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信用卡与贷款中国人不再陌生
我1985年来中国时, 多数中国人认为我们外国人随身携带的信用卡是个新鲜物,
对它既感兴趣又心存疑虑:想想看,在挣到钱之前就可以花钱,真不可思议!对于
我们的中国朋友说来,要把拥有一个信用卡看成是既安全又方便的事,那可不容易。
说实话,我自己一开始在很长时间里都不愿意申请信用卡。但是,在加拿大,由于
驾驶证和信用卡是最常用的身份证件,而我两样都没有,就被认为有点怪,好像我
在这个国家没有正常的合法地位。
于是,我最终办了第一张信用卡,但我下决心并不真用它买东西。但后来,我
又决定,有时商品减价,我的确需要,但当时手头又没现金,就用信用卡买下来也
挺好。渐渐地,我养成了使用信用卡的习惯。但是,正如多数信用卡持有者一样,
我每月底都一丝不苟付清帐单。当然,也有些人迟付帐单,这些人就要付高额利息,
而高额利息则使信用卡公司得以赚钱。
如今,信用卡在中国已经很普遍了,然而,我希望中国的消费者不要养成一月
又一月迟付信用卡帐单的代价高昂的习惯。信用卡使购物变得十分容易,但对于少
数成问题的消费者来说,购物含有上瘾的成分,而使用信用卡代替现钞购物似乎就
更加剧了这一瘾头。就我个人而言,我觉得借记卡比信用卡更可取,如果你花的钱
直接来自你的存折,或者在开销之前你就先付了钱,就像你买吉通电话卡一样,就
不会有债务缠身的危险。
一些人拥有的IC卡的数量真让人吃惊,打本地电话的卡,打长途电话的卡,在
每个超市购物的卡,单位食堂吃饭的卡,从银行取现金的卡———每一种业务都有
自己的卡。在很多饭店,我看到甚至钥匙也变成了卡。北京还不算是卡的龙头,其
他城市人均拥有的卡甚至更多。截止到1998年底,中国发行了8千万IC卡,到今年年
底将达到4亿个。在事情变得杂乱无章之前,发行卡的部门应该坐下来讨论一下多功
能卡的开发问题,这一转变将有益于卡的发行者,也有益于卡的使用者。
消费者向银行贷款对于多数中国人也是新事物。只是在去年年底中国人民银行
才开始推广对普通居民的购房贷款。此后贷款在品种和规模上都有了很快的发展。
今年所有的中国商业银行都被允许发放这样的贷款。越来越多的人正准备拿银行的
钱去买房、装修公寓、买新家俱、买汽车、买计算机、乐器这样的耐用品、给孩子
交学费、看病甚至旅游。
让我感到吃惊的是大众态度的变化之快,从犹豫不决害怕负债转到了热衷于向
银行借款。我猜想是变化的时机成熟了。最近在中国几大城市所做的一项调查显示,
大约有一半城市人口还是不花借来的钱买消费品,但新的消费观念所占的地盘正日
益扩大。我个人的疑虑则是关系到中国消费者,他们不知道风险正等待着欠考虑的
消费者,我担心有些人不得不从教训中学到量入为出的重要性。
当贷款使家庭得以享受高质量的生活,而且消费者又能有节制地花钱时,毫无
疑问,贷款是件好事。在市场经济的发展中,可以容易地获得贷款是一重要因素,
但贷款也总包含着风险,对贷者与借者双方都有风险。消费者需要仔细算计一下,
每月他们能付银行或信用卡公司多少钱,他们的经济状况会怎样提高并影响其还款
能力。信贷体系的每一方面在中国还很年轻。而要使这一体系运作得好,还有许多
工作需要去做。我相信这个国家将很快拥有一个具有欣欣向荣的现代经济特色的全
方位的信贷服务体系。
When I came to China in 1985, most Chinese regarded the
credit cards we foreigners carried around with us as
curiosities, attractive but also highly suspect: Just imagine
spending money before one earned it! It was hard for our
Chinese friends to see that having a credit card was a
matter of security and convenience. And to tell the truth,
I had myself long been reluctant to apply for a credit
card. But as a driver's licence or a credit card is the
most frequent means of identifying oneself in Canada, and I
had neither the one nor the other, I was considered a
little odd, as if I had no regular status in the country.
So I finally obtained my first credit card, but I
resolved that I would never actually use it to buy things.
Later, however, I decided that now and then it would be
nice to purchase items on sale that I really needed but was
not prepared to pay cash for right then. Gradually I got
into the habit of using the card, but like most credit
card users I was scrupulous about paying my bill at the end
of each month. There are also, of course, credit card
holders who put off paying their bills; they pay the high
interest rates that enable credit card companies to make a
profit.
Nowadays credit cards are becoming common in China. I
hope, though, that Chinese consumers will not fall into the
expensive habit of delaying payment of their credit card
bills from month to month. Credit cards make shopping so
easy, and for a small but problematic minority of consumers
there is something addictive about it that the use of
plastic instead of cash seems to intensify. Personally I
feel that a debit card is preferable to a credit card. If
the money you spend is taken directly from your savings
account, or if you pay before spending, as when you buy a
Jitong card, there is no danger of falling deeply into debt.
The number of smart (IC) cards some people have is
astonishing. For local phones, for long-distance calls, for
each supermarket the consumer shops at, for the unit canteen,
for making cash withdrawals from the bank - a different card
for each sort of transaction! I note that even keys have
been transformed into cards in many hotels. And Beijing is
not at the head of the pack; the people in some other
Chinese cities have even more cards per capita. By the end
of 1998, some 80 million smart cards had been issued in
China; by the end of this year, the number will have
reached 400 million. Before the situation becomes too messy,
card issuers ought to sit down and discuss the creation of
multifunctional cards. The shift would benefit both users and
issuers.
Consumer credit through banks also is new to most
Chinese. It was only at the end of last year that the
People's Bank of China started to promote housing loans for
ordinary citizens. Then the credit was quickly extended in
variety and scale. This year all Chinese-funded commercial
banks are allowed to make such loans. A growing number of
people are taking out bank loans to pay for housing, the
remodeling of their flats, new furniture, cars, durable goods
like computers and musical instruments, schooling, medical
services and even tourism.
What has surprised me is the swiftness of the change
in popular attitudes, from hesitation to go into debt to
positive enthusiasm for borrowing money. I guess the time
was ripe for change. A recent poll in major cities does
show that about half the urban population would still not
spend borrowed money on consumer items, but the new attitudes
are gaining ground. My own qualms concern Chinese consumers
who are unaware of the dangers awaiting the thoughtless
consumer. I fear some people will have to learn the hard
way how important it is to stick to a budget.
Credit is undoubtedly a good thing when it enables a
family to enjoy a higher quality of life and when consumers
keep their spending under control. The easy availability of
credit is a crucial element in the development of a market
economy. But credit always involves risk, for both the
lender and the borrower. Consumers need to calculate
carefully how much they can afford to pay a bank or credit
card company each month, and how their financial situation
may evolve and affect their repayment capacity. Every aspect
of the credit system is young in China and much still needs
to be done if the system is to work well. I am sure that
the nation will soon have the full range of credit services
characteristic of a thriving modern economy. |
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