社会效益。
关键词：集体所有制森林、林产所有权、改革、效益 Preliminary Analysis on Collectively Owned Forest Ownership Reform
Zhang Jiangfei
Abstract: Reform of collectively owned forest ownership in Liaoning Province focused on family responsibility system, and allowed several ownerships to be co-existent. The rights of using forest land and ownership of forest were clarified through reform. To broaden the management right, fulfill disposition right, ensure usufruct through the reform, too. And the forestry’s development was promoted, the income of forest farmers was increased and the society’s benefit was improved, too.
Key words: collectively owned forest, forest ownership right, reform, effect
初论集体林权改革
张江非
摘要：辽宁省集体所有林业产权改革集中在家庭责任体系上，允许几种所有权同时并存。通过改革，使得林地使用权和林产所有权更清楚。改革拓宽了管理权，实施了处置权并确保收益权。同时推动了林业的发展，提高了林业工人的收入,并改善了社会福利。
关键词：集体所有林业，林产所有权，改革，效果 集体林权改革初论
张将飞
摘要：辽宁省集体所有林业产权改革集中在家庭承包责任制上，容许多种所有制并存．通过改革，明晰林地的使用权和森林的拥有权．扩大管理权，实施处置权，也通过改革确保收益．同时林业的发展得到推动，林业工人的工资和社会福利得到增加．
关键词：集体所有林，林业所有权，改革，效果 前面已经讨论很多了，下面列出一些个人觉得还需改进的地方。
1. 第一句的"Reform of collectively..."，Reform前面似乎加定冠词比较好，表示特定在辽宁的改革。即，The reform of collectively...
2. 文中大量的并列句，但是连接词大多为and，而且有些并列句之间没有连接词，至少让读者感到句式单调。
3. To broaden the management right, fulfill disposition right, ensure usufruct through the reform, too.
这句话问题最大，前面已经有人指出。第一，没有主语；第二，最后的too有点不知所云。 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
集体林业产权制度改革初步分析
张江飞
摘要: 辽宁省集体所有制森林所有权改革注重家庭责任制 ,并允许几个所有制可以并存. 林地使用权和林地所有权通过改革划分清楚. 通过改革扩大经营权,落实处置权,确保使用权同时促进林业的发展,增加农民的收入并改善社会福利.
关键词:集体所有的森林,森林的所有权,改革,效果 翻译楼上几位作得比较充分了，我来说说修改意见：
[增加A] Preliminary Analysis on Collectively Owned Forest Ownership Reform
[标题最好改为：A Preliminary Analysis on the Reform of the Ownership of Collectively Owned Forests ]
Zhang Jiangfei
Abstract: [增加The] [删除R，改为r]eform of [增加the] [增加 ownership of ] collectively owned forest[增加s] [删除ownership] in Liaoning Province focused on family responsibility system[删除, 改为.] [删除and allowed several ownerships to be co-existent.] [增加Several types of ownerships were allowed to co-exist.] The rights of using forest land and ownership of forest were clarified through reform. The aim of the reform is to broaden the management right, fulfill disposition right, ensure usufruct through the reform [删除, too]. And the forestry’s development was promoted, the income of forest farmers [删除was] increased[增加，] and the society’s benefit [删除was，改为were] improved [删除, too].
Key words: collectively owned forest, forest ownership [删除right], reform, effect
说明：
1.第一句改动较大，作点说明：既然用了“focus”一词，那么就应该突出重点，即“家庭承包责任制”，而将“数种所有制并存”另起一句。
2.不会用编辑符号和加颜色，恐怕给阅读造成不便，还请见谅。
改好以后是这个样子:
A Preliminary Analysis on the Reform of the Ownership of Collectively Owned Forests
Zhang Jiangfei
Abstract: The reform of the ownership of collectively owned forests in Liaoning Province focused on family responsibility system. Several types of ownership were allowed to co-exist. The rights of using forest land and the ownership of forests were clarified through the reform. The aim of the reform is to broaden the management right, to fulfill the disposition right, and to ensure the usufruct through the reform. And the forestry’s development was promoted, the income of forest farmers increased，and the society’s benefits were improved.
Preliminary Analysis on Collectively Owned Forest Ownership Reform
Zhang Jiangfei
Abstract:
Reform of collectively owned forest ownership in Liaoning Province is devoted to family responsibilty system, by allowing that several patterns of owerships coexist.
Through the reform, the rights between using forest land and owning forest are further clarified.
Furthermore, the reform leads to broaden the management right, to fulfill disposition right and to ensure usufruct.
After these measures, not only the development of the forestry is promoted, but also the income of forest farmers is increased.
Finally, the benefits of the society are correspondingly improved.
欢迎大家讨论！ Preliminary Analysis on the Reform of Collectively Owned Forest Ownership
Zhang Jiangfei
Abstract: The reform of collectively owned forest ownership in Liaoning Province focused on family responsibility system, and allowed several ownerships to be co-existent. The rights of using forest land and ownership of forest were clarified through the reform. The reform broaden the management right, fulfill disposition right and ensure usufruct, too. And the forestry’s development was promoted, the income of forest farmers was increased and the society’s benefit was also improved.
Key words: collectively owned forest, forest ownership, reform, effect
集体林权改革的初步分析
张江非
摘要：辽宁省的集体拥有的林业产权改革集中在家庭责任体系上，并且允许几种所有权同时并存。改革使林地使用权和林产所有权划的更清楚。改革放宽了管理权，实施了处置权并确保收益权。同时提升了林业的发展，增加了林业工人的收入,并改善了社会福利。
关键词：集体所有林业，林产所有权，改革，效果 集体林权改革的初步分析
张江非
摘要：辽宁省的集体拥有的林业产权改革集中在家庭责任体系上，并且允许几种所有权同时并存。改革使林地使用权和林产所有权划的更清楚。该项改革放宽了管理权，实施了处置权并确保收益权。同时提升了林业的发展，增加了林业工人的收入,并改善了社会福利。
关键词：集体所有林业，林产所有权，改革，效用
感觉英语当中的指代词应该着重翻译出来。 ●翻译
Preliminary Analysis on Collectively Owned Forest Ownership Reform
集体林所有权改革初探
Zhang Jiangfei
张江非
Abstract: Reform of collectively owned forest ownership in Liaoning Province focused on family responsibility system, and allowed several ownerships to be co-existent. The rights of using forest land and ownership of forest were clarified through reform. To broaden the management right, fulfill disposition right, ensure usufruct through the reform, too. And the forestry’s development was promoted, the income of forest farmers was increased and the society’s benefit was improved, too.
摘要：辽宁省集体林所有权改革以家庭责任制为核心内容，允许多种所有权形式并存。通过改革，林地使用权、所有权明晰了。扩大了管理权，完善了处置权，同时也确保了用益权，促进了森林的开发，增加了林农的收入，同时也提高了社会效益。
Key words: collectively owned forest, forest ownership right, reform, effect
关键词：集体林，森林所有权，改革，效果
●评：
1.摘要中的“To broaden the management right, fulfill disposition right, ensure usufruct through the reform, too.”
这句有误。至少无主语，“fulfill ...”和“ensure ...”之间不应有逗号，或者应该加个词把它们连接起来。
2.摘要中的“And the forestry’s development was promoted,”
“And”与前不连，其前应为逗号；
此句末应为句号。 Preliminary Analysis of the Reform of Collectively Owned Forest Ownership (通常用of, 不用on)
Zhang Jiangfei
Abstract: the reform of collectively owned forest ownership in Liaoning Province allows several ownerships to be co-existent with family responsibility system as its focus(原表达有问题，尝试该成这样). The right to use forest land and the right to possess forest are clarified in this reform.(原表达不清晰，这样改如何) The reform is also carried out to expand the management right, satisfy disposition right and ensure usufruct (原句错误，应这样修正). At the same time, the reform intends to promote forestry development, increase farmers’ income and improve better social benefits too.(通篇都不能出现过去式。句式应注意变化)
Key words: collectively owned forest, forest ownership right, reform, effect A.译文
集体林所有权改革浅析
张江飞
摘要：辽宁省集体林所有权改革主要实行家庭责任制，但允许多种所有权形式并存。林地使用权、所有权在改革中得到了明晰。改革扩大了管理权，完善了处置权，同时也保证了收益权；改革促进了森林资源的开发，增加了林农的收入，同时也增加了社会效益。
关键词：集体林，森林所有权，改革，效果
B.原文中存在的不妥之处
(i)标题宜改为：Preliminary Analysis on the Reform of Collectively Owned Forest Ownership
英语中讲究避免头重脚轻! 要把对reform的修改后置。
(ii)摘要第1句中的“Reform”之前宜加定冠词The.
(iii)摘要中的“To broaden the management right, fulfill disposition right, ensure usufruct through the reform, too.”
这句表意不清。缺少主语，“fulfill ...”和“ensure ...”之间不应有逗号，或者应该加个词把它们连接起来。
(iv)摘要中的“And the forestry’s development was promoted,”：
①与前句不连贯，不应以And开头，要么就把其前的句号改为逗号；
②另，该句末应为句号；
③该句前的一句与其后的一句，明显不匹配，前面都是主动，而其后则均为被动。
摘要中邻近的相似内容语态应一致。
(v)“社会效益”一词应译为“social benefit”，而不是society’s benefit 没利息了，买书要靠卖嘴皮子了。。出来重操旧业。指出问题，不给定具体改后的文章，莫断了后来人财路嘛（实则水平有限）
Preliminary Analysis on the Reform of Forests collective ownership
林业集体所有制。。。。 已经有collective ownership这样的词汇，就不造了。
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Zhang Jiangfei 这句话貌似没错
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Abstract: Reform of collectively owned forest ownership in Liaoning Province focused on family responsibility system，and allowed several ownerships to be co-existent.
抽取一下。reform focus on system. 怎么看怎么别扭。建议改为 reform is focused on system.
collective ownership同上，下文不赘述。
很多同志声明reform 要加the，是对滴
大白象同志的断句，窃（不是妾）以为不妥。原句意思似乎是改革focus 2个东西上，一个是家庭责任制，另外是多种所有制并存。您加个句号，那就focus 不上了，虽然说因为文法原因，原文也没太focus上，但它至少一直在努力focus不是？
那么，and allowed several ownerships to be co-existent就需要被改成名词，或者名词性-从句（注意：不是 名词-性从句）来被focus. 前面加个and, 大家一起被focus. several? 改成multi-kinds of ownership....多种么，按原文直译那可是“允许那么几种所有制并存”，领导会问了：那几种？
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The rights of using forest land and ownership of forest were clarified through reform
through....中国通过法儿。。不妨改为 in reform, after reform....改革中，改革后（结果），这个through 往往是被处理的通过。。。run through...。 两种权力，使用权和所有权，后面不是用了个挺好的词儿么usufruct 和ownership 通过改革，并不是被clarified,(澄清，阐述清楚)，而是原来混合在一起，模糊，被分开，seperated. 或者 clearly difined. 等等.
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To broaden the management right, fulfill disposition right, ensure usufruct through the reform, too.
小时候一个笑话，有个人问小孩儿，几点了？小孩儿手持玩具冲锋枪，“突突突”，其实是Two to Two, 差两分两点。论文的abstract, to开头， too结尾一句话，略草率吧。
咱们再看看这句子结构， to名词结构，三个并行， 然后加个too就完了，您这是一词组阿，我收回上面那句话。。论文的abstract, to开头，too结尾的一词组，略草率吧，搁这儿也没法承上启下吧。
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And the forestry’s development was promoted, the income of forest farmers was increased and the society’s benefit was improved, too.
这句话总算是句话了。。首先And不要乱加在句首，正式文章中能不加就不加，等您有名了，再硬造出一个long time no see我也没话可说，不过现在还是别的好。Promote被动式，主要意思是被升职了。促销中等等。。也有被促进的意思，没说一定得改，但我看见第一愣就是升官儿了， income自己就可以increase, 不用be increase, 最后一点， society's.....有一个词叫做social. 同时 social interest是社会利益的意思，这是一个 china's 和chinese的问题，而china's 好歹还有瓷器的 。。的意思。。china's value....瓷器的价值。
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原以为是搓澡，修脚之类的工作，没想到整套下来，一大活儿啊。。腰酸腿疼，歇会儿去 终于又把几位老兄请出来了,同时来也很多新兄弟,大家一起来讨论,发财机会很多啊.
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