Tailored Light 2: Laser Application Technology

yjlxn

Tailored Light 2: Laser Application Technology
ISBN: 3642012361
标签: 科学工程


Reinhart Poprawe, “Tailored Light 2: Laser Application Technology”
Springer | 2011 | ISBN: 3642012361 | 623 pages | PDF | 14 MB


The present book covers the application technology of lasers, focusing more on the vast range of processes than on individual applications, in order to motivate and enable future innovations. The physical basics are presented in the first half of the book. The following examination of application categories and their processes is documented by experts from their practical points of view but always refers back to the underlying physical principles. In this way, readers are free to choose their own individual level of depth in understanding this globally relevant field of innovation.



Contents

Contributors

1 Introduction

Rolf Wester

References

2 The Behavior of Electromagnetic Radiation at Interfaces

Rolf Wester

2.1 The FRESNEL Formula

2.1.1 FRESNEL Formulae with Absorption

2.1.2 Analysis of the FRESNEL Formula and BREWSTER Effect

2.1.3 Total Reflection

2.2 Applications of the FRESNEL Formulae in the Field of Laser Technology

2.2.1 BREWSTER Effect

2.2.2 Total Internal Reflection

References

3 Absorption of Laser Radiation

Rolf Wester

3.1 Description of the Phenomena

3.1.1 Field Relationships

3.1.2 Wave Equation

3.1.3 Geometry of the Workpiece

3.2 Isolators

3.2.1 Electronic Polarization

3.2.2 Ionic Polarizability

3.2.3 Supplementary Substances in Polymers

3.3 Dielectric Properties of Plasmas

3.3.1 Collision-Free Plasma

3.3.2 Collision-Dominated Plasma

3.4 Absorption of Metallic Materials

3.5 The DRUDE Model of Absorption

3.6 Temperature Dependence of the Absorption of Metals

3.7 Influence of the Surface Conditions

References

4 Energy Transport and Heat Conduction

Rolf Wester

4.1 Energy Transport Equation

4.2 Heat Conduction Mechanisms

4.3 Heat Conduction Equation with Constant Coefficients and the Method of GREEN’s Functions

4.3.1 Point Source

4.3.2 Line Source

4.3.3 Transversal Infinitely Extended Surface Source

4.3.4 Transversal Infinitely Extended Volume Source

4.3.5 GAUSSian Intensity Distribution

4.3.6 Finite Workpiece Thickness

4.4 Temperature-Dependent Thermo-physical Coefficients

4.5 Heat Conduction in Case of Short Laser Pulse Durations

References

5 Thermomechanics

Rolf Wester

5.1 Elastic Deformations

5.1.1 Uniaxial Loading

5.1.2 Uniaxial Strain

5.2 Thermal Induced Stress

5.3 Plastic Deformation

5.3.1 Examples of Plastic Deformations

References

6 Phase Transformations

Rolf Wester

6.1 Fe-C Diagram

6.1.1 Pure Fe

6.1.2 Fe-C Mixtures

6.2 Hardening of Perlitic Structures

6.2.1 C Diffusion

References

7 Melt Flow

Rolf Wester

7.1 Mass, Momentum, and Energy Conservation

7.2 Boundary Conditions

7.3 Plane Potential Flow

7.3.1 Source and Dipole Flow

7.3.2 Flow Around a Cylinder

7.4 Laminar Boundary Layers

7.4.1 Friction-Dominated Boundary Layer Flow

7.4.2 Inertia-Dominated Boundary Layer Flow

References

8 Laser-Induced Vaporization

Rolf Wester

8.1 Vapor Pressure in Thermodynamic Equilibrium

8.2 Vaporization Rate

8.3 Particle and Energy Conservation During Laser-Induced Vaporization

8.4 Description of the Evaporation Process as a Combustion Wave

8.5 Kinetic Model of the Evaporation and The KNUDSEN Layer

References

9 Plasma Physics

Rolf Wester

9.1 Debye Radius and Definitions

9.2 Some Results from Thermodynamics and Statistics of a Plasma

9.2.1 Partition Function of an Ideal Plasma

9.2.2 State Variables of an Ideal Plasma

9.2.3 Coulomb Corrections

9.2.4 Law of Mass Action and SAHA Equation

9.3 Transport Characteristics of Plasmas

9.4 Interaction Between Electromagnetic Waves and Plasmas

9.5 Non-equilibrium Processes

9.6 Plasma Radiation in the LTE Model

9.6.1 Line Radiation

9.6.2 Radiation Transport

9.6.3 Radiation Power of Line Radiation

9.6.4 Line Shapes

9.6.5 Bremsstrahlung

9.6.6 Recombination Radiation

9.6.7 Influence of the Apparatus on Measured Spectra

References

10 Laser Beam Sources

Torsten Mans

10.1 CO2 Laser

10.1.1 Principles

10.1.2 Types of Construction

10.2 Solid-State Lasers

10.2.1 Principles

10.2.2 Types of Construction

10.3 Diode Lasers

10.3.1 Fundamentals

10.3.2 Configurations and Characteristics

10.4 Excimer Laser

10.4.1 Principles

10.4.2 Setup

References

11 Surface Treatment

Konrad Wissenbach

11.1 Transformation Hardening1

11.1.1 Motivation

11.1.2 Process Description

11.1.3 Physical Background

11.1.4 Experimental Results

11.1.5 Applications

11.2 Remelting

11.2.1 Physical Fundamentals

11.2.2 Process

11.2.3 Examples for Laser Remelting

11.2.4 Application

11.3 Polishing with Laser Radiation

11.3.1 Polishing by Large-Area Ablation

11.3.2 Polishing by Localized Ablation

11.3.3 Polishing by Remelting – Metals

11.3.4 Polishing by Remelting – Glass

11.3.5 Polishing by Remelting – Thermoplastics

11.3.6 Summary of the Three Process Variants

11.4 Structuring by Remelting

11.4.1 Active Principle

11.4.2 Process and Relevant Procedural Parameters

11.4.3 Achieved Structures and Perspective

11.5 Alloying and Dispersing

11.5.1 Motivation

11.5.2 Physical Fundamentals

11.5.3 Process

11.5.4 Powder Injection Nozzles [40]

11.5.5 Material Combinations for Alloying and Dispersing

11.6 Laser Metal Deposition

11.6.1 Motivation

11.6.2 Process Description

11.6.3 Materials

11.6.4 Applications

11.7 Pulsed Laser Deposition

11.7.1 Fundamentals

11.7.2 Kinetic Energy of the Film-Forming Particles

11.7.3 Plasma and Thin Film Properties

References

12 Forming

Alexander Olowinsky

12.1 Bending

12.1.1 Introduction

12.1.2 Process Models

12.1.3 Forming Results

12.1.4 Applications of Laser Beam Forming for Actuators

12.1.5 Conclusion

References

13 Rapid Prototyping and Rapid Tooling

Christoph Over

13.1 Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)

13.1.1 Introduction

13.1.2 Selective Laser Sintering of Polymer Powders

13.1.3 Indirect Selective Laser Sintering of Metals

13.1.4 Direct Selective Laser Sintering of Metals

13.1.5 Selective Laser Melting (SLM)

13.2 Stereolithography

13.2.1 Description of the Process

13.3 Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM)

References

14 Joining

Norbert Wolf

14.1 Heat Conduction Welding

14.1.1 Introduction

14.1.2 Principle and Analysis of the Heat Conduction Welding Processes

14.1.3 Characteristic Curves for Welds with High–Power Diode Laser and Different Materials

14.1.4 Example of Use

14.2 Deep Penetration Welding

14.2.1 Introduction

14.2.2 Principle of Deep Penetration Welding and Physical Foundations

14.2.3 Function of Vapor Capillary (Keyhole)

14.2.4 Significant Parameters for Laser Beam Deep Penetration Welding

14.2.5 Example of Use

14.3 Hybrid Welding

14.3.1 Fundamentals

14.3.2 Integrated Hybrid Welding Nozzle

14.3.3 Welding of Steel and Aluminum

14.4 Laser Beam Welding of Thermoplastics

14.4.1 Motivation

14.4.2 Process Basics

14.4.3 New Approaches for Plastic Welding

14.4.4 Applications and Further Prospects

14.5 Laser Transmission Bonding

14.5.1 Introduction

14.5.2 Thermochemistry of Bonding

14.5.3 Principle of Laser Transmission Bonding

14.5.4 Laser Transmission Bonding of Silicon-to-Glass

14.5.5 Laser Transmission Bonding of Silicon-to-Silicon

14.6 Soldering

14.6.1 Introduction

14.6.2 Physical-Technical Fundamentals

14.6.3 Process Description

14.6.4 Applications

14.7 Laser Beam Microwelding

14.7.1 Introduction

14.7.2 Laser Beam Microwelding

14.7.3 Processes and Results

14.7.4 Beam Delivery

14.7.5 Spot Welding

14.7.6 Spaced Spot Welding

14.7.7 Continuous Welding

14.7.8 Applications of SHADOW