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[[学习策略]] 中国人该练练口才了

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发表于 2005-9-15 12:01:23 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
中国人该练练口才了


  本文作者不久前曾在清华大学演讲有关“语言的力量”,希望江先生到校演讲
的其他院校可呼BP:95800—1908090,或发电子邮件<jiangxueqin@263.net>

  当我就读于美国耶鲁大学时,有幸遇到了很多有天分的中国学生。虽然他们在
美国已经上了几年学,但在与美国人的交往上仍有很大困难。“我掌握了那么多的
英语单词,语法也很棒,”他们常常这样对我说,“但我还是不能与美国人很好地
交流。”

  问题在于,虽然他们拥有了一部机器的所有零件,但却缺乏一种简单的理论使
这部机器变得有实际用途。“虽然你对英文理解得很好,”我说,“但你还没有理
解当地人是如何使用该语言来达到他们的目的。”当我来到北京开始教授英语,我
意识到对于如何在社会中运用语言这一能力的掌握,不仅在课堂上缺乏,在生活的
多个层面都很缺乏。

  有一次,一个身为中国女足球队球迷的美国人对我说:“为什么没有人去看她
们踢球?那是因为人们觉得没太大意思。”

  “是的,没人对中国女足感兴趣,”我说,“因为人们不相信女足踢球有什么
意思。”

  “但是如果女足球队有善于公关的人,使人们对女足感兴趣———结果就可能
说服人们认同女足是有意思的。你可知道一个出色的广告人曾把弗罗里达州变成了
老年人喜欢的度假地并使人们相信冬天吃冰激凌是个好主意?而市场营销与公关在
中国尚不存在。”

  他最后的结论恐怕过于夸张,但有一点是真实的,那就是中国人缺乏市场营销
与公关技巧,这是因为人们缺乏对于如何应用语言的精妙理解。缺乏这种精妙的理
解,就不可能创造出市场与公关技巧,甚至不容易从其他文化中来借鉴。美国人之
所以精于市场与公关,是因为他们懂得语言的力量。如果中国人想与西方人沟通,
就必须了解这种力量。而达到这一理解的道路就是运用语言的技能。源于修辞学的
一些原则在西方指导着语言的应用,以阐述观点。

  对于不同的人来说修辞学意味着不同的内容,但基本上说来,它是对作为力量
的语言的分析———一种与他人交流并说服别人接受你的观点的方法,但语言也是
了解你自己和周围世界的一种力量。

  因此,语言技巧就是关于交流与表达自我的技巧。在你使别人理解你的想法和
感受之前,你首先要理解别人的想法和感受。比如,如果你是个想找工作的西方人,
在你向公司提出要求之前,首先要奋力向公司说明你能为公司做些什么。正如美国
人所说的,在面试之前,必须做“家庭作业”:搞清该公司的经营范围、公司需要
的是什么?公司负责人在求职者身上寻求的是什么?然后以你所了解到的这些资料
为基准,尽可能多地表现自己。从根本上说这就意味着你必须琢磨、组织、调整你
的语言,以适应你的听众。

  存在于语言技巧背后的想法则是:我们只能通过语言来理解这个世界,是语言,
构成了我们对世界与他人的理解。因此,能够驾驭语言的人就能构筑(甚至或许也
能驾驭)别人的观念。这就是为什么在美国,市场营销与公关如此盛行———因为
美国人相信语言可以用来改变人们的思维方式,可以用来表现自己。

  中国人视谦虚为美德,也很容易将自我表现视为傲慢。他们往往自我反省,甚
至很内向。让人觉得有点奇怪的是中国人将语言技巧视为与西方人的好辩和直言不
讳是同样不可接受的东西。但是,如果一个中国人希望与美国人交流,就应首先了
解西方人运用语言的方式。如果一个中国人增强了语言技巧的意识,最终他会发现,
在生活中的某个领域,他已经在不知不觉地使用着语言技巧了。

  修辞技巧远非仅仅是语言的问题,它终归是生活与生存的理论。

  While I was studying at Yale, I had the good fortune to 
meet many intelligent and talented Chinese students that, even 
though they had been studying in the US for a few years, 
still had great difficulty in communicating with Americans. \"I 
know so many English words and my grammar is perfect,\" they 
would say to me, \"but I still cannot communicate very well 
with Americans.\"

  The problem is that although they have all the parts to 
make the machine, they lack the simple theory to make the 
machine functional. \"Although you understand English well  
enough,\" I would reply, \"you still don't understand how  
native speakers use the language to achieve their ends.\"  
When I came to Beijing to teach English, I realized that 
this grasp of how language is used socially was absent not 
only in the classroom but in all walks of life.

  An American who is a fan of the Chinese women's football 
team once said to me, \"Why is it that no one goes to  
watch the team?  It's because they don't believe it's 
interesting enough.\"

  \"Right. No one is interested in the Chinese women's 
football team,\" I replied, \"because they don't believe that  
it's interesting.\"

  \"But if the team had someone competent to handle public 
relations, then that person could make people interested in 
the team - could, in effect, persuade people that it was 
interesting.  Did you know that a good advertiser was able 
to turn Florida into a favorite vacation spot for old people 
and convince people that eating ice cream in winter was a 
good idea?  Marketing and public relations don't exist in 
China.\"

  His last remark was perhaps an exaggeration, but it is 
substantially true that Chinese lack marketing and public 
relations skills.  And this is because they lack a subtle 
understanding of how language can be used.  Without that 
understanding, they cannot create these skills or even readily 
assimilate them from other cultures.  Americans are so adept 
at marketing and PR because they understand the power of 
language.  If Chinese wish to communicate with Westerners, 
they must also come to understand this power.  The path to 
such an understanding is the field known as rhetoric.  
Principles derived from rhetoric govern the use of language  
to shape opinion in the West.

  Rhetoric means different things to different people, but 
essentially it is the analysis of language as power - as a 
way to communicate with others and persuade them to accept 
your views, but also as power to understand yourself and the 
world around you.  

  Thus rhetoric is about communication and self-expression.  
And you must first understand how others think and feel 
before you can enable them to understand how you think and 
feel.  For example, if you were a Westerner applying for a 
job, you would first strive to tell the firm what you could 
do for them before telling the firm what they could do for 
you.  As Americans put it, you have to do your homework 
before you go to a serious job interview:  find out what 
the company does, what it needs, what its executives are 
looking for in potential employees.  Then as much as possible 
present yourself in line with what you've discovered.  
Essentially this means that you must plan, order and adjust 
your words to suit your audience.

  The assumption behind rhetoric is that we can only 
comprehend the world through language; it is language that 
shapes our understanding of the world and others.   
Accordingly, someone who can control language can shape (and 
perhaps even control) others' perceptions.  That is why in 
America marketing and public relations are so pervasive - 
because Americans believe that language can be used to change 
the way people think, and that language is used to express 
oneself.

  The Chinese view modesty as a virtue and easily equate 
self-expression with arrogance; they tend to be introspective, 
even introverted.

  Little wonder then that they find rhetoric as alien as 
Western argumentativeness and outspokenness. However, if a 
Chinese wishes to communicate with an American, then he  
should understand the Western approach to language first. And 
if a Chinese develops an awareness of rhetoric, he may 
eventually discover that he too, in some sphere or other of 
his life, has been using rhetoric without knowing it.

  In the end, rhetoric is more than just an approach to 
language - it is a theory of life and living.
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