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[[学习策略]] 女人:工作幸福还是回家幸福

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发表于 2005-9-14 19:56:24 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
女人:工作幸福还是回家幸福


  人们常常问到我有关妇女解放的问题。对这一问题的回答,我只能从最熟悉的
法国与我现居住的中国的所见所闻来考虑。法国人是怎样养育女孩子呢?

  与中国不一样的是,在法国我从来没见过有谁在孩子出生前更希望是男孩的。
我认为这是由于法国高度发达的社会福利体系所致:法国人不再指望儿女来养老。
法国政府长期以来有着鼓励生育的传统,因为法国两个多世纪以来出生率一直较低。
多子女的家庭会得到政府的补助,当然,所有的儿童在16岁之前都接受免费义务教
育。

  在16岁之前,几乎没有孩子辍学,高中毕业生升入大学的比例也很高,但男女
生的某些差别还是很明显的,女孩子往往学文科,而男孩子则在理工科方面占绝对
优势。由此而引发的结果是青年女性往往发觉自己在职业竞争中不占优势,但这是
她们自由选择专业的结果,并非是社会的压力和歧视所致。我认为这一自由选择专
业的权利好极了,即便它导致人们有时做出不切实际的选择,但人们真正地喜欢自
己所选择的专业。然而还是有很多女性发现,在度过头20年快乐生活,学了自己所
热爱的专业之后,却是令人沮丧地以做辅助性工作而度过后四十年。

  今天的法国女性走出校门后,最终都能找到工作,使自己过上简朴而得体的生
活。但是,真正中产阶级的舒适生活却需要更多的收入,因此,多数已婚妇女仍然
在某种意义上依赖于自己的丈夫。经济收入的现实所演绎出的状况就是:有工作的
妻子仍然是家庭主妇:她们做饭、洗衣、照顾孩子。

  就在不久前,在八十年代,法国社会似乎要向另一个方向发展。很多妇女力图
做好每一件事,从抚育孩子到为职务升迁而奋斗。但结果她们把自己搞得精疲力尽:
肩负着那么多的使命,她们没有时间休息。同样糟糕的是,家里的情况也恶化了:
没有人在家收拾屋子。家庭的人口缩减了,很多DINK(无子女)家庭出现了:夫妻
二人反对要孩子或是放弃了要孩子的打算。

  由DINK家庭组成的社会的未来将是什么样子?从法国人的观点来看(此处再一
次要提到我们的低出生率所带来的历史性问题),拒绝做父母的夫妇难道不是很自
私吗?

  最近一段时期,法国妇女的脚步放缓了一点。她们不再将职业与挣钱视为生活
中要获取的唯一目标。令人不安的是,妇女解放似乎是一种让妇女多干活的“权利”,
一个获得解放的职业妇女比一个很满足的妈妈更快乐吗?如果男人喜欢工作,而女
人乐于在家帮助他们分担压力,这有什么可指责的呢?我不觉得“平等”受到威胁,
这只是理性的劳动分工。

  我相信创造和谐的家庭是妇女的责任,而成功与否并不全部取决于女性,但她
们所起的作用要远大于男性。真正的问题不在于男人与女人是不是平等,而在于是
什么创造了幸福生活。什么是我们赖以确定生活是富足的、令人想往的标准呢?我
常常问,为什么事业上的成功也常常被人们

  看成生活上同样是成功的呢?作为一个女人,如果我在为人妻为人母方面做得
很成功,而且对自己的工作也很满意,那么我认为我的存在就挺不错,并由此而感
到知足。

  或许我们该把注意力从妇女身上移开,而去关注一下男人,男人们不能看着自
己的孩子成长是很难过的。我敢说,很多丈夫若是有不太耗时的工作而能回家与孩
子们玩耍,他们会更高兴。

  People often ask me about women's liberation.  In reply I 
can only reflect on the society I know best, France, and 
what I see here in China, where I now live.  What is it 
like to grow up female in France? For one thing, I have 
never noticed any pre-natal preference for little boys, unlike 
in China.  I presume this is because of France's highly 
developed social welfare system:  French people no longer look 
to their children for financial support when they get old.  
Moreover, as there is no one-child policy, there is no 
temptation to selective infanticide or abortion.  The French 
government has a long tradition of encouraging births, because 
the country has had a comparatively low birthrate for over 
two centuries.?

  Families with numerous children receive financial aid from 
the state, and of course education is free and compulsory for 
all children through the age of 16.   Very few children 
leave school before that age, and a high percentage of lyc'ee 
graduates go on to university.  There certain male-female 
differences are still apparent:  girls tend to take arts 
degrees, while boys predominate heavily in technical subjects.  
Consequently young women often find themselves at a 
disadvantage in the competition for jobs, but this is the 
result of their free choice, not social pressure or 
discrimination. ?I regard this liberty as beautiful, even if 
it does lead people to make impractical choices at times; 
people care genuinely for the subjects they choose to study.  
Still, many women find that after twenty happy years studying 
things they love, they spend the next forty as frustrated \"
ssistants\"? When today's average Frenchwoman gets out of school,
 she is eventually able to get a job that enables her to 
live simply but decently.  Real middle-class comfort, however, 
requires another, bigger income, so most married women are 
still in some sense dependent on their husbands.  The 
economic realities translate into a situation in which wives 
with outside jobs are also the housekeepers:  they do the 
cooking and washing and look after the kids. Just a few 
years ago, in the 1980s, it looked as if French society 
might be headed in another direction.  Many women were trying 
to do everything, from raising the kids to fighting their way 
up the career ladder.  In the end they wore themselves out: 
with so many commitments, they had no time to rest. ?Just 
as bad, the situation at home was deteriorating:  nobody was 
home to keep things in order.  Family size shrank and 
numerous \"DINK\"?households appeared (= double income, no kids): 
 couples who had rejected or given up on the idea of 
children.   What future was there for a society of DINK 
marriages?  From a French perspective (again, recall our 
historical trouble with a low birthrate), wasn't it selfish of 
couples to refuse to become parents?  This is a phenomenon I 
encounter in China as well.  Modern Chinese women often 
strike me as aggressive and demanding.  They want happiness, 
and men are saddled with the role of providing it.  Before 
marriage, happiness means fashionable clothes and gifts; after 
the wedding, attentive and patient husbands and still more 
clothes.   For such women, everything still seems to come 
from men. These days French women have slowed down a bit.  
They no longer think of jobs and money as the only means of 
achieving their goals in life.  Women's liberation looks 
disquietingly like the \"right\" to work more.  Are liberated 
career women happier than satisfied mothers?  If men are 
happy working, and women are happy helping them to deal with 
pressure, what is there to criticize?  I don't think equality 
is at stake; this is simply a rational division of labor.  
In China women seem to be more or less on a par with men 
politically, legally and culturally, but they don't always 
strike me as being very happy.  And their husbands look 
tired. I believe that creating a harmonious family is a woman'
s duty.  Success doesn't depend wholly on women, but they 
still play by far the greater role.  The real issue isn't 
whether men and women are equal, but rather what makes for a 
good life.  What are the criteria by which we decide that a 
life is adequate, or admirable?  Why, I would ask, is 
success in a career so often seen as tantamount to success 
in life?  If I, as a woman, succeed as a wife and mother 
and find my job experience positive and satisfying, then I 
will regard my existence as... not bad, and be content with 
it.   Maybe we should stop focusing on women and remember 
that for men too it is hard not to see their own children 
growing up.  I am sure many husbands would be happier with 
less time-consuming careers that allow them to come home and 
play with the children. 
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