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论《献给艾米丽的玫瑰》中威廉•福克纳
矛盾心理的体现
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摘 要: 威廉福克纳是美国二十世纪现代主义小说家之一，作为一个家乡在美国南部的作家，他的小说中屡屡出现美国南部的风景。而南部社会的转型期对于谁来说都是个难过的时期，传统的思想与工业生产带来的利益的冲突，让社会上的人都假装安定，假装自己还是贵族。《献给艾米丽的玫瑰》是他的代表作之一，艾米丽人物形象的塑造，体现了当时社会上一部分没落贵族所过的生活，他们的内心对过去雍容的生活有着无限的怀念和向往，而面对残酷的现实却只能一直掩耳盗铃，假装自己的生活还没有改变。在这部小说中，威廉福克纳充分表达了自己对家乡的那种又爱又恨的矛盾心情。本文将从多个角度分析作者在《献给艾米丽的玫瑰》中作者所怀有的矛盾心理。
关键词: 美国南部 转型期 矛盾 爱情
On the Ambivalence of William Faulkner in the A Rose for Emily
Abstract: William Faulkner is a realism novelist of the US in 20th century. As a writer rooted in south, the scenery of his home was reproduced in his novel frequently. The transition period of the southern society was a hard time for everyone for the conflict between industrial production and traditional thoughts. People in that time pretended that they were still the noble class so that they could comfort themselves. One of the masterpieces of William Faulkner was “A Rose for Emily”. Emily, the heroine in the novel, represented the lives of the falling noble class in southern society. They missed their elegant life in the past and wanted to own again. But they could only escape and pretend when facing their cruel reality like their lives had been never changed for a little. William Faulkner showed his contradictory love and hate to his home in this novel. We will analyze that in different angles in the follow contents.
Key Words: southern community; transformation period; ambivalence; love
Contents
1. Introduction …………………………………………………………………………….1
2.An Analysis of the Reasons of the Ambivalence of Faulkner…......................................1
2.2 An Analysis of his Family Status…...........................................................................1
3. An Analysis of Ambivalence in A Rose for Emily……………………………………...2
3.1 The Ambivalent Character of Miss Emily…………..………………………......….2
3.1.1 A Representative of Traditional Southern Lady……..………………….............2
3.1.1.1 A Woman Permitted without Desire and Independence………………......…..3
3.1.1.2 A Lady with Noblesse oblige…………………………………………......…...3
3.1.1.3 A Obedient Daughter to her Father’s Arrangement…………………...…........4
3.1.2 A Brave Woman against Old Southern System………..………….……...…......4
3.1.2.1 The Changing of her Appearance…………………….…….................…........5
3.1.2.2 The Falling Love with Homer Barron—A Yankee…….…….................…......5
3.2 The Ambivalent Character of Homer Barron…...……...................................…......5
3.2.1 A Representative of Northern Aspiring Class…...…...................................….....5
3.2.1.1 A Man with an Open Mind and Energy….……...................................…….....5
3.2.1.2 A Man with New Technology and Full of Hope...................................…….....6
3.2.2 The Conservatism in his Character................................………………………...6
3.2.2.1 The Flirtatious Attitude to Woman.............................………………………...6
3.2.2.2 The Male Chauvinism in his Bones............................………………………...6
3.3 The Ambivalent Character of the Narrator—“We” .............……………………….6
3.3.1 The Guardian of the Old Southern Tradition...........…………………..………...7
3.3.1.1 The Restraint of Miss Emily’s Love with A Yankee…………………..……....7
3.3.1.2 The Memories of Glorious South…………………..…………………….…...7
3.3.2 The Beneficiary of the New Capitalism……..………..…………………….…...7
3.3.2.1 The Changing of their Status and Equaling with the Declining Aristocracy….7
3.3.2.2 The Using of New Infrastructure…………………...…………………….…...7
4. Conclusion …………..7
Notes 8
Bibliography ………..8
Acknowledgement 9
Introduction
William Faulkner was a studious writer, his novels has been the valued fortune for the whole world.[1] And short story the A Rose for Emily is one of William Faulkner’s masterpieces. This novel was built a background in the Jefferson, Yoknapatawpha, Faulkner lashed a series of southern new bourgeois who addicted to materialism and lost humanity and their all code of ethics. Emily’s tragic was pushed by the industry and commerce force of the new capitalism. The old southern tradition was forcing care between persons too much to nothing would not be known by everyone and everyone could judge randomly. For Emily, why did William Faulkner give a rose to her? And William Faulkner showed his ambivalence on in several aspects, no matter on Emily or his tangled feeling for the southern community. Emily was falling love with Homer Barron, while this piece of relationship made the citizen of Jefferson felt unstable and unpeaceful. They thought that this new relationship would break their connatural life style in this little town, the citizen there were afraid of changing and new things. Then they intervene Emily forcibly, so that she could not live a life in normal that every young lady dream about.
2. An Analysis of the Reasons of the Ambivalence of Faulkner
William Faulkner is a realism novelist of the US in 20th century. He was born into south of America which is a changeable place.The reasons of the ambivalent of William Faulkner may show in the reasons below. William Faulkner’s love and hate of his hometown of the southern community and the influence of his famliy.
2.1 An Analysis of the Southern History
The fact that Faulkner lived side by side with religion in the American South, as part of his inheritance, made him put this into his fiction. [2]The story took place in Jefferson, Mississippi. The state of Mississippi was the place that our writer William Faulkner was born and living in which situated in the south America. So of course, the history of south America was important to his novels.
Mississippi was ghetto of Indians at the very beginning. There were many people of them who were living around the Yazoo River. And Mississippi was also the first main territory of European expedition.
Many times of broke and rebuilt made the people in south were afraid of changing and they expect to interfere with each other. It seemed that only would they do so, came in the peaceful life in there community.
The old southern community was close to the ancient China. Parent’s words were steady and unwavering. Especially the girls as Emily had to listen to her father who was serious and a little unreasonable.
2.2 An Analysis of his Family Status
William Faulkner was born in September 25th,1897. And William’s most inspiration of writing was from his grand grand father, the old Captain Faulkner. He was a military personnel, a garden owner, a politician and also a writer. And the only railroad was built by the old Captain Faulkner, too. William Faulkner’s novel Colonel John Sartorius was imaged by his grand grand father.
However, William’s father was treated as an unfilial descendants, he always changed his jobs and it seemed that he could never find some work that would be his career for a whole life. While William had a worthy mother who was respectable and self-respected.
William was proud of his mother.William Faulkner was a short boy when he was a little child. He wanted to grow up soon in his whole childhood. Especially when the honor of his grand grand father compared to the desolate of his father, he thought his family would desperate into pieces if he could not grow up soon enough.
A Rose for Emily was the most famous novel of Faulkner’s, the beautiful words, the description of the characters and the ingenious idea in this novel made it the wonderful work in the novel area.[3]
3. An Analysis of Ambivalence in A Rose for Emily
The ambivalence of A Rose for Emily was not only response in the aspect of the community. It was also response in Emily herself, the character of Miss Emily had been through the process of the most pain in her life, so that she was turning to a little ambivalent inside her. Also the noble background of Emily was one of the reasons that she would be in a unhappy ending to a great extent.[4]
3.1 The Ambivalent Character of Miss Emily
The description of Emily was a little closer to the Gothic literature.[5] She was a victim but also an offender. Her father expelled all the suitors when she was young. Therefore she had to remain unmarried when she was close to her the thirtieth year. Her rights for chasing love and a good marriage was deprived by her father. Emily, as the same time, was also an offender. She fell in love with someone who had never considered about marriage after her father’s death. She killed him brutally in order to keep him accompanied. The pressing in Emily’s early years distorted her character to be a murder. She is someone hateful but also pathetic. Which the most ambivalent was that Emily was a shadow of her father in the mirror, she struggled in her entire life especially when she fell in love with Barron, however it was her father’s idea that effected her inside deeply so that she killed her lover.[6]
3.1.1 A Representative of Traditional Southern Lady
Emily was a typical lady of declining aristocracy in south. Emily was almost not exit for herself, this character of the lady was established for the institution and culture of the old souther system.[7] She was not only a representative of old tradition and values but also a victim. As a descendant of a noble family in southern area, she had kept her ideas and habits as a noble woman though the glory days of hers were all gone. Emily tried to show her distinctive noble and glory in many aspects. For example, she still hired the slaves to serve her，Toby is the one who was hired by Miss Emily that open and closed the door for Emily. She paid no attention on the tax letters from the local government. And she was so stubborn that she asked for the amnesty of taxes she used to own in old days when the governmental personnel came to her house and asked for the tax. Emily’s life was dominated by her father for a long time. Therefore, after her father’s death, Emily was filled with solitude, confusion and a sense of lost. Time kept changing, and so did the surroundings of Emily. But she tried to live in her old days. She would not to face her new life independently. So she was out of the tunes in that time. Her life was full of indifference. She refused to take in anything new. She was out of step of the world. The only way to live was keeping her life in a style which was as same as the one in her old days.
3.1.1.1 A Woman Permitted without Desire and Independence
Miss Emily was represented to the women of the old southern community. They were permitted that women could not be exit with their own desire and independence. Women have to listen to their parents or husbands even their sons.
In south, what was important, there was still a kind of common attitude to world, to life and to value.Love between Emily and Homer Barron made the people in Jefferson feel that there was a threat against their lifestyle. People in the town accused Emily’s personal affair and intervened for no reason to maintain traditional thought in south, which made Emily miss the opportunity to live a normal life. Emily was also a victim of paternity. Her father controlled her route of life, expelled all the suitor, which left Emily unmarried in her thirties. The cause of Emily’s later abnormal behavior and , what’s more, her act of violence at last was the pressing of paternity. We can say, in some way, the bossy attitude of her father and the bondage of gentlefolk shaped Emily a rose of aloofness and proud. This sort of extreme proud drove herself to irrational madness.
Emily was a poor victim. It was her beloved ones who made her a solitary person. Perhaps she knew other’s care for her. But she tried to refuse this kind of finite care within her closed emotion, even though what was she needed the most. If Emily could break the chains of family and society and, even more, open her heart, her life would be as bright and beautiful as roses.
However, the kind of situation Emily was in would never let a lady like Emily be free with her own desire or live independent all by herself.
3.1.1.2 A Lady with Noblesse oblige
Emily was born in a downfallen noble family. The nobility could enjoy the privilege in the slave society and the feudal society.[8] One of the other reason that the novel showed the ambivalence was that Emily was a lady with noblesse oblige, which was a flick with who had no freedom. Compared to Toby, she was a lady in high such as in the first class in that community.
Emily in A Rose for Emily is a typical villain heroin. First of all, she was arrogant. She was a noble woman, a higher class than ordinary people in her mind. She ignored tax letter from the government. She was supercilious when delegation came to her house for tax. She not only“did not let them sit down” but also talked with them in a ruthless voice.
Secondly, she was stubborn. In order to ask her for tax, for example:
“They sent a tax letter to her in the first day of that year. But there was no reply till February came. So they sent another official letter. One week later, the mayor wrote to Emily in person.”
But there was no effect either. Finally government sent delegation to visit her house for tax. But the only thing she emphasized time after time was“go and ask Colonel John Sartorius, there is no tax of mine in Jefferson.” When her father died, as another example, she “dressed as usual and there was no sorrow on her face.”[9]She insisted that her father was not died. She did not agree to bury her father’s body for three days no matter who came for persuading.
While the other characters in this novel did not forget their job that also response the status of Emily that she was a lady with noblesse oblige.
Toby is a supporting character in the novel. All things he had done were getting in and out with basket, opening the door or something else with no exception. He is dispensable in the story. Faulkner, however, mentioned him for decade times. Why? We found his value after examining deeply. It is all because of him that Emily could keep inside her house for years, like a noblewoman.
3.1.1.3 A Obedient Daughter to her Father’s Arrangement
Emily’s father was a cruel man who controlled and even destroy his daughter’s entire life.[10] At the beginning of everything, Emily was a daughter who dared not to disobey her father’s requirements and behaved well in all aspects because of the feudal tradition in southern area and social pressure of public opinion. That was as the words “her life was ruined by a selfish father probably”[11], by William Faulkner.Like a perfect woman in Chinese tradition, there was no second step she put on outside her house. And no second ideas she thought about beside her father’s. The southern society, however, was in transition for that time. The reason of the fear and interference of the public to Emily’s new love and life style was some part of the traditional thoughts. What’s more, Jefferson town was in a transition into industrialization. Relationship between people was a chain of profit. All was for interests. But Emily’s love was nothing for their interests. It seemed that the life and love which Emily was looking for was too difficult to gain in that complicated world which was full of traditional ideas and manipulated by conflicts of interests, with both old and new thoughts. But when love showed up, as every normal girl would do, all of Emily’s courage was out of the bay that to against the old tradition of southern system.
3.1.2 A Brave Woman against Old Southern System
There was a obvious ambivalence in this novel that why Emily did not fight if she wanted to live in her own life? Emily’s tragedy was mostly attributed to her personality that was so obedient to her father.
If we regard Emily’s tragedy only as a result of behavior of her father and the people in her town, we will “still limit in taking actions of someone as a decisive reason of the change of destiny of others. We can’t see the selection and implementation in ‘self’ from beginning to the end.”If we regard Emily’s tragedy only as a result of external factors, we will ignore the analysis of factors within herself. She was disdainful, unruly, conceited and did everything in her own way. She despised social hierarchy and moral sense and showed a strong self and independent consciousness in love and marriage. She was all by herself, always “lift her head”and confronted the people in the town in her perseverance. She made a bold rebellion and resistance to maintain her right as a person, a woman which she ought have in chasing sweet love, freedom and dignity. Manipulativeness within Emily got her a lover in extreme manner. After that, she stopped time around herself and isolated herself from others. She lived in her kingdom of fantasy in a everlasting way to old.
3.1.2.1 The Changing of her Appearance
Throughout this story, Faulkner creates numerous figurative portraits of Emily, and makes her physical appearance change dramatically.[12] When Emily and her father were alive “We had long thought of them as a tableau, Miss Emily a slender figure in white in the background, her father a spraddled silhouette in the foreground, his back to her and clutching a horsewhip, the two of them framed by the back-flung front door. ” However, the aged Emily totally lost her colors on her face, “They rose when she entered--a small, fat woman in black, with a thin gold chain descending to her waist and vanishing into her belt, leaning on an ebony cane with a tarnished gold head. Her skeleton was small and spare; perhaps that was why what would have been merely plumpness in another was obesity in her. She looked bloated, like a body long submerged in motionless water, and of that pallid hue. Her eyes, lost in the fatty ridges of her face, looked like two small pieces of coal pressed into a lump of dough as they moved from one face to another while the visitors stated their errand.”
The description of Emily’s appearance also shows the main theme of the whole novel. “When we saw her again, her hair was cut short, making her look like a girl, with a vague resemblance to those angels in colored church windows--sort of tragic and serene.” He described the change of her appearance after her father’s death. And “she lift her head high” when Emily was in a relationship with Homer in spite of others. Emily realized the dynamic came from Homer’s inside out after her father’s death. That represented Emily as a girl who was looking for a new life and the one brave enough to chase her love. And, what’s more, that shows the personalities of the characteristics and the multiple themes of the story.
3.1.2.2 The Falling Love with Homer Barron—A Yankee
The appearing of Barron made Emily tired of her own life. She wanted to carry on living alone any more. So she tried to go outside the house and to connect with others. But the influence of her father was too strong. Her arrogant heart loved Barron deeply but don’t know how to communicate with him in the emotion of love. Emily finally found all of that was not what she wanted when she was about to marry with him. Because his insistence of freedom, Barron did not want to make any promises about marriage. So what her only thing to do was to bring Barron into her own world when she realized that she could not possess him.
Possession in selfishness was not love but only a sort of desire. Emily could not express her own thought though she had got it and no partners to talk with. She lived in her own world for all time to escape from reality and isolated herself from all the things outside. She kept her lover’s body accompanied with her for decades because of she could not kept his heart. After she died, people in the town finally found Barron’s skeleton on her bed which had lost for years.
3.2 The Ambivalent Character of Homer Barron
Homer, as a typical representative of new power in north, came to the south where was still dominated by old traditions. His head was filled with new ideas and his body was full of energy. He was on a sharp contract with the old tradition in south.
Homer, however, fell in love with Emily who was the typical of old power. He loved Emily but did not want to be tied firmly by her chain of tradition. It was a difficult problem to make a choice between love and freedom for all time. For Homer, that problem was the one he could not get rid of till death.
3.2.1 A Representative of Northern Aspiring Class
Homer was a typical representative of the people came from the north. For conservative and laggard southern people, he was someone out of their lives and at odds with them.
3.2.1.1 A Man with an Open Mind and Energy
The north was into industrial age after the Civil War. At the same time, there was a significant change in society, as well as thoughts in people’s minds. On the contrary, people in south was still stuck in their past. Their memories of the old times contributed to their standstill. Modern industrial civilization was down south. Therefore people thought Homer was a man not of the same clan when he firstly came to the town because of the differences between their ideas. He was just a temporary worker from north, came to the town to build the road. He could leave the town anytime he like. To him, their town was just an inn for him to rest for a short time. Not like the southern people, he spoke loudly. He must be a member of a group of people who talked and laughed loudly in the square. [13]
Homer loved Emily, or at least had loved her once. Although not really full of ambitions, this man would not stay in this traditional town in southern area for Emily and their so-called love. He could not abandon his own life and expectations for Emily. For Emily or even the small town, Homer was too strange here. He was full of ideas which were too innovative for the people in the town to imagine and, also, he had the courage to try out by himself. He was also homosexual as the same time, to what many people object in modern society.
3.2.1.2 A Man with New Technology and Full of Hope
Homer, came from the north, was not a traveler down to the south. He came for building the road. From a historical perspective, that was a sign of industrialization gradually spreading from north down to south, for what the new power which Homer stood for from the north came to southern area and took part in the jobs like building roads or something others.
Not only innovative ideas, Homer had got skills. He knew all the inventions in industrialization. He got the idea and ability to gain the revolutionary technology in industrial age. That was one of the reasons he had to leave Emily. In the small town, Homer’s abilities could not be put into good use. And, what’s more, he had to be bound deliberately with traditional Emily. Even his personal freedom was restricted. A man with new technology and full of hope could not be stumbled for love in his way stepping forward.
3.2.2 The Conservatism in his Character
Although on behalf of the new power from the north, Homer had his own conservative side.
3.2.2.1 The Flirtatious Attitude to Woman
We can distinguish that Homer’s attitude towards women was not correct though his relationship with Emily. He preferred flirting than love. He had never stopped his step for Emily. In his way forward, Emily was just a passer-by. She was beautiful to him when they fell in love and inessential when they broke up. In his point of view, women were just ornaments or toys but not essential partners in his life.
“Later we said, ‘Poor Emily’ behind the jalousies as they passed on Sunday afternoon in the glittering buggy, Miss Emily with her head high and Homer Barron with his hat cocked and a cigar in his teeth, reins and whip in a yellow glove.” When Emily went out with Homer Barron with a positive mood Homer was just at liberty. What he felt maybe was love but only freedom and vanity.
3.2.2.2 The Male Chauvinism in his Bones
“So the next day we all said, ‘She will kill herself’; and we said it would be the best thing. When she had first begun to be seen with Homer Barron, we had said, ‘She will marry him.’ Then we said, ‘She will persuade him yet,’ because Homer himself had remarked--he liked men, and it was known that he drank with the younger men in the Elks’ Club--that he was not a marrying man.” No matter if this gossip was true or not, it was still showed Homer’s real thought, he was a male, and he need to have his own career, obviously, it was far more important than the love for Emily.
Homer’s attitude to love exposed his male chauvinism in his bones. Women, in his opinion, were just accessories which were not essential. Business of men was the fundamental. He could not marry her before had accomplished his own business. He would not stay in this town in southern area because it meant that his life would be traditional and dull and, what’s more, relied on a woman. Then he would never have chance to develop his career. At the same time, the constraint of Emily’s old tradition provided him a great excuse to escape from their love.
3.3 The Ambivalent Character of the Narrator—“We”
“We”, the narrator in this novel, judged and interference Emily’s life with a heavy and oppression tune.
3.3.1 The Guardian of the Old Southern Tradition
“We” were a guardian of the old tradition in south. As a great judge in this novel, “we” appeared everywhere but referred to nobody.
3.3.1.1 The Restraint of Miss Emily’s Love with A Yankee
“We” represented the other people that lived around Miss Emily whose eyes were always staring at her while they thought Emily was the one who was staring at their life. When Emily fell in love with Homer the Yankee, it was “we” who blocked between them. “We” talked about Emily’s love behind her, when someone of “we” heard of Barron the Yankee never thought about his future with Emily, “we” passed the news everywhere inside the town. It seemed that what “we” worried about was Emily’s blessedness, while “we” only concerned about were the gossip itself and the thing that “a Grierson would not think seriously of a Northerner, a day laborer”.
However, what ambivalence on “we” was reacted when Emily’s two female cousins came and visited her. “We” saw Emily’s sadness so that “we” showed sympathy. “By that time it was a cabal, and we were all Miss Emily's allies to help circumvent the cousins.”
3.3.1.2 The Memories of Glorious South
“As the old do, to whom all the past is not a diminishing road but, instead, a huge meadow which no winter ever quite touches, divided from them now by the narrow bottle-neck of the most recent decade of years. ”
The reason of “we” to maintain the old power and to interfere the new one was his memories of the peace and prosperity of south in the past. “We” were the spokesmen of the noble class in the old days though they were falling from grace and coming to an end. But they stuck in their social position and respect from the others, from that day to their future. “We” could not forget their glory days which were all gone, their privilege of no taxes, their superiority which distinguished themselves from others.
3.3.2 The Beneficiary of the New Capitalism
In the transition period of the society, the beneficiaries were the revolutionaries. In that time, however, the most remarkable beneficiaries were the capitalists with the emerging technology.
3.3.2.1 The Changing of their Status and Equaling with the Declining
Aristocracy
The working class who owned technology and the capitalist class who owned the money stepped out in the society at that time. Technology, as well as money, became the new benchmark in society. At the same time, the noble class fell down who owned only their title and pride.
3.3.2.2 The Using of New Infrastructure
The construction of the new infrastructures provided more opportunities for skilled workers to choose their jobs. And the emerging capitalists had got enough money to hire the labor forces. The industrial revolution brought America the down of a brand new era.
And what the new infrastructure used in this novel was set off by contrast Miss Emily’s old life style.
“When the town got free postal delivery, Miss Emily alone refused to let them fasten the metal numbers above her door and attach a mailbox to it. ” When Miss Emily refused to attach a mailbox, it meant that she refused to accept the new world and would always lived alone inside her own old world till she died.
Yes, she did. She insisted her own old life style till the end. Even when she was already gone, the old things of her were still be in there.“But garages and cotton gins had encroached and obliterated even the august names of that neighborhood; only Miss Emily's house was left, lifting its stubborn and coquettish decay above the cotton wagons and the gasoline pumps-an eyesore among eyesores. ” The new infrastructure the cotton wagons and the gasoline pumps represented the new world outside, when Miss Emily died, these new things were more obvious that meant the new world would instead of the old one sooner or later.
4.Conclusion
Laurence once said, “The obligation of art is revealing the relationship between a person and surroundings at a moment full of vitality.”[14]The absurd tragedy of Emily was a microcosm of the contradiction and conflict between old power in the southern society and the new one after the Civil War. It was significance for the whole society. The topic of the novel in actual to depress the sympathy for the women who lived in the old southern system.[15]
William Faulkner had a complicated opinion towards the south. He loved his homeland deeply and kept in his heart for all the time. As the same time, however, he was regretful for the old tradition in south. Emily’s death was an indication of the fading of corrupt noble class in south. That showed the writer’s standpoint to support the progress in society at that time.
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[15] 宴林.对《献给爱米丽的玫瑰花》题目的诠释.成才之路.2008(29)。
Acknowledgment
At the moment of finishing the paper, I really want to express my sincere thanks to everyone that helped me with my paper. First of all, I'd like to thank my supervisor, Ms zheng, who has given me so much valueable advice on my writing. Secondly, I’d like to express my gratitude to my dear classmates who offered me references and information on time. Last but not least, I’d like to thank all of the leaders and teachers in the School of Foreign Languages in Mianyang Normal University.
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发表于 2013-5-14 11:17:16