干细胞的研究历史

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干细胞的研究历史众说纷纭，有的说是从造血系统开始的，也有的说是从畸胎瘤开始的，我们统计了近50年的历史，最早证明的是造血干细胞：

1945年，The first evidence and definition of blood-forming stem cells came from studies of people exposed to lethal doses of radiation in 1945.

1958年,Stevens发现畸胎瘤,将小鼠早期胚胎移植到129小鼠的卵巢或肾脏的被膜下,得到EC细胞,但没有定义胚胎干细胞。

Till, J.E. and McCullough, E.A. (1961). A direct measurement of the radiation sensitivity of normal mouse bone marrow cells. Radiat. Res. 14, 213-222.，In the early 1960s, Till and McCulloch began analyzing the bone marrow to find out which components were responsible for regenerating blood [56]. They defined what remain the two hallmarks of an HSC: it can renew itself and it can produce cells that give rise to all the different types of blood cells.

Stevens, L.C. (1970). The development of transplantable teratocarcinomas from intratesticular grafts of pre-and postimplantation mouse embryos. Dev. Biol. 21, 364-382.

1981年,鼠ES细胞系建立
Andrews, P.W., Damjanov, I., Simon, D., Banting, G.S., Carlin, C., Dracopoli, N.C., and Fogh, J. (1984). Pluripotent embryonal carcinoma clones derived from the human teratocarcinoma cell line Tera-2. Differentiation in vivo and in vitro. Lab. Invest. 50, 147-162.

Thomson, J.A., Kalishman, J., Golos, T.G., Durning, M., Harris, C.P., Becker, R.A., and Hearn, J.P. (1995). Isolation of a primate embryonic stem cell line. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 92, 7844-7848.

Thomson, J.A., Kalishman, J., Golos, T.G., Durning, M., Harris, C.P., and Hearn, J.P. (1996). Pluripotent cell lines derived from common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) blastocysts. Biol. Reprod. 55, 254-259.

1997.2.27，爱丁堡罗斯林研究所的Ian Wilmut及其同事在nature上发表了实验结果。他们成功地从6岁的母羊乳腺细胞中取得遗传物质，采用体细胞核移植技术，产生出克隆羊多莉。

Thomson, J.A., Itskovitz-Eldor, J., Shapiro, S.S., Waknitz, M.A., Swiergiel, J.J., Marshall, V.S., and Jones, J.M. (1998). Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts. Science. 282, 1145-1147.

2004年3月12日，权威杂志Science上，Korea 人Woo Suk Hwang 和他的同事报道了采用体细胞核移植的方法产生了人囊胚，随后又得到了人胚胎干细胞。这个报道披露了干细胞及其衍生物研究方面的一个崭新的手段。