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[[学习策略]] 西方人为什么喜欢谈论建筑

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发表于 2005-10-1 14:26:31 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
西方人为什么喜欢谈论建筑


  一座宏伟的建筑充满了声音,即使里面一个人也没有。它诉说着那些使之矗立
起来的人们(设计它的建筑师、批准它的城市规划者、为它投资的人们),它诉说
着公众对它的或厌恶、或容忍、抑或是喜爱,也诉说着它所存在的母体———更为
宽广的社会。当你在凌晨一两点钟走在不熟悉的城市的寂静街道上,这些建筑物就
会向你耳语出社会现状:这是一个由充满信心的人们组成的社会、一个强调个性的
人们组成的社会、还是一个因循守旧者的社会?一个醉心权力的官僚主义者的社会,
还是一个由有钱的财阀左右的社会?是以人为本位还是以组织机构为本位?美对于
当地居民来说是否重要?审美能力是普遍具有,还是急不可待地要表现一番?该社
会中的人们到底在从事着什么:他们在做什么,是什么样的人,渴望什么,假装着
什么,忘记了什么?

  因此,难怪那么多西方人喜欢谈论建筑。如果你去伦敦、纽约或旧金山,每个
出租车司机对新建筑物都有一番评价说给你听。的确,正是普通百姓大声表达的种
种观点,阻碍了政治家们对那些不好的建筑提案———破坏空中轮廊线、街区景观
或者毁坏邻近地区的建筑提案点头批准。

  建筑师在西方受到广泛的尊敬,虽说在该领域中也有缺乏天分的庸人以及只受
过狭窄的专业训练的商业化人士,但是有天分的建筑师仍然拥有漫游艺术家的神秘
色彩:灵感对他们说来与专业技巧培训同样重要,为了寻找灵感,建筑师们将做实
地漫游以及学识上的漫游。对于建筑师来说,在设计工作之外还从事绘画、雕塑、
拍电影、艺术摄影则是十分普遍的。

  有些很知名的建筑师甚至获得了文化英雄的地位,或是像流行歌星似的,获得
了追随者心目中的名星地位。在很多方面,有争议的设计师如贝聿铭、弗朗克·盖
里、罗伯特·文图里,他们在西方创造性生活的中心,都曾起到了主要小说家们一
度所起的作用,他们的杰作既有挑战社会的,也有具体表现出广泛存在的信仰与雄
心的。这并非仅是二十世纪的事情,至少是从文艺复兴时代开始,建筑师在西方就
一直是英雄式的富有魅力的人物。但由于二十世纪晚期文学多少有些失色以及绘画
艺术出现了断档———有谁知道当今的优秀绘画作品是什么呢———而建筑,就像
电影一样,则在公众的心中之中得到了崇高的地位。西方建筑的持续演变,当它创
造或吸收了新的风格、方法、材料,或是在历史中及其他文化中寻找到了灵感,便
使得建筑领域与音乐、绘画、文学或物理学领域同样丰富,成为天才人物们的舞台。


  一般说来,有三种途径使西方年轻人对建筑学发生兴趣。最显而易见的便是旅
行:为新地方见到的建筑和街道所兴奋。在六十时代早期,我有幸在希腊度过了童
年时代心理形成期的四年。在汽车废气还没有使雅典的天空变暗的那些日子里,从
我们住的山顶房子后面望去,能清楚地看到几十公里以外的雅典卫城。那是在很多
年以后,我才理解了在地平线上显现的巴森农神殿对我的影响是多么大。但是如果
缺乏想象力,仅只旅行还不一定能唤醒年轻人对建筑的兴趣。阅读历史或学校中的
一点良好的艺术教育则可为儿童对建筑做出独立性发现做好铺垫工作。

  美国青少年经常在暑假和建筑工人一起干活,这是了解建筑的又一种途径,一
种更实际的干中学的方式来培养对建筑的感觉。树起一幢房子,即使是用预制板搭
的简易的郊区小屋,也是个非常令人着迷的过程。一旦你参与了某一事物的诞生,
将它从蓝图变成结构骨架,再变成地道的房子,并开始对其做景观美化,你就再也
不会不对这一过程当回事了。进一步,你开始理解建筑师与工人们所遵循的一些准
则:城市分区法规、该地点的特殊要求、建筑规定、预算,还有一点也很重要,那
就是客户的要求。

  最后,很多西方大学的校园就是展示建筑的橱窗。在这样的校园中上学,则是
年轻人生活、学习于精心设计的建筑之中的第一个机会。在耶鲁大学,我最喜欢的
建筑是一对暖色的粗石头宿舍楼,是由芬兰大师艾罗·萨里南设计的,人们说从平
面图上看,这两座楼两墙之间的夹角没有一个90度的角(这种说法并不真实,但很
容易相信)。我还很喜欢耶鲁大学的珍本图书馆,那是一个由薄层大理石构成的笔
直的矩形角柱建筑:太阳从蛋壳形的大理石屋顶照进来,照亮了大理石的纹路和里
面的玻璃角柱,这是存放图书的地方,有气候调节装置,以防止古代文献的蚀坏。
生活在这样的校园中,有谁会在离开时还没有对建筑艺术增加了了解呢?

  ?An edifice resounds with voices, even if there isn?t a 
soul in it.  It speaks of the people who put it up (the 
architects who designed it, the city planners who authorized 
it, the people who paid for it), of the public that detests, 
tolerates or delights in it, and of the broader society that 
is its matrix.  Go through the deserted streets of an 
unfamiliar city in the wee hours of the morning and the 
buildings will whisper of the reigning realities:  Is this a 
society of confident individuals, of individualists or of 
conformists; of power-conscious bureaucrats, of money-obsessed 
plutocrats?  Do people matter or do organizations matter?  Is 
beauty important to the inhabitants?  Is taste widespread, or 
a nervous desire to impress?  What are the people in the 
society up to:  doing, being, aspiring, pretending, forgetting?

  ?No wonder, then, that so many Westerners love to talk 
about architecture.  Go to London, New York or San Francisco 
and every cab driver has a judgement to offer on the new 
buildings.  Indeed, it is the loudly voiced views of ordinary 
citizens that hinder politicians from giving the nod to bad 
building proposals that would ruin skylines, block views or 
devastate neighborhoods.  

  ?Architects in the West are widely respected.  Though the 
field has its share of talentless drones and narrowly 
specialized corporate functionaries, gifted architects still have 
the mystique of wandering artists:  inspiration is as 
important for them as training in their craft, and architects 
will roam, physically and intellectually, in search of it.  
It is common for architects to paint, sculpt, shoot films or 
do serious photography in addition to their design work.  

  ?A few very prominent architects even attain the status 
of culture-heroes, or of celebrities with their own followers, 
like pop-stars.  In many respects controversial designers like 
I.M. Pei, Frank Gehry and Robert Venturi fill the role that 
major novelists once held at the centre of Western creative 
life, both challenging society and giving concrete expression 
to widely-held beliefs and ambitions.  Not that this is 
purely a twentieth-century phenomenon:  Architects have been 
heroic or glamorous figures in the West at least since the 
Renaissance.  But as literature has faded somewhat in the 
late twentieth century and painting has become incoherent - 
who knows what good painting is these days? - architecture, 
like film, has gained stature in the public imagination.  The 
constant evolution of Western architecture, as it has created 
or absorbed new styles, methods and materials or sought 
inspiration in the past and in other cultures, has made the 
world of building as rich a playground of genius as music, 
painting, literature or physics.

  ?Broadly speaking, there are three main avenues by which 
young Westerners become interested in architecture.  The most 
obvious is travel:  being excited by the buildings and 
streets one encounters in new places.  I had the privilege 
of spending four formative years of my childhood in Greece 
during the early 1960s.  In those days before auto pollution 
dulled the skies over Athens, we had, from the back of our 
hilltop house, an excellent view of the Acropolis some ten 
kilometres away.  It was years before I understood how much 
I?d been affected by the Parthenon looming on the horizon.  
But travel alone won?t necessarily awaken a young person to 
architecture if he lacks the imagination to respond.  
Historical reading or a little good art education in school 
can prime a child for independent discovery.

  ?American teenagers often get summer jobs with construction 
crews, and this is another, more hands-on way to develop a 
sense of architecture.  Erecting a house, even a simple 
suburban pre-fab, is a fascinating process; once you?ve 
assisted in the birth of something, bringing it from blueprint 
to structural skeleton to full-blown house with the beginnings 
of landscaping, you never again take the process for granted. 
 Furthermore, you begin to understand the constraints that 
architects and builders operate under:  zoning rules, the 
peculiarities of the site, building regulations, budgets and, 
not least, the demands of clients.

  ?Finally, many Western university campuses are architectural 
showcases.  Studying on one of them is the first chance most 
young people get to live in and work in highly \"designed\" 
buildings.  My favorites at Yale were a pair of residential 
colleges in warm, rough stone by the Finnish master Eero 
Saarinen - people allege that there?s not a single right 
angle in the ground plans of either (the claim is untrue but 
easy to believe).  I also loved Yale?s rare-book library, a 
severe rectangular prism of thin marble; the sun shines 
through the eggshell-like stone skin, illuminating the veins in 
the marble and the glass prism inside, which is a book 
storage area with a controlled climate to prevent the decay 
of the ancient paper.  Who can live on such a campus and 
come away without a heightened awareness of the builder?s art?
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