|
|
发表于 2007-6-15 10:09:38
|
显示全部楼层
参考资料
1、我国集体林产权内容的法律界定
並列篇名 Legal Definition on Property Right of the Collectively-owned Forest
作 者 张红霄(Hong-Xiao Zhang);张敏新(Min-Xin Zhang)
刊 名 林業經濟
卷期／出版年月 2006卷11期(2006/11)
頁次 14-17
資料語文 中文
摘要 重新界定产权是我国历次集体林产权改革的主题，其对集体林业和社区经济发展的危害已是不争的事实。而我国现行集体林产权法律制度的缺陷是这一现象产生的制度性根源之一。文章从集体林产权制度改革实践出发，运用产权经济学与法学相关理论，从界定原则、所有权、用益物权三方面阐述我国集体林产权内容，以期为集体林产权制度立法提供参考。
To redefinite on property right is one of the traditional subjects of all previous reforms of the collectively-owned forest. That has formed the undebatable fact which is harmful to the collectively-owned forestry. The defect of current legal system on the collectively-owned forest is one of institutional reasons. From the practical need of reforms about the collectively-owned forestry, the authors use some theories of economic and law, to describe the content of property right in the viewpoints of its principle、ownership and usuftuctuary right. It will be expected to be an reference to the legislation.
關鍵詞 集体林,产权内容,用益物权;collective-owned forest,the content of property right,usufructuary right
2、Ownership
所有权
The right recognised by the law, in respect of a particular piece of property (real or personal), to exercise with respect to that property all such rights as by law are capable of being exercised with respect to that type of property against all persons, including the right to possession of the property and any proceeds of its sale.
Intellectual property - In relation to copyright, the first owner of any copyright in a work is the author, subject to (a) if a copyright work is made by an employee in the course of his employment, his employer is the first owner, subject to any agreement to the contrary; (b) if a copyright work is made on the commission of a person, and there is an agreement to whom the copyright belongs, copyright belongs to the person who is entitled under the agreement. However, these do not apply to Government copyright, copyright in Ordinances, Legislative Council copyright and copyright vesting in international organizations: Copyright Ordinance (Cap 528) ss 13-16, 182-184, 188. In relation to registered design, the designer of a design, subject to (a) if the design is commissioned by someone for money or money’s worth, the person who commissioned it is the original owner, unless the agreement provides otherwise; (b) if the design is created by an employee in the course of his employment, the employer is the original owner, unless the contract of employment provides otherwise; (c) if a design, or the right to apply a design to any article, becomes vested, whether by assignment, transmission or operation of law, in any person other than the original owner, either alone or jointly with the original owner, that other person or, as the case may be, the original owner and that other person, will be treated as the owner of the design or as the owner of the design in relation to that article: Registered Design Ordinance (Cap 522) s 3. In relation to any variety, a person who bred or discovered and developed that variety; an agent of that person; a successor to that person: Plant Varieties Protection Ordinance (Cap 490) s 2.
Real property - Owners of property are those entitled, first, to the beneficial use of the object of ownership at their discretion, secondly, to exclude others from using it or interfering with it, and thirdly, to alienate it to others. These powers are subject to law and the rights of third parties such as neighbours, just as the owner has the right to exclude interference by neighbours. At common law, particularly with respect to real property, ownership is not a legal term of art. In the correct parlance of real property law an owner of land is the tenant or proprietor of a legal or equitable estate or interest in it. The use of land in Hong Kong is by way of leasehold tenure (except the ground on which St John’s Cathedral stands which was granted in fee simple and so held under a freehold tenure). The concept of tenure continues to apply after 1 July 1997. The land within the Hong Kong SAR became State property: Basic Law art 7. The Government of the Hong Kong SAR is responsible for their management, use and development and for their lease or grant to individuals, legal persons or organisations for use or development. Also known as ‘title’. See also Equitable interest; Fee simple; Legal title; Nuisance; Owner; Personal property; Possession; Property; Real Property; Tenancy; Waste.
法律认可的、有关特定（不动产或个人）财产的权利，根据法律，可针对任何人行使有关该类财产的所有该等权利，其中包括对财产管有及其任何销售收益的权利。
知识产权 - 就版权而言，作品的作者是该作品的任何版权的第一拥有人，但下列情况例外 (a) 凡版权作品是由雇员在受雇工作期间制作的，则除任何协议有相反的规定外；该雇员的雇主是该作品的版权的第一拥有人；(b) 凡作品是某人委托制作的，而作者与委托人之间订有就版权的享有权作出明确的规定的协议，则委托作品的版权属于根据该协议享有版权的人。但并不适用于政府版权、条例的版权、立法会版权、以及归属国际组织的版权：《版权条例》(第528章) 第13至16、182至184及188条。 就外观设计而言，任何外观设计的设计人须视作为该项外观设计的原拥有人，但下列情况则属例外 (a) 凡任何外观设计是依据一项为金钱或金钱的等值而接受的委托创作的，则除双方另有任何相反协议外，委托创作该项外观设计的人，须视作为该项外观设计的原拥有人； (b) 凡任何外观设计是由雇员在其受雇工作期间创作的，则除双方另有任何相反协议外，其雇主须视作为该项外观设计的原拥有人；(c) 凡某项外观设计或应用某项外观设计于任何物品的权利藉转让、转传或法律的实施而归属原拥有人以外的任何其它人(不论是由该其它人单独或与原拥有人联合享有)，则就本条例而言，该其它人，或原拥有人及该其它人(视属何情况而定)须视作为该项外观设计的拥有人或该物品所关乎的外观设计的拥有人：《注册外观设计条例》(第 522章) 第3条。就任何品种而言，指培育或发现并发展该品种的人；该人的代理人；该人的继承人：《植物品种保护条例》(第490章) 第2条。
土地财产 - 财产拥有人指1)在其酌情决定权下有权实益使用拥有权项目的人，2)有权排除他人使用或从中干扰的人，及3)有权让与他人的人。此等权力受限于法律及第三方（例如邻人）的权利，犹如拥有人具有排除受邻人干扰的权利。普通法中，特别就土地财产而言，拥有权并非法律术语。就土地财产法的正确用语以言，土地拥有人是法律上或衡平法上的产业或权益的租户或所有人。香港的土地用途是以租借地的方式授予 (但圣约翰大教堂坐落的土地除外，此幅土地是以永久产权的方式授予，因而是以永久业权的方式持有)。1997年7月1后租住权的运作继续生效。香港特别行政区内的土地属于国家所有：《基本法》第7条。香港特别行政区政府负责土地的管理、使用及发展、以及向个别人士、法人或组织就用途或发展方面作出的租契或授予。另称「业权」。另见 Equitable interest; Fee simple; Legal title; Nuisance; Owner; Personal property; Possession; Property; Real Property; Tenancy; Waste。
3、Right
权利
Generally, a benefit or claim entitling a person to be treated in a certain way. More exact definitions vary according to the theoretical frameworks of the jurisprudential schools. The most frequently used definitions are those of Wesley Newcombe Hohfeld, who drew a distinction between rights and liberties; Ronald Dworkin, who developed a theory of rights in Taking Rights Seriously (1977); and the natural law theorist John Finnis, particularly as formulated in his Natural Law and Natural Rights (1980). The major cleavage between the schools is whether rights are natural or divinely ordained (and as such, universal and immutable); or whether they exist merely by convention (in which event they are relative to changing cultural and social norms). In Hong Kong, the fundamental rights of the residents are protected by, among others, the Hong Kong Bill of Rights (Cap 383), Chapter III of the Basic Law of the Hong Kong SAR, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966, and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 1966. See also Bill of rights; International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966; Law of nature.
概括而言，一人有权被若干方式对待的权益或权利。更加确实的定义根据法理学学派的理论而有所不同。最常用的定义有：Wesley Newcombe Hohfeld就权利和自由作出的分辨；Ronald Dworkin在认真对待权利（1977年）发展的权利理论；及自然法理论家John Finnis特别在其自然法及自然权利（1980年）提出的理论。主要学派之间的分歧是权利是否由自然而生或神圣地被制定（因而权利是世界共通的及永远不变的）；或是否仅由惯例而存在（因而与转变中的文化和社会规范有关）。在香港，《香港人权法案条例》（第383章），《香港特别行政区基本法》第三章，《1966年公民权利和政治权利国际公约》及《1966年经济、社会和文化权利国际公约》等均保障居民的基本权利。另见Bill of rights; International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966; Law of nature。 |
|
读着很不爽，
发表于 2007-6-16 00:07:48
