新东方新概念英语第三册笔记

xjwxx

Lesson 01 A Puma at large 逃遁的美洲狮
　　New words and expression 生词和短语
　　学习词汇时仅知道汉语语义是不够的，要把单词放在语句中体会其应用
　　学习关键句结构是则要把它放在段落结构或文章里
　　
　　puma n.美洲狮
　　
　　spot v.看出, 发现  
　　= see, pick out, recognize, catch sight of 强调结果, 辨别出, 看见, 识别, 发现
　　-- A tall man is easy to spot in the crowd.
　　-- He has good eye for spotting mistakes.
　　同意词：
　　-- find：强调发现的结果 / find out：查出事实真相
　　-- discover：做出重大发现 / notice：注意到
　　-- observe：观察 / watch：观察活动中的人或画面
　　Spot n.斑点
　　-- There is a white spot on the shirt.
　　on the spot有两个含义：
　　1> 立刻, 马上（at once, immediately）
　　-- Anyone breaking the rules will be asked to leave on the spot.
　　2> at the place of the action 在现场
　　-- Wherever she is needed, she is quickly on the spot.
　　
　　Evidence n.证据（不可数名词）
　　Evident adj.明显的, 显然的 / evidently adv.明显地, 显然
　　Evidence = proof (n.证据)
　　-- When the police arrived, he had already destroyed the evidence.
　　in evidence 显而易见的
　　-- He was in evidence at the party.
　　
　　Accumulate v.积累, 积聚（强调积累的过程）
　　-- As the evidence accumulates, experts from the zoo felt obliged to investigate.
　　Gather vt.聚集, 把某人召集在某处
　　-- The teacher gathered his students in the class
　　Collect vt.搜集, 采集
　　-- Do you collect stamps? Yes, I collect stamps as my hobby.（n.业余爱好）
　　Assemble v.集合, 集会 / 装配
　　-- A large number of people assemble on the square.
　　Hoard vt.大量的储存 （-- hoard up = store up 储藏）
　　-- The squirrel hoards up nuts for the cold winter （squirrel n.松鼠）（nut n.坚果）
　　amass vt.积聚（主要用于诗歌和文学作品）
　　-- The clouds amassed above the hills
　　Oblige v.使…感到必须
　　feel obliged to do sth 感觉有必要做某事
　　-- I feel obliged to say no to his demand（n.要求, 需要）
　　be obliged to do sth 被迫做某事
　　-- They were obliged to sell their car to pay their debts off.（debt n.债务）
　　
　　hunt v.n.追猎, 寻找 （hunt for）
　　-- The experts from London zoo began to hunt (v.) for a puma.
　　-- The hunt (n.) for the puma proved the difficult. （prove vt.证明, 证实）
　　search 搜寻某处为了寻找到某人或某物
　　-- The police were searching the forest for the missing boy.
　　run after 强调追赶, 追求
　　-- look, a dog is running after a cat
　　-- what are you run after in your life
　　seek = pursue  v.追寻(理想)
　　chase v.追赶 （-- They are chasing a thief / They are running after a thief）
　　
　　blackberry n.黑莓 / berry n.浆果
　　human being 人类
　　
　　corner v.使走投无路, 使陷入困境
　　作为动词, 经常使用被动语态
　　-- The thief was cornered at last
　　-- The problem cornered me.
　　corner n.角落
　　-- at the corner of the street
　　-- in the corner of the room
　　-- on the corner of the desk
　　
　　Trail n.一串, 一系列
　　trail vt. 跟踪, 追踪（= follow）
　　-- The police trailed the criminal to the place where he was hiding （criminal n.罪犯）
　　
　　Print n.印痕
　　
　　Cling v.粘 （clung, clung, clinging）
　　-- She is always clinging to her mother.
　　-- He clung to the hope that he would succeed. 他怀有成功的希望
　　stick  v.粘住 （-- stick the envelop）n.信封
　　stick to 坚持 （-- stick to the plan / stick to one’s promise）n.许诺
　　sticky  adj.粘的 （-- sticky fingers）
　　
　　convince v.使…信服
　　1>convince sb of sth
　　-- I convince him of my honesty.（n.诚实, 正直） 我使他相信我的诚实。
　　2> be convinced that…
　　-- I am convinced that she is honest girl.（adj.诚实的, 正直的）
　　
　　somehow adv.不知怎么搞地, 不知什么原因
　　= by some means, in some way, for some reason unknown
　　-- I’ll get the book back somehow. 无论如何我要把这本书取回来。
　　-- I got lost somehow 不知怎么搞地, 我迷失了。
　　Somewhat adv.稍微, 有点, 有些 （= a little）
　　-- The price is somewhat higher than I expect.（high adj.高的）
　　
　　disturb v.令人不安
　　disturbing adj.令人不安的 / disturbed adj.感到不安的
　　surprising adj.令人惊讶的 / surprised adj.感到惊讶的
　　exciting adj.令人激动的 / excited adj.感到激动的
　　
　　wild adj.野性的, 野生的
　　investigate v.调查, 研究
　　description n.描写, 描述
　　extraordinarily adv.特别地，非常地，格外
　　similar adj.相似的, 类似的
　　attack vt.攻击
　　difficult adj.困难的, 艰难的 difficulty n.困难, 难点
　　rabbit n.兔, 野兔
　　paw n.手掌, 手爪
　　fur n.毛皮, 毛, 软毛
　　bush n.矮树丛
　　fully adv.充分地, 完全地
　　collector n.收藏家, 征收者
　　
　　Text 课文
　　at large 逃遁的, 没有被控制的
　　-- The thief is still at large
　　at large 详细地（= in detail）n.细节, 详情
　　-- I need talk to you at large
　　at large 总体来讲（= as a whole）
　　-- The students at large are hungry for English. （hungry adj.饥饿的, 渴望的）
　　
　　Where must the puma have come from?
　　Pumas are large, cat-like animals which are found in America.
　　在英文的表达方式中，首先呈现给读者的是结果（和中文不同）
　　英文擅长用长句，中文擅长用短句。
　　-- Pandas are large cat-like animals which are found in Asia. （panda n.熊猫）
　　cat-like 猫一样的, 偷偷摸摸的 / dog-like 狗一样的 / life-like 栩栩如生的
　　
　　When reports came into London Zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles
　　south of London, they were not taken seriously.
　　一般来讲定语从句和同位语从句紧随在被修饰名词的后面，但为了保持句子平衡，也可以把谓语动词放到从句之前
　　1> 定语从句只是对于被修饰词的补充说明、修饰
　　-- 定语从句的引导词：
　　-- 指人：主语who；宾语who, whom；定语 whose
　　-- 指物：that（也可以指人）/ which
　　-- 时间状语：when / 地点状语：where / 原因状语：why
　　2> 同位语从句则是讲述被修饰名词的内容
　　-- 同位语从句的引导词：
　　-- 名词(做主语、宾语等)：关系词用that而不是which
　　-- 时间：when； 地点：where
　　-- 定语从句中没有what这个关系词，但what可以引导同位语从句
　　-- An idea came to her that she might do the experiment in another way.
　　-- I have no idea what has happened to him。
　　
　　they were not taken seriously（they指代reports）
　　take sth seriously = deal with sth seriously 认真地对待某事
　　-- I always take your suggestions seriously.
　　take sth lightly 草率地对待某事 （lightly adv.轻率地）
　　-- Don’t take the hot potato lightly （hot potato n.棘手的问题）
　　
　　However, as the evidence began to accumulate, experts from the Zoo felt obliged to
　　investigate, for the descriptions given by people who claimed to have seen the puma were
　　extraordinarily similar.
　　However adv.然而(起转折作用)
　　As 连词：随着, 当...之时
　　过去分词做定语：
　　-- the descriptions given by people
　　-- the story told by the sailor (n.海员, 水手, 船员)
　　-- a book written by Luxun
　　claim to have done sth 声称曾经做过某事
　　-- He claimed to have been the manager of the large shop.
　　
　　The hunt for the puma began in a small village where a woman picking blackberries saw
　　’a large cat’ only five yards away from her.
　　Where a woman picking… 定语从句
　　-- I still remember the school where I studied English.
　　
　　It immediately ran away when she saw it, and experts confirmed that a puma will not attack
　　a human being unless it is cornered.
　　Confirm = be sure = be certain (confirm vt.确定)
　　Unless it is cornered = if it is not cornered (unless conj.如果不, 除非)
　　-- He will accept the job unless the salary is too low.
　　
　　The search proved difficult, for the puma was often observed at one place in the morning
　　and at another place twenty miles away in the evening.
　　search = hunt
　　
　　Wherever it went, it left behind it a trail of dead deer and small animals like rabbits.
　　把某物留在后面：leave behind
　　-- Wherever he went, the wound left behind him a trail of blood.（n.血）
　　
　　Paw prints were seen in a number of places and puma fur was found clinging to bushes.
　　英文表达方式习惯用被动语态, 突出客观事实。而中文则善于运用动作的执行者。
　　puma fur was found clinging to bushes. （被动）
　　à We found the puma fur clinging to bushes. （主动）
　　-- clinging to bushes是现在分词短语做宾补
　　
　　Several people complained of “cat-like noises’ at night and a businessman on a fishing trip
　　saw the puma up a tree.
　　complain of/about sth 抱怨某事
　　on+名词：强调动作正在进行
　　-- on the rise 在上升 / on the increase 在增加
　　-- on the watch 在观看 / on the match 在比赛中
　　-- on the fishing trip 在钓鱼的途中 / on holiday 在度假
　　
　　The experts were now fully convinced that the animal was a puma, but where had it come
　　from?
　　Fully（adv.充分地, 完全地）= completely = entirely
　　
　　As no pumas had been reported missing from any zoo in the country, this one must have
　　been in the possession of a private collector and somehow managed to escape.
　　sth be in the possession of sb = sth be in sb’s possession 某物归某人所有(主语是物)
　　-- The beautiful car is in my possession.= The beautiful car is in the possession of me.
　　Sb be in possession of sth 某人拥有某物(主语是人)
　　-- I am in possession of the beautiful car.（in possession of… 做表语）
　　-- The person in possession of the big house is excited. （in possession of… 做定语）
　　take possession of… 拥有…
　　
　　The hunt went on for several weeks, but the puma was not caught.
　　Went on = lasted （last vi.继续, 持续）
　　
　　It is disturbing to think that a dangerous wild animal is still at large in the quiet countryside.
　　It is disturbing to think that... 一想到…就心理不安
　　-- It is disturbing to think that I fail my examination
　　in the quiet countryside 在宁静的山村
　　
　　Special difficulties 难点
　　Exercises A
　　1. at/for 2. to 3. to 4. in 5. on
　　Exercises B
　　1. He is the man we have heard about so much.
　　2. The shelf you put those books on has collapsed.（vi.倒塌, 崩溃, 瓦解）
　　3.Whom did you receive a letter from?
　　特殊疑问句中whom 不能省略（本句）。
　　定语从句中Which以及指代人的做宾语的Whom, 在非正式用法当中可以省略。
　　省略时，介词不能前置到关系代词Whom, Which前，只能用于非固定的动词短语后面。
　　固定的动词短语
　　look for：寻找（去掉for后look没有寻找的意思，所以介词for不能前置）
　　非固定的动词短语
　　look at：注视
　　live in：居住（去掉in后live仍有居住的意思，所以介词in可以前置）
　　This is the old house in which he lived. = This is the old house he lived in.
　　4.This is the road we came by?
　　5.Where is the pencil you were playing with?
　　
　　Multiple choice questions 多项选择
　　1… 正确答案：D
　　in common adv.共有 （替换了similar）
　　
　　2… 正确答案：B
　　A）只是一个具体的特定的事列，阅读理解题的时候要把握中心大意
　　B） large cat
　　persuade v.说服, 劝说
　　
　　3… 答案正确：C
　　做理解题时要紧扣主题、紧扣中心大意
　　文章最后一句话总结了大意
　　
　　句型结构题和词汇题是每课的关键
　　4… 答案正确：C  
　　Make的用法：
　　make somebody do（在主动语态中不定式的符号to应该省略）
　　be made to do（被动语态中不定式的符号to必须补充完整）
　　-- They made her wait for hours. à She was made to wait for hours.
　　
　　5… 答案正确： D
　　A）把say改成claim就对了 （-- People claimed to have seen the puma.）
　　D）清楚的道明了动作发生的先后关系
　　
　　6… 正确答案：B
　　原句中的 when引导的时间状语从句表示：－...就…（as soon as）
　　被动：On being observed, it immediately ran away.
　　主动：On observing her, it immediately ran away.
　　On seeing me, he waved to me.
　　
　　7… 正确答案：D
　　except可以和名词/名词性从句进行搭配（也可是when/if引导的从句形式）
　　unless = if...not = except on the condition that…
　　when = if
　　-- …except when they are cornered. = …except if they are cornered.
　　-- Whenever you come, you are welcome. = If ever you come, you are welcome.
　　
　　8… 正确答案：D
　　A）must be只是对客观现实的推测，时态不一致
　　-- 对于过去事实推测一定要用：情态动词+ have +过去分词
　　
　　9… 正确答案：C
　　on more than = nothing more than = only / within = not more than
　　
　　10… 正确答案：B
　　in a corner 偷偷摸摸地, 暗中地, 秘密地
　　in a trap 落于陷阱中
　　at an angle 不正的, 倾斜的（angle n.角, 角度, 角落, 墙角, 棱角）
　　under cover 在遮蔽处, 秘密地, 暗中
　　
　　11... 正确答案：B
　　fishes for pleasure 钓鱼消遣
　　travel for pleasure 外出游玩
　　read for pleasure 阅读消遣
　　
　　12…
　　on one’s own adv.独自地, 独立地, 主动地 （= alone）
　　for one’s own benefit 为了某人自己的利益

xjwxx

Lesson 02 Thirteen equals one 十三等于一
　　New words and expression 生词和短语
　　equal  v.等于
　　A等于B à A equals B
　　Equal vt.与...相匹敌
　　-- None of us can equal her, either in beauty or as a dancer.
　　be equal to +名词（equal adj.不相上下的）
　　-- Mary is quite equal to John in brains.（n.智力, 脑髓）
　　 玛丽可以和约翰在脑力上相匹敌。
　　be equal to doing：有能力, 有力量来做某事  （to是介词）
　　-- I am equal to running the company.
　　
　　vicar n.牧师
　　
　　raise v.募集，筹（款） -- raise money 募集资金
　　提高 -- raise the price 提高物价
　　饲养、供养 -- raise a horse饲养一匹马
　　种植 -- raise wheat种植小麦
　　召集、招募 -- raise an army招募一支军队 （army n.陆军, 军队）
　　提出、发出 -- raise a cheer 发出欢呼声 （cheer n.愉快, 欢呼）
　　
　　torchlight n.电筒光 torch n.手电筒
　　
　　cause n.事情
　　church n.教堂
　　figure n.外形, 轮廓, 体形
　　grocer n.食品商人, 杂货商人
　　bell n.钟, 铃, 钟声, 钟形之物
　　tower n.塔, 城堡
　　
　　Text 课文
　　Was the vicar pleased that the clock was striking? Why?
　　Our vicar is always raising money for one cause or another, but he has never managed to get
　　enough money to have the church clock repaired.
　　现在进行时和always等频度副词搭配时：表示说话人带有某种的情感色彩
　　Tom is always doing homework. 汤姆总是做家庭作业，怎么也做不完。
　　Tom always does his homework. 汤姆总是做家庭作业，不拖欠作业。
　　He is always making noises. 他总是吵吵闹闹，真烦人。
　　
　　one or another：表示这样或那样
　　-- for one reason or another 处于这样或那样的原因
　　-- at one time or another 在这样或那样的时间
　　-- in one way or another 用这样或那样的方法
　　get enough money to do sth 募集足够的资金做某事
　　-- I have to get enough money to have my house repaired.
　　have something done
　　1>找某人来做某事
　　-- have the church clock repaired
　　-- have the plane repaired / -- have hair cut
　　2>某人所遭受到的意外某种情况（主语必须是发出动作的人）
　　-- His wallet was stolen. à He had his wallet stolen.
　　
　　The big clock which used to strike the hours day and night was damaged many years ago
　　and has been silent ever since.
　　used to：过去常常做，而现在不再发生的事情了。
　　-- He used to smoke every day.
　　
　　One night, however, our vicar woke up with a start: the clock was striking the hours!
　　However -- 在口语中, 主要用于句首；在作文中, 最好用在句中、句尾。
　　要用逗号分隔开来
　　-- He said that it was so, he was mistaken, however.
　　He said that it was so, however, he was mistaken.
　　他说这件事就是如此，然而他弄错了。
　　-- I know his story, however, I wouldn‘t like to tell you.
　　I know his story, I, however, wouldn‘t like to tell you.
　　However = Nevertheless (adv. conj.) = Nonetheless (adv.)
　　Start n.vt.惊跳, 惊起
　　-- The noise made him started(v.).
　　-- What a start(n.) you give me. / -- he stood up with a start(n.).
　　
　　Looking at his watch, he saw that it was one o‘clock, but the bell struck thirteen times
　　before it stopped.
　　before：...才
　　-- Nearly a week passed before she could explain what had happened to her.
　　
　　Armed with a torch, the vicar went up into the clock tower to see what was going on.
　　Armed with a torch... 过去分词
　　Looking at his watch… 现在分词
　　分词做状语/定语的时候，一定要注意它和逻辑主语要呼应一致
　　
　　In the torchlight, he caught sight of a figure whom he immediately recognized as Bill Wilkins
　　, our local grocer.
　　in the torchlight 在手电筒光下 / in the moonlight 在月光下
　　in the sunshine 在太阳光下 / in the candlelight 在烛光下
　　非正式用语中whom可以省略掉
　　recognized somebody as… 认出某人是…
　　regard somebody as 认为某人是 / think of somebody as 认为某人是
　　treat somebody as 把某人对待为 / have on somebody as 把某人尊敬为
　　
　　‘Whatever are you doing up here Bill?‘ asked the vicar in surprise.
　　Whatever中的ever用来加强语气
　　
　　‘I‘m trying to repair the bell,‘ answered Bill. ‘I‘ve been coming up here night after night for
　　weeks now. You see, I was hoping to give you a surprise.‘
　　night after night 一夜连着一夜
　　day after day 一天又一天 / year after year 一年又一年
　　week after week 一周又一周 / bus after bus 一辆车接着一辆车
　　
　　‘You certainly did give me a surprise!‘ said the vicar.
　　肯定句中常用do, did, does加强语气和情感色彩（一定要位于动词原形之前）
　　-- You do like nice today. 你今天看上去确实很不错。
　　-- I do like you.
　　
　　‘You‘ve probably woken up everyone in the village as well.
　　as well用在句尾相当于too, 主要用于肯定句中, 但比too所表达的语意更优秀。
　　-- You looked nice yesterday and you look beautiful as well today.
　　
　　Still, I‘m glad the bell is working again.‘
　　still用于句首, 用逗号分隔开来, 表达一个转折的关系：虽然如此, 但是
　　
　　‘That‘s the trouble, vicar,’ answered Bill.
　　‘It‘s working all right, but I‘m afraid that at one o‘clock it will strike thirteen times and
　　there‘s nothing I can do about it."
　　There is nothing I can do about it = I am at a lose what to do（at a loss adv.困惑）
　　
　　‘We‘ll get used to that, Bill,’ said the vicar.
　　"Thirteen is not as good as one, but it‘s better than nothing. Now let‘s go downstairs and
　　have a cup of tea.‘
　　get used to / be used to / be accustomed to / get accustomed to 都表示习惯于  
　　get强调渐近的过程,  be强调习惯了的状态
　　
　　Special difficulties 难点
　　in
　　1>与表达惊奇、恐惧、失望或生气等感情色彩的名词搭配连用, 在句中起状语作用。
　　in surprise惊奇地 / in astonishment惊愕的
　　in alarm恐吓的 / in embarrassment窘迫的
　　in amazement极为惊讶 / in despair绝望的
　　in dismay沮丧的 / in anger恼火的 / in disappointment失望的
　　2>表示以、用。用于语言, 书写材料, 色彩或声音等方面。
　　in English / in pencil / in ink / in oil 用颜料 / in red用红色 / in code用代码
　　in such a high voice 用这么高的声音 / in a few words 用几句话
　　3>表示状态、情况或处境
　　in trouble / in difficulty在困境中 / in bed在床上 / in a hurry匆忙的
　　in debt负债 / in love with sb爱上某人 / in tears流着泪
　　in good order有条不紊, 整齐, 情况正常 / in good repair维修良好
　　in good health 身体好 / in poor health身体坏
　　in the bad mood情绪坏 / in the good mood情绪好
　　in haste匆忙的 / in a favor of excitement 欣喜若狂
　　in poverty 在贫穷中 / in luxury奢侈的
　　Exercise：
　　very quickly = in a hurry
　　eventually = in the end （eventually adv.最后, 终于）
　　be seen = in sight
　　with a pen = in ink / with a pencil = in pencil
　　which they share = in common （share v.共享）
　　crying = in tears
　　
　　Multiple choice questions 多项选择
　　1... D
　　in order adv.整齐, 状况良好, 适宜
　　out of order adv.次序颠倒, 不整齐, 状态不好 （= was damaged）
　　
　　2... B
　　
　　3... C
　　为…表示感谢：be grateful for… / be thankful for…
　　不辞辛劳地做某事：take the trouble to do sth.
　　
　　4... B in the past 是过去时态的标志；always用在实意动词之前
　　
　　5... D stroke n.击, 敲, 报时的钟声
　　强调句式结构：It was not until...that... — 直到…才…
　　-- It was not until midnight that snow stopped. — 直到半夜, 雪才停了。
　　
　　6... B 宾语从句的语序是陈述句语序
　　
　　7... C Mend vt.修理, 修补
　　突出结果或者对现在的影响, 用现在完成时。
　　
　　8... A get used to doing 表示习惯于 （to是介词）
　　
　　9... B
　　fund 基金； cash 现金； scholarship 奖学金； investment 投资
　　
　　10... A run a shop 经营商店
　　
　　11... A night after night = every night
　　
　　12... C
　　still 1>adv.仍, 仍然, 还
　　-- He came yesterday and he is still here. 他昨天来的，现仍在此。
　　still 2>adv.(连接副词) 尽管如此, 依旧, 仍然（表达一种坚持的态度）
　　相当于in spite of that, even though, just the same）
　　-- It‘s raining；Still, I must go out.
　　-- This picture is not too valuable；Still, I like it.
　　Yet conj.但是, 然而（表示一种转折的关系）
　　-- I have failed, yet I shall try again.

xjwxx

　Lesson 03 An unknown goddess 无名女神
　　New words and expression 生词和短语
　　goddess(tile) n.女神
　　archaeologist n.考古学家
　　Aegean adj.爱琴海的
　　
　　Explore v.考察，勘探
　　-- The archaeologists are exploring the cave.
　　exploration n.探险 / explorer  n.探险家
　　
　　promontory n.海角
　　
　　prosperous adj. （经济上）繁荣的，昌盛的
　　-- our finance is prosperous 我们的经济非常的繁荣。（Finance n.财政, 金融）
　　thriving adj.昌盛的，兴旺的 -- thriving business
　　booming adj.蓬勃的，景气的 -- a booming market繁荣的市场
　　flourishing adj.繁茂的，健康的
　　-- Those plants are flourishing. 那些植物长得茂盛。
　　
　　civilization n.  文明 / civilize vt.使开化, 使文明
　　-- high level of civilization 高度文明
　　
　　storey n.楼层 （story的变体）
　　drainage n.排水
　　
　　worship n.v.祟拜 / respect vt.尊敬, 尊重 / admire v.赞美, 钦佩, 羡慕
　　-- Who do you worship in the world?
　　Warship  n.军舰, 战船
　　
　　Sacred adj.宗教的, 神圣的
　　-- sacred music 圣乐 / sacred promise 神圣的诺言
　　Holy adj. 神圣的, 圣洁的
　　-- a holy person. 圣洁的人 / a holy place. 神圣的地方
　　Solemn adj. 庄严的, 庄重的
　　-- a solemn face 严肃的面孔 / a solemn ceremony 隆重的仪式
　　
　　Fragment n.碎片
　　Remains n.遗物，遗迹，废墟
　　
　　Classical adj.（希腊和罗马）古文化的（即传统的）；文科的, 人文科学的
　　-- classical music 古典音乐 / classical education 人文科学教育
　　Classic adj. 第一流的, 标准的, 著名的, 典型的
　　-- This is the classic example of love at the first sight.
　　Classic n.杰作, 经典之作
　　-- That joke‘s a classic; it really is funny. "这个笑话确属一流,真是妙趣横生。"
　　
　　Reconstruct v.修复 （Re --重新, 再次）
　　Construct vt.构造, 建造, 组织（通过装配或组合部件而构成）
　　-- construct a sentence / construct a broken statuary（n.雕象）
　　-- build a house 造建筑物 / put up a tent
　　construction n.建设, 建造
　　constructive  adj.有教育意义的
　　constructor n.建造者, 建设者
　　erect vt.盖, 使竖立, 使直立（build high buildings）
　　-- erect a monument 建造纪念碑 / erect a clock tower 建造钟楼
　　setup / establish / found 建立
　　-- setup students‘ union 学生会 （union n.联盟, 协会）
　　-- establish a school / establish a rule 设立一条规则
　　-- found a country 建立一个国家
　　
　　Rest v.倚放, 放置
　　
　　Hip n.屁股, 臀部
　　Hip n. [口]在服用兴奋剂、宗教信仰方面赶时髦的人；消息灵通人士；
　　adj.通晓的，见闻广的
　　-- Mary is a real hip. 玛丽是个爱赶时髦的人。
　　-- The guy isn‘t a hip. 这家伙什么都不懂。
　　Joined at the hip  表示交情极厚的
　　-- These two are joined at the hip.
　　shoot from the hip 信口开河
　　-- Sorry, I said that I shouldn‘t have shot from the hip.
　　
　　full-length adj.（裙衣）拖地长的, 全长的, 全身的
　　-- a full-length dress 拽地长裙
　　full-grown adj.生长完全的, 发育完全的
　　full time n.专职, 全部时间
　　
　　graceful adj.优雅的
　　-- a graceful lady
　　elegant adj.优雅的（举止）
　　-- an elegant gentleman. 举止文雅的绅士
　　
　　identity n.  身份
　　
　　ancient adj.远古的, 旧的
　　decorate vt.装饰；点缀
　　clay n.粘土, 泥土
　　Roman adj.罗马的, 罗马人的 n.罗马人
　　Rome n.罗马(意大利首都)
　　Indeed adv.真正地, (加强语气)确实
　　
　　Text 课文
　　How did the archaeologists know that the statue was a goddess?
　　Some time ago, an interesting discovery was made by archaeologists on the Aegean island
　　of Kea.
　　some time 1>经过若干时间 2>在未来的某时
　　sometime adv.在某一时候, 曾经, 有一天
　　sometimes adv.不时, 有时
　　中文习惯用主动语态。
　　英文习惯用被动语态。以事件、结果、影响、效果为主语，强调对客观事实的陈述。
　　
　　An American team explored a temple which stands in an ancient city on the promontory of
　　Ayia Irini.
　　which引导定语从句，修饰限定temple。（which = that）
　　stand(不及物) = lie(不及物) 位于
　　= situate(及物) 使位于, 使处于
　　= locate(及物) 使...坐落于, 位于
　　which stands in... = which lies in… = which is located in… = which is situated in...
　　Stand 1 >身高 2>表示高高坐落于, 矗立于
　　-- She stands 1.75m. 她身高1.75米
　　-- A great tree stands on the mount. 一棵大树竖立在山上。
　　
　　The city at one time must have been prosperous, for it enjoyed a high level of civilization.
　　for 引导原因状语从句：对主句的附加说明和解释，提供更多的信息。
　　because 引导原因状语从句：强调原因。
　　-- The day broke for the birds were singing.
　　at one time 表达曾经, 一度（过去时态的标志, = once）
　　must have been 对过去事实肯定的推测
　　enjoyed a high level of civilization 享有高度文明
　　
　　Houses -- often three storeys high -- were built of stone. They had large rooms with
　　beautifully decorated walls.
　　With… 具有…
　　-- a young man with broad shoulders / an old lady with black hair
　　beautifully decorated 过去分词做定语
　　-- a beautifully dressed lady 衣着漂亮的女士
　　-- a deserted car park 废弃的停车场
　　-- a white painted door 被刷成白色的门
　　现在分词做定语, 被修饰词与修饰词之间为逻辑主动关系
　　-- a boy climbing the tree 正在爬树的男孩
　　-- the students reading in the room 正在房间里读书的学生
　　
　　The city was equipped with a drainage system, for a great many clay pipes were found
　　beneath the narrow streets.
　　be equipped with 配备, 装备 （equip vt.装备, 配备）
　　air conditioning 空气调节装置 / air conditioner 空气调节机, 空调设备
　　-- The car was equipped with air conditioning.
　　for 引导原因状语从句
　　在正下方：Beneath = under
　　-- beneath the narrow streets = under the narrow streets
　　-- He is standing under/beneath the umbrella.
　　在进行中：只能用under
　　-- under control  控制之中 / under discussion 讨论之中 / under repairs修理之中
　　below 在下方（强调在斜下方）
　　-- She is sitting below the window
　　
　　The temple which the archaeologists explored was used as a place of worship from the
　　fifteenth century B.C. until Roman times.
　　be used as / be used to be 把…用作为
　　-- The box was used as a desk in the small village school.
　　-- The wooden box was used as a bookcase.
　　be used to do 被用来做…
　　-- The wooden box is used to contain books
　　
　　In the most sacred room of temple, clay fragments of fifteen statues were found.
　　Each of these represented a goddess and had, at one time, been painted.
　　represent  vt.代表
　　-- I represent all the classmates.
　　
　　The body of one statue was found among remains dating from the fifteenth century B.C.
　　dating 现在分词, 修饰remains
　　date from = date back to （开始于…, 起始于…）
　　-- The custom dating from 1990. （custom n.习惯, 风俗）
　　-- The tradition dates from the time when his grandfather was young.
　　-- The castle dates from the 14th century. = The castle dates back to the 14th century.
　　 城堡建造于14世纪
　　
　　Its missing head happened to be among remains of the fifth century B.C.
　　happen to 偶然, 碰巧（强调事情的偶然发生）
　　-- I happen to have driven that kind of car. 我恰巧开过那种车。
　　-- He happened to find the ticket in his pocket.
　　It happens that +从句
　　-- It happened that I met her on my way to work.
　　= I happened to meet her on my way work.
　　happen on 碰巧碰上
　　-- I happened on this old picture in the back of the drawer.
　　 我偶然的在抽屉的背面发现了这张旧照片。
　　-- Guess, who did I happen on while I was in London last month?
　　
　　This head must have been found in Classical times and carefully preserved.
　　It was very old and precious even then.
　　
　　When the archaeologists reconstructed the fragments, they were amazed to find that the
　　goddess turned out to be a very modern-looking woman.
　　Reconstruct = put together, piece together, restore（vt.恢复, 使回复）
　　Amazed = very much surprised
　　surprised > astonished > amazed > astounded 感到惊讶（语气递增）
　　
　　to find... / to discover... / to realize... / to see…
　　-- I‘m not surprised to see you here
　　
　　1> turn out…（表示结果）结果是, 原来是 （= prove, 都表示系动词）
　　turn out (to be)+ n./adj.
　　-- The concert turned out to be a failure.
　　-- Our party turned out (to be) a success. 我们的聚会非常的成功。
　　2> It turned out + that从句 （it作形式主语）
　　It turned out +其它名词从句
　　-- It turned out that the diamonds had been in the bank all the time.
　　 原来钻石一直都在银行里保存着。
　　-- It turned out that his statement was false. 原来他的话是假的。
　　3> as it turns out… 后来人们发现…
　　-- As it turned out, there was no need to worry. 后来人们发现, 没有必要担心。
　　-- As it turned out, the report was mistaken. 后来人们发现, 报告被弄错了
　　
　　She stood three feet high and her hands rested on her hips.
　　rest on v.被搁在, 停留在, 信赖
　　= depend on（依靠, 依赖）/ lean on（靠着）
　　-- His hand rested lightly on my shoulder
　　
　　She was wearing a full-length skirt which swept the ground.
　　which swept the ground 近一步说明拖地的，拽地的
　　
　　Despite her great age, she was very graceful indeed, but, so far, the archaeologists have been
　　unable to discover her identity.
　　But, so far, the archaeologists have been unable to discover her identity.
　　= It is still a problem for the archaeologists up to now.
　　Despite = in spite of （两者都是介词），后面+ 名词/动名词
　　so far, up to now 完成时的标志
　　discover her identity = find out her identity
　　
　　Multiple choice questions 多项选择
　　1... D
　　‘Its missing head happened to be among remains of the fifth century B.C.‘
　　
　　2... D be employed in 被应用在...方面
　　this is confirmed by the fact that 引导同位语从句，补充说明fact的内容   
　　
　　3... A in doing sth 在...方面
　　
　　4... D prosperity n.繁荣（不可数）
　　know 1>知道, 认识
　　2>（文学用语）经历过, 曾经有过（= experience, 比experience更加正式）
　　 -- He knew poverty in his early days. 他早年有过痛苦的经历
　　
　　5... B since：自从 （主干的时态为现在完成时）
　　
　　6... C
　　to one‘s surprise 使某人感到惊讶的是
　　在句中可做独立的状语, 句子的主语不必是某个人
　　-- To my great disappointment the train had already left
　　with surprise 惊讶地 （With satisfaction/delight/dismay）
　　必须与行为动词连用, 句子的主语必须是某个人
　　-- He smoked his last cigarette with satisfaction.
　　-- He went home with dismay.
　　-- To our dismay the party proved to be a failure.
　　
　　7... B despite = in spite of (可以和名词、代词、动名词搭配)
　　
　　8… B so far：现在完成时的标志
　　如果用possible/impossible, 就要采用形势主语it
　　-- So far, it has been impossible for the archaeologists to discover her identity.
　　
　　9... A Holy adj. 神圣的, 圣洁的
　　religious 宗教的 / frightening 令人害怕的 / colourful 丰富多彩的
　　
　　10... D in good condition情况良好 = in good state
　　well done 侧重强调做得好
　　conserve vt.保存, 保藏 （= keep from being wasted, damaged, lost, destroyed）
　　       “不用尽或耗尽某物，保留”
　　-- Conserve your energy you needed. （energy n.精力, 精神）
　　 你该养精蓄锐，你回用得上的。
　　-- We must conserve our forest.
　　maintain vt.维持, 维修 -- 通过修缮保养, 不使...破损（强调动作的过程）
　　
　　11... B turn out = prove, 都表示系动词
　　resolve vt,vi决定 vt.(使)分解, 溶解
　　-- He resolved on going out. 他决定出去。
　　
　　12... B
　　so far = until now, up till now
　　beforehand (adv.预先) = in advance (adv.预先)
　　at this distance of/in time 时隔已久
　　-- I can hardly remember him at this distance of time. 时隔这么久, 我几乎想不起来他了。

xjwxx

Lesson 04 The double life of Alfred Bloggs
　　阿尔弗雷德.布洛格斯的双重生活
　　New words and expression 生词和短语
　　Double adj.两倍的, 双重的
　　
　　manual adj.体力的 （= physical adj.身体的, 物质的）
　　manual work 体力工作
　　mental work 脑力工作
　　
　　collar n.衣领
　　white-collar adj.白领阶层的, 脑力劳动者（those who do mental work）
　　blue-collar adj蓝领阶级的, 工人阶级的（those who do manual work）
　　get hot under the collar 怒气冲天
　　-- He got hot under the collar when he knew that they laughed at him.
　　
　　sacrifice vt.牺牲，献出 （to give up for good purpose）
　　-- sacrifice one‘s life for the country
　　-- sacrifice time
　　sacrifice n.牺牲 （-- make many sacrifices）
　　
　　privilege n.好处 （= advantage n.优势, 有利条件, 利益）
　　-- sacrifice one‘s advantage/privilege 牺牲掉某人的好处
　　privilege n.特权, 特别待遇（= special right）
　　-- give sb the privilege of doing sth 特许某人做某事
　　privileged a.荣幸的
　　-- We are privileged tonight to have our headmaster as our speaker.
　　
　　dustman n.清洁工
　　corporation n.公司
　　overalls n.工作服
　　shower n.淋浴
　　
　　secret n.秘密 adj.秘密的, 隐秘的
　　Confidential adj.机密的
　　keep secret 保密
　　-- It‘s between you and me. 此事只介于你我之间。
　　-- I‘ll keep it to myself. 我会保守秘密的。
　　in secret 私下里（= secretly, in private, privately）
　　-- I was told about it in secret.
　　in the secret 知道内情
　　-- He was in the secret from the beginning
　　status n.地位（= social position）
　　statue n.雕像, 塑像
　　
　　rise n.发生, 出现
　　loss n.损失
　　fellow n.伙伴, 朋友, 同事 adj.同伴的, 同事的, 同道的
　　
　　Text 课文
　　Why did Alf want a white-collar job?
　　These days, people who do manual work often receive far more money than people who
　　work in offices.
　　people who do manual work = blue-collar workers
　　people who do mental work = white-collar workers = people who work in offices
　　for more money（far副词用来加强语气= much）
　　
　　People who work in offices are frequently referred to as "white-collar workers‘ for the
　　simple reason that they usually wear a collar and tie to go to work.
　　refer to...as = regard...as 把...看作为
　　-- I always refer to him as bookworm（n.书呆子）
　　for the simple reason = for  引导的原因状语从句
　　for the reason that多用于正式文体，because多用于口语中。
　　-- He is refer to as a book worm for the simple reason that he spare no efforts reading.
　　-- He was send to prison for he could not pay his debts.
　　
　　Such is human nature, that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for
　　the privilege of becoming white-collar workers.
　　human nature 人性
　　such...that... （that引导同位语从句, 进一步补充说明such的基本内涵）
　　-- His kindness was such that we will never forget him.
　　= Such was his kindness that… （such在句首要倒装）
　　= He was so kind that we will never forget him.
　　-- Such is human nature that we want to get a lot of things free.
　　介词for表示一种目的
　　be willing to do sth = be ready to do sth 心甘情愿做
　　
　　This can give rise to curious situations, as it did in the case of Alfred Bloggs who worked as
　　a dustman for the Ellesmere Corporation.
　　give rise to =（lead to v.导致, 通向）（cause vt.引起, 惹起）（result in v.导致）
　　-- Such conduct might give rise to misunderstandings. 这种行为会引起误解。
　　
　　-- The bad conditions have given rise to a lot of crimes. 不良的环境引起了犯罪。
　　
　　in the case of 就...来说, 关于, 就...而言 （= concerning prep.关于, 涉及, 就...说）
　　-- Stealing is no shame in the case of him. 偷窃对他来说不是一件可耻的事。
　　in case of（副词）万一, 以防 à （in case conj.万一）
　　-- You should ensure your house in case of fire. （ensure vt.保证; 担保, 保险）
　　-- Take umbrella in case of rain 带上雨伞以防下雨。
　　who引导定语从句
　　
　　When he got married, Alf was too embarrassed to say anything to his wife about his job.
　　too embarrassed to say 太尴尬而没有说明
　　be ashamed of 感到羞愧, 惭愧
　　-- Alf was ashamed of his job as a dustman.
　　marry 强调动作 （-- He married the girl. 他娶了这个女孩。）
　　get married 强调过程（-- Last year they got married.）
　　be married to sb 强调状态（-- The old man has been married to his wife for 50 years.）
　　
　　He simply told her that he worked for the Corporation.
　　Simply 副词--用来修饰限定动词told
　　
　　Every morning, he left home dressed in a smart black suit.
　　dressed in a smart black suit --形容词短语表示一种状态 打方框代表有问题
　　-- He go to work dressed in a beautiful coat.
　　-- He left home wearing a smart black suit.
　　
　　He then changed into overalls and spent the next eight hours as a dustman.
　　changed into 换上 / change back into 换回
　　
　　Before returning home at night. He took a shower and changed back into his suit.
　　Before returning home = Before he returned home
　　Before和动名词搭配, 相当于Before引导的时间状语从句。
　　如果运用动名词形式，动名词的逻辑主语必须是主句的主语
　　-- After getting home, he had a good rest.
　　-- Before having dinner, he finished all his homework.
　　
　　Alf did this for over two years and his fellow dustmen kept his secret.
　　
　　Alf‘s wife has never discovered that she married a dustman and she never will, for Alf
　　has just found another job. He will soon be working in an office.
　　she never will = she will never discover the secret
　　在省略句式中, never要放在助动词之前
　　-- “will you go to see her?”
　　-- “I will never to to see her" = "No, I never will."
　　
　　He will be earning only half as much as he used to, but he feels that his rise in status is well
　　worth the loss of money.
　　half as much as
　　half / a quarter / twice / three times + as...as... 表示倍数
　　-- I won‘t marry a man who is twice as old as me.
　　-- We got three times as many people as we expected.
　　-- This room is about three times as large as that one.
　　是...的几倍：...as +形容词或副词原形+ as...
　　比...多几倍：...times +形容词或副词比较级+ than…
　　-- This road is four times longer than that one. = This road is five times as long as that one.
　　
　　What he obtained is well worth the loss of time. 他的所得是值得花时间的。
　　well 副词用来加强语气, 修饰形容词worth
　　
　　From now on, he will wear a suit all day and others will call him ‘Mr. Bloggs‘, not ‘Alf‘.
　　
　　Special difficulties 难点
　　impossibility n.不可能之事, 不可能
　　grant vt.同意, 准予
　　
　　A. 两类词汇：
　　1>tell, give等动词可以和双宾语搭配（指物的直接宾语，指人的间接宾语）
　　-- He told a story to me. = He told me a story .
　　2>explain, say等动词只能代一个(直接)宾语, 在间接宾语前要用介词to
　　-- He explain the difficult to me. / He said nothing to me.
　　-- She speaks English to her husband and Swedish to her children.
　　-- He admitted his guilt to the police.（guilt n.罪行, 内疚）
　　-- Did you suggest this idea to him?
　　当直接宾语比较长或者是个从句时, 通常放在间接宾语之后（但say除外）
　　-- I explained to him the impossibility of granting his request.
　　= I explained the impossibility of granting his request to him.
　　-- He confessed to me that he had fallen asleep during the meeting.
　　= He confessed that he had fallen asleep during the meeting to me.
　　confide vt., vi.
　　1> 倾诉（与in连用）
　　-- Jone felt she could only confide in her mother. 琼觉得她只有向她妈妈倾吐心中的秘密。
　　2> 吐露 (心事、秘密等), 与to连用
　　-- One evening he came and confided to me that he had spent five years in prison.
　　有一天晚上他到我家来向我吐露他曾坐过五年牢。
　　
　　B.“Worth"后面只能跟名词或动名词
　　-- His suggestion is worth considering.
　　-- His rise in status is worth the loss of money.
　　
　　Multiple choice questions 多项选择
　　1... A illustrate vt.阐明, 阐述
　　“...a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming
　　white-collar worker"
　　
　　2... C double life
　　
　　3... D "...he feels that his rise in status is well worth the loss of money"
　　previous adj.在前的, 早先的
　　respect n.某方面 vt.尊敬, 尊重
　　
　　4... B to go 可以省略
　　They usually go to work wearing a collar and tie.
　　
　　5... D
　　"Alfred was too embarrassed to say anything to his wife about his job."
　　too...to…（不定式to表示否定）
　　so...that…（在that引导的结果状语从句中, 如果采用否定式，可以和too...to 互换）
　　-- The water is too hot for us to drink. = The water is so hot that we can‘t drink.
　　
　　6... C "He simply told her that he worker of the Corporation"
　　simply副词（仅仅是, 再没有别的了= only, just）
　　无论是simply, only还是just，往往用在所修饰的主体词之前。
　　-- I did it simply/only for the money
　　-- I don‘t like driving. I do it simply/only because I have to go to work each day.
　　and no more（放句尾）
　　in a simple way 简单地, 简朴地
　　-- She was always dressed in a simple way.
　　
　　7... B
　　Before是介词和动名词形式搭配。 -- Before returning home...
　　Before是连接词，引导时间状语从句。 -- Before he returned home...
　　before 引导的从句, 常用一般现在时或一般过去时, 不用进行时。
　　
　　8... C "half as much as it used to be"
　　the amount 要用定语从句进行限定
　　当主句的谓语动词是行为动词时，used to之后的动词必须省略掉
　　当主句的谓语动词是系动词时，used to之后必须带有系动词be.
　　-- I feel the summers are hotter than they used to be.
　　-- I feel you are much fatter than you used to be.
　　
　　9... D
　　gain：获利, 赢得（表示通过努力）
　　-- gain time, gain reputation, gain speed, gain height
　　fee：（为专业服务支付的）费用
　　-- doctor‘s fees 医疗费 / the lawyer‘s fees 律师费
　　-- pay for my university fees 支付我的大学学费
　　payment：（商业、信贷）支付的款项（非常正式）
　　wages：（体力劳动者的）工资
　　salary：（白领的）薪水
　　
　　10... B companion n.同伴, 共事者 comrade n.朋友, 同志, 伙伴
　　
　　11... C "well worth the loss of money"
　　pay back 偿还, 报复
　　reward 酬劳
　　value 价值
　　compensate v.偿还, 补偿
　　compensate for赔偿 = make up for弥补
　　-- His intelligence more than compensate for his lack of experience.
　　
　　12... A call = addressed as被称为
　　name命名 / cry out喊叫 / shout v.呼喊, 呼叫

xjwxx

Lesson 05 The facts 确切数字
　　New words and expression 生词和短语
　　Editor n.编辑
　　Edit vt.编辑
　　-- edit magazine, edit newspaper
　　Edition n.编辑
　　Editorial adj.编辑的, 主编的 n.社论, 评论
　　
　　extreme n.极端
　　go to extreme(s) to do… 做某事走极端
　　-- He went to extreme to say that the play was the best one.
　　-- He went to extremes to say that his girlfriend was the most beautiful in the world.
　　go from one extreme to the other 从一个极端走向另一个极端
　　
　　statistics n.统计数字
　　
　　journalist n.新闻记者
　　reporter n.(电视台)记者
　　correspondent n.(电台)记者, 通讯员
　　
　　president n.总统
　　palace n.王宫；宏伟的住宅
　　
　　publish v.出版 = print(vt.), go to press(vi.)
　　-- The book has already been published. = The book has already been printed.
　　-- The book has gone to press.
　　-- They have already published the magazine.
　　
　　Fax n.传真 （-- send a fax）
　　
　　impatient adj.不耐烦的
　　patience（n.耐性） patient（adj.有耐心的） patiently（adv.有耐心地）
　　impatience（n.不耐烦） impatient（adj.不耐烦的） impatiently（adv.不耐烦地）
　　
　　fire v.解雇（口语）
　　-- He was fired from his job
　　dismiss vt.解雇（正式）
　　-- The manage dismissed him from his company.
　　Sack vt.解雇, 辞退（俚语, 口语）
　　-- If you do it wrong again you will be sacked.
　　
　　Originally adv.起初，原先，从前 / original adj.最初的, 原始的
　　Text 课文
　　What was the consequence of the editor‘s insistence on facts and statistics?
　　Consequence n.结果
　　Insistence n.坚持, 坚决主张
　　
　　Editors of newspapers and magazines often go to extremes to provide their reader with
　　unimportant facts and statistics.
　　go to extremes 走极端
　　provide = supply 给...提供（通常与介词搭配连用）
　　provide sb with sth / provide sth for sb
　　-- He provided them with a bed for the night.
　　= He provided a bed for them for the night
　　
　　Last year a journalist had been instructed by a well-known magazine to write an article on
　　the president‘s palace in a new African republic.
　　本句= A well-known magazine instructed a journalist to write an article on the president‘s palace
　　in a new African republic.
　　African n.非洲人 adj.非洲的
　　Republic n.共和国, 共和政体
　　Instruct vt.教, 教导, 命令, 指示, 通知
　　instruct sb to do sth.= tell sb formally to do sth 正式告诉某人做某事
　　-- The teacher instructed him to take the examination.
　　On = about 侧重强调课题专一
　　-- a book on radio
　　
　　When the article arrived, the editor read the first sentence and then refuse to publish it.
　　When the article arrived = When the editor received the article
　　refuse vt.拒绝（态度严厉）
　　-- I invited him to dinner, but he refused me.
　　decline vt.婉言谢绝
　　repudiate vt.断然拒绝
　　
　　The article began: ‘Hundreds of steps lead to the high wall which surrounds the president‘s
　　palace‘.
　　which 指代the high wall
　　
　　The editor at once sent the journalist a fax instructing him find out the exact number of
　　steps and the height of the wall.
　　Instructing(现在分词)进一步补充说明fax的情况
　　-- he send me a letter instructing me to come back immediately
　　
　　The journalist immediately set out to obtain these important facts, but he took a long time
　　to send them.
　　set out to do = decide and try to do 决定, 打算, 着手做...
　　= set about doing 决定, 打算, 着手做...
　　-- He set out to make his first 1,000,000 in 5 years.
　　take sb a long time to do sth 某事花了某人很久的时间
　　-- It took me five days to write the article.
　　
　　Meanwhile, the editor was getting impatient, for the magazine would soon go to press.
　　
　　He sent the journalist two more faxes, but received no reply.
　　two more faxes = another two faxes
　　
　　He sent yet another fax informing the journalist that if he did not reply soon he would be
　　fired.
　　
　　When the journalist again failed to reply, the editor reluctantly published the article as it
　　had originally been written.
　　reluctantly = unwilling 勉勉强强地, 不情愿地
　　as it bad originally been written = in its original way
　　
　　A week later, the editor at last received a fax from the journalist.
　　
　　Not only had the poor man been arrested, but he had been sent to prison as well.
　　Not only位于句首, 必须采用倒装形式。
　　本句 = The poor man had not only been arrested, but had been sent to prison as well.
　　倒装：（部分倒装）
　　1>否定副词位于句首, 要倒装。
　　never, seldom, rarely, little, hardly, scarcely, nowhere, no sooner
　　scarcely adv.几乎不, 简直没有
　　nowhere adv.无处, 到处都无
　　-- Never have I read such stories. 我从来也没读过这样的小说。
　　-- Nowhere can he find the book he wants. 无论在哪他也找不到他要的书。
　　-- Hardly did I think it possible. 我并不认为这是可能的。
　　2>含有only的状语位于句首, 句子要倒装。
　　-- Only then did he realize that he had made a mistake.
　　-- Only when a great deal more information has been obtained will it be possible to plan a trip.
　　3>含有not的副词短语位于句首, 句子要倒装。
　　not for a second 决不, 毫不 / not in the least 绝不, 一点也不
　　not for an instant, not until
　　-- Not in the least is he interested in English literature. 他对英国文学一点都不感兴趣。
　　-- Not for an instant did I believe he had lied. 我根本不认为他说了慌。
　　4>含有no的短语位于句首, 句子要倒装。
　　at on time, in no way , in no sense, by no means, in no case, on no account, on no condition,
　　under no circumstances （都表示‘绝不’）
　　circumstance n.环境, 详情, 境况
　　-- Under no circumstances can we accept the check. 我们无论如何也不能接受这笔钱。
　　-- On no account must you leave the baby in the house. 你无论如何也不能把留在房间里。
　　5> so such 位于句首, 句子要倒装。
　　
　　However, he had at last been allowed to send a fax in which he informed the editor that the
　　he had been arrested while counting the 1,084 steps leading to the fifteen-foot wall which
　　surrounded the president‘s palace.
　　he had at last been allowed = he had at last been permitted = he had asked for permission
　　请求被允许做某事：be allowed to do, be permitted to do, asked for permission to do sth
　　permit v.许可,允许,准许 permission n.许可, 允许
　　in which -- which指代fax
　　while和现在分词搭配, 做时间状语, 表示“正在做某事的过程中”。
　　-- 可以用while引导的时间状语从句去替换。
　　-- While counting… = while he was counting…
　　现在分词做定语：
　　-- the steps leading to the president‘s palace 通向王宫的台阶。
　　-- the road leading to the forest 通向森林的路。
　　fifteen-foot做前置定语, 这里的名词必须上单数形式。
　　
　　which引导的定语从句修饰wall, which指代wall。
　　-- wall which surrounded… （= wall surrounding…）
　　-- 为了避免和前面的现在分词句式结构(leading)相同所以没有用surrounding.
　　
　　Special difficulties 难点here
　　倒装的用法
　　1.Not only has he made this mistake before but he will make it again.
　　2.Only then did I realize what was happening
　　3.Never will I trust him again.
　　4.Seldom do you find traffic wardens who are kind and helpful.
　　traffic warden n. 交通管理员 （warden n.监护人；看守人）
　　
　　Multiple choice questions 多项选择
　　1… C
　　excuse n.理由, 借口
　　beyond prep.除…以外
　　satisfy vt.满足, 使满意
　　dissatisfy vt.使感觉不满, 不满足
　　factual adj.事实的, 实际的
　　content n.内容
　　
　　2… B
　　
　　3... A activity n.行动, 行为 / suspicious adj.可疑的, 怀疑的
　　
　　4… B 课文中的and then强调动作的先后。
　　-- Having seen the movie, they went for a walk.
　　
　　6... D a reply表示“任意”的一个答复
　　
　　7... B  unless = if not 一般过去时
　　
　　8… C inform sb of/about sth
　　
　　9… C public n.公众, (特定的)人群
　　audience n.听众, 观众
　　lecture n.演讲
　　
　　10… B print = publish
　　press n.压, 按 go to press 交付印刷
　　pressing adj.紧迫的；迫切的
　　impress vt.盖印, 留下印象
　　
　　11... D
　　innocent adj.清白的, 无罪的, 天真的, 无知的
　　unfortunate adj.不幸的
　　
　　12... D
　　请求允许做某事：ask for permission to do sth
　　允许某人做某事：be given permission to do sth
　　admit + 名词/动名词/that从句

xjwxx

Lesson 06 Smash-and-grab 砸橱窗抢劫
　　New words and expression 生词和短语
　　smash-and-grab n.砸橱窗抢劫
　　smash vt.打碎, 粉碎（= break sth into pieces violently）violently adv.猛烈地
　　-- Smash the car.
　　Smash vi.打碎, 粉碎（-- The dishes smashed on the floor.）
　　smash into 撞击到某处 （-- The bus smashed into a tree.）
　　
　　grab v.抢夺, 掠夺, 夺取（= seize suddenly）
　　-- He grabbed me by the arm.
　　-- He grabbed the coin and ran off. 他抓起硬币就跑了。
　　snatch vt.抢, 夺取（= catch sth/sb suddenly and violently）
　　-- The big bird snatches the hen from the ground.
　　Seize v.抓住, 逮住, 夺取（强调抓住、抓到的结果）　
　　-- Fear seized her. 她突然感觉很恐惧。
　　catch vt.捕获, 赶上(车船等) （= get hold of sth/sb moving）
　　-- catch mouse / catch bus / catch a thief
　　Grasp 强调“掌握”
　　-- We have already grasped six thousand words.
　　Hold 强调抓牢、抓紧（catch hold of 抓住）
　　-- He is holding an umbrella.
　　
　　arcade n.有拱廊的街道（两旁常设商店）
　　Piccadilly n.皮卡迪利大街
　　Jewellery n.珠宝（总称）
　　Necklace n.项链
　　Ring n.戒指
　　
　　Background n.背景 （on the background of sth.）
　　-- background information 背景资料
　　-- a man of excellent background 有很好的背景的人
　　
　　velvet n.天鹅绒，丝绒
　　headlight n.（汽车等）前灯
　　blare v.发嘟嗜声，吼叫
　　staff n.全体工作人员
　　raid n.偷袭 / raid vt., vi.袭击, 突击
　　
　　scramble v.爬行（= creep quickly）
　　-- The two thieves scrambled into their car.
　　Climb vt.爬上（-- climb up the tree）
　　Mount vt.登上（-- mount the hill）
　　Fantastic adj. 非常大的
　　1> = very great / very large 非常大的
　　-- a fantastic sum of money = a very large sum of money
　　2> = strange adj.奇怪的, 奇异的
　　-- a strange dream = a fantastic dream
　　3> = wonderful adj.极好的, 美好的, 极妙的
　　-- a fantastic play.
　　
　　ashtray n.烟灰缸
　　
　　owner n.所有者, 业主
　　admire vt. 以赞赏的眼光看着
　　busily adv.忙碌地
　　arrange v.安排, 排列, 协商
　　horn n.(牛、羊等的)角, 喇叭
　　roar vi.吼叫, 怒号
　　jeweler n.珠宝商, 宝石匠,钟表匠
　　wheel n.（汽车的）方向盘
　　iron n.铁 adj.铁的
　　furniture n.家具
　　diamond n.钻石, 菱形
　　
　　Text 课文
　　How did Mr. Taylor try to stop the thieves?
　　The expensive shops in a famous arcade near Piccadilly were just "opening.
　　介词短语修饰shops
　　-- The shoe shop in my neighborhood was just opening.
　　 在我家附近的鞋店刚刚开门营业
　　
　　At this time of the morning, the arcade was almost empty.
　　
　　Mr. Taylor, the owner of a jewellery shop was admiring a new window display.
　　BeiJing, our capital, is developing enormously.
　　-- enormously adv.非常地, 巨大地（= at fantastic speed）
　　
　　Two of his assistants had been working busily since eight o‘clock and had only just finished.
　　Diamond necklaces and rings had been beautifully arranged on a background of black
　　velvet.
　　
　　After gazing at the display for several minutes, Mr. Taylor went back into his shop.
　　After gazing at… = After he gazed at…
　　After having gazed at… = After he had gazed at…
　　
　　The silence was suddenly broken when a large car, with its headlights on and its horn
　　blaring, roared down the arcade.
　　with的符合结构：（独立主格结构）
　　1>如果宾语和宾语补足语在逻辑上有主谓关系，应该采用现在分词形式作宾补。
　　-- She sat staring into the distance with tears streaming down her cheeks.
　　 她坐着凝视着远方泪流满面。 （Cheek n.脸颊, 面颊）
　　-- She stood there with her hands resting on her hips
　　2>如果宾语和宾语补足语在逻辑上是动宾关系，应该采用过去分词形式作宾补。
　　-- He ran into the room with his face covered with tears.
　　-- With his homework finished, he felt happy.
　　3>如果表达某事将要发生，要用动词不定式to；
　　-- With a lot of work to do, he can‘t go to the cinema.
　　4>如果是说明当时的情况，常用形容词、副词、介词短语表明宾语的状态；
　　-- He used to sleep with all the windows open.（open adj.开着的）
　　-- He went out with his hat on.（on是副词）
　　-- With the meeting over, we went home.（over adv.结束）
　　-- He came in with a knife in his hand.（in his hand --介词短语）
　　-- Tow others with black stockings over their faces jumped out.（over their faces --介词短语）
　　 另外两个脸上蒙着黑色袜子的人跳了出来。
　　5>总结：
　　with用于句首或句尾，常表示状语、行为方式、原因、伴随状况等。
　　with如果跟在名词之后，是用来修饰限定该名词。
　　-- a thief with stocking over his face.
　　-- a teacher with a book under his arm.
　　-- a room with the windows open.
　　
　　It came to a stop outside the jeweller‘s.
　　come to 后面常接名词, 表示达到
　　-- come to a stop停下来 / come to an end结束 / come to a decision做出决定
　　-- come to an agreement达成协议 / come to an understanding互相理解
　　-- come to success获得成功, come to fame成名
　　停车 stop = draw up = pull up
　　
　　at the barber‘s在理发店 / at the butcher‘s在肉店 / at the baker‘s在面包店
　　at the greengrocer‘s在蔬菜水果店 / at the grocer‘s在杂货店 / at the stationer‘s 在文具店
　　at the tobacconist‘s在烟草店 / at the chemist‘s在药店
　　barber n.理发员, 理发师
　　butcher n.屠夫, 肉商
　　baker n.面包师, 面包工人 n.<美>(便携式)烘炉
　　greengrocer n.蔬菜水果商人 n.蔬菜水果商店
　　grocer n.食品商人 n.杂货店
　　stationer n.文具商人 n.文具店
　　tobacconist n.烟草商人 n.烟店
　　chemist n.化学家, 药剂师
　　One man stayed at the wheel while two others with black stocking over their faces jumped
　　out and smashed the window of the shop with iron bars.
　　While this was going on, Mr. Taylor was upstairs.
　　He and his staff began throwing furniture out of the window.
　　Chairs and tables went flying into the arcade.
　　
　　One of the thieves was struck by a heavy statue, but he was too busy helping himself to
　　diamonds to notice any pain.
　　help oneself to 自便
　　-- My roommate helped herself to my clothes without asking me.
　　
　　The raid was all over in three minutes, for the men scrambled back into the car and it moved
　　off at a fantastic speed.
　　at a fantastic speed / at a tremendous speed / at a high speed / at a full speed
　　with great speed
　　
　　Just as it was leaving, Mr. Taylor rushed out and ran after it throwing ashtrays and vases,
　　but it was impossible to stop the thieves.
　　
　　They had got away with thousands of pounds worth of diamonds.
　　hundreds of thousands of dollars worth of jewel
　　
　　Special difficulties 难点
　　前缀构词法：
　　1> dis
　　加在形容词前
　　-- agreeable（adj.使人愉快的） à disagreeable（adj.不愉快的）
　　-- content（adj.满意的 vt.使满足） à discontent（adj.不满的 vt.令人不满 n.不满）
　　-- graceful（adj.优美的） à disgraceful（adj.使失体面的, 耻辱的）
　　-- honest（adj.诚实的, 正直的） à dishonest（adj.不诚实的）
　　-- satisfactory（adj.满意的） à dissatisfactory（adj.不满意的）
　　加在名词前
　　-- agreement（n.同意） à disagreement（n.意见不同）
　　-- honesty（n.诚实, 正直） à dishonesty（n.不诚实, 不老实）
　　-- ability（n.能力, 才干） à disability（n.无力, 无能）
　　-- grace（n.优美, 雅致） à disgrace（n.耻辱）
　　-- comfort（n.舒适 vt.安慰） à discomfort（n.不舒适 vt.使不舒适）
　　可以加在动词前
　　-- agree（v.同意） à disagree（v.不同意）
　　-- appear（vi.出现） à disappear（vi.消失, 不见）
　　-- believe（相信, 信任） à disbelieve（v.不信, 怀疑）
　　在名词前加dis得到动词, 表示除去、解除。　
　　-- courage（n.勇气, 精神） à discourage（vt.使气馁）
　　-- root（n.根, 根部） à disroot / unroot（vt.连根拔除）
　　-- mask（n.面具, 掩饰 v.戴面具, 掩饰） à unmask / dismask（vt.揭露, 暴露）
　　-- burden（n.担子, 负担 v.负担） à disburden（v.解除负担）
　　2>il -- 加在以i开头的形容词之前
　　-- legal（adj.法律的, 法定的） à illegal（adj.违法的）
　　-- logical（adj.合乎逻辑的） à illogical（adj.不合逻辑的）
　　-- literate（adj.有文化的 n.学者） à illiterate（adj.没受教育的 n.文盲）
　　3>im -- 加在以b, m, p开头的形容词之前
　　-- possible（adj.可能的） à impossible（adj.不可能的）
　　-- mortal（adj.必死的, 人类的） à immortal（adj.不朽的）
　　-- moral（adj.道德的） à immoral（adj.不道德的）
　　-- balanced（adj.平衡的） à imbalanced（adj.不平衡的）
　　-- balance （n.平衡） à imbalance（n.不平衡）
　　4>ir -- 加在以r开头的形容词之前
　　-- regular（adj.规则的） à irregular（adj.不规则的）
　　-- rational（adj.理性的） à irrational（adj.无理性的）
　　-- resistible（adj.可抵抗的） à irresistlble（adj.不可抵抗的）
　　5>in --主要用于其它字母开头的词之前
　　-- human（adj.人性的） à inhuman（adj.野蛮的）
　　-- correct（adj.正确的） à incorrect（adj.不正确的）
　　-- justice（n.正义, 公平） à injustice（n.不正义, 不公平）
　　-- sincere（adj.真诚的） à insincere（adj.虚假的, 不真诚的）
　　6>un --只能用于形容词和动词之前
　　不
　　-- happy（adj.快乐的） à unhappy（adj.不幸的, 不快乐的）
　　-- friendly（adj.友好的） à unfriendly（adj.不友好的）
　　-- lucky（adj.幸运的） à unlucky（adj.不幸的）
　　无
　　-- conditional（adj.有条件的） à unconditional（adj.无条件的）
　　-- limited（adj.有限的） à unlimited（adj.无限的）
　　非
　　-- official（adj.官方的, 正式的） à unofficial（adj.非官方的, 非正式的）
　　-- just（adj.正义的, 公正的） à unjust（adj.不公平的）
　　未（主要用于过去分词之前）
　　-- undecided（adj.未定的） à unfinished（adj.未完成的）
　　-- unexpected（adj.未预料到） à unhurt（adj.没有受伤的）
　　用于动词之前表示做相反的动作
　　-- lock（v.锁, 锁上） à unlock（vt.开...锁）
　　-- tie（vt.系, 打结） à untie（vi.松开, 解开）
　　-- cover（vt.覆盖） à uncover（vt.揭开, 揭露）
　　-- pack（vt.包装） à unpack（v.打开包裹）
　　-- dress（v.穿衣） à undress（vt.使脱衣服）
　　-- load（v.装载） à unload（v.卸货）
　　
　　Exercise：
　　1> polite（adj.有礼貌的） à impolite（adj.无礼的, 粗鲁的）
　　2> agree à disagree
　　3> legible（adj.清晰的, 易读的） à illegible（adj.难辨认的, 字迹模糊的）
　　4> accurate（adj.正确的, 精确的） à inaccurate（adj.错误的, 不准确的）
　　5> locked à unlocked
　　6> regular à irregular
　　
　　Multiple choice questions 多项选择
　　1.B正确　　on one‘s way to do
　　-- He is on the/his way to become a lawyer.
　　
　　2.A正确　　warn somebody out of one‘s way 警告某人别挡住去路
　　in one‘s way 挡住某人的去路
　　-- You are in my way. 挡住了我的去路。
　　
　　3.C正确
　　
　　4. C正确
　　形容词和名词共同修饰名词时, 形容词在前, 名词在后。（adj + n +被修的名词）
　　-- an old village school
　　-- an empty beer glass
　　
　　5.B正确　　 做句子结构题时要和原文加以对比
　　
　　6. A正确 made of  可以看出原材料
　　
　　7. A正确 began doing something = began to do something
　　
　　8.D正确
　　
　　9. A正确
　　accelerate v.加速, 促进
　　-- The driver accelerated to pass the other car.
　　speed v.加快（加快动作和工作的进程, 常和up连用）
　　-- We‘d better speed up, if we want to get there in time.
　　-- The car sped along the road.
　　Reverse vt.倒车, 颠倒, 倒转
　　-- The car reversed through the gate.
　　
　　10. A正确　
　　Overdressed v.(使)穿得太讲究
　　-- I fell rather overdressed in this smart suit.
　　Overlooked vt.俯瞰, 远眺
　　
　　11. B正确
　　for the time being = temporarily（adv.临时）
　　meanwhile = at the same time
　　As it happened 随着这类事情的发生
　　for a while = for a moment
　　
　　12. C正确
　　fly à flew à flown （fly 是不及物动词, 不能用于被动语态。）
　　-- go flying
　　-- send sth flying （send sth doing） （direction n.方向）
　　-- A gust of wind sent the paper flying in all directions 一阵风刮得纸片到处乱飞。
　　hurl vt.用力投掷
　　project v.发射 （= send up 发出, 射出, 长出）

xjwxx

Lesson 07 Mutilated ladies 残钞鉴别组
　　New words and expression 生词和短语
　　Mutilate v.使残缺不全 / mutilation n.切断, 毁损
　　及物动词（经常用于被动语态）
　　1> 毁伤、残害
　　-- He was mutilated in the accident, and now has only one leg.
　　-- a mutilated note 一张残缺不全的钞票
　　2> 把...搞砸了
　　-- You‘ve already mutilated the novel by making such changes.
　　Dollar = dad president 美元
　　
　　chew  v.咀嚼
　　-- A lot of people love chewing gums.（chewing gums口香糖）（gum n.树脂, 橡胶）
　　-- Don‘t bite off more than one can chew. 不要贪多嚼不烂。 Bite（n.咬）
　　chew the fat 聊天, 闲谈
　　chewed up 着急的、担心的 嚼碎, 毁坏, 消耗
　　-- Don‘t get worried about your examination.
　　-- Don‘t get chewed up about your examination.
　　
　　Microwave n.微波，微波炉
　　Microswitch 微型开关
　　Microfilm 缩影胶片
　　Microscope 显微镜
　　Microsecond 一百万分之一秒, 微秒
　　Microphone 扩音器, 麦克风
　　Microbiology 微生物学
　　micro adj.极小的, 微小的 / macro  adj.巨大的
　　
　　oven n.炉灶
　　
　　safekeeping n.妥善保管
　　keep something safe
　　-- Please keep your ID card safe. 妥善保管你的身份证。
　　干坏事： do evil (动词) / evil doing (名词)
　　惹麻烦： make trouble (动词) / trouble making (名词)
　　
　　Newcastle n.纽卡斯尔（英国港市）
　　
　　Identify v.鉴定, 识别（= prove identity of sb or sth）
　　-- He can‘t identify the person
　　identity n.身份
　　-- So far the archeologists have been unable to discover her identity.
　　 = So far the archeologists have been unable to identify her.
　　identification  n.辨认, 鉴定, 证明
　　
　　spokeswoman n.女发言人
　　
　　trousers n.裤子, 长裤
　　Britain n.英国
　　despair n.绝望, 失望 vi.绝望
　　concern vt.涉及, 关系到
　　dismay n.沮丧, 惊慌
　　note n.纸币
　　ash n.灰, 灰烬
　　
　　Text 课文
　　Why did Jane cook John‘s wallet?
　　Has it ever happened to you? Have you ever put your trousers in the washing machine and
　　then remembered there was a large bank note in your back pocket?
　　断首或断尾运用疑问句：
　　断首--主要引起读者的兴趣和注意力。
　　断尾--进一步巩固、加深与本段所涉及的内容，并引起读者的沉思。
　　
　　When you rescued your trousers, did note in your back pocket?
　　Rescued vt.援救, 营救
　　-- Hundreds of people went to rescue the plane crash.
　　Rescue是一个大词（大词小用可以加强语气）
　　
　　When you rescued your trousers, did you find the note was whiter than white?
　　whiter than white = damaged, mutilated
　　
　　People who live in Britain needn‘t despair when they made mistakes like this (and a lot of
　　people do)!
　　needn‘t despair(v.) = needn’t feel despaired(adj.)
　　
　　Fortunately for them, the Bank of England has a team called Mutilated Ladies which deals
　　with claims from people who fed their money to a machine or to their dog.
　　Fortunately for them = luckily for them = happily for them
　　Team n.队, 组（= Organization n.组织, 机构, 团体）
　　called Mutilated Ladies = that called Mutilated Ladies
　　-- 这里采用分词called是为了不和后面which引导的定语从句从复
　　deal with v.处理 （deal vi.处理, 应付）
　　Claim n.(根据权利提出)要求, 索赔
　　-- make a claim for 对（赔偿等）提出要求...
　　feed vt.vi.( fed , fed, feeding) 给吃, 喂
　　-- feed sth to… 把某物喂给…
　　
　　Dogs, it seems, love to chew up money!
　　it seems 似乎
　　本句= It seems that dogs love to chew up money!
　　
　　A recent case concerns Jane Butlin whose fiancé, John, runs a successful furniture business.
　　第二段充分的说明了约翰是怎么样把钱从银行里拿回来
　　concern vt.涉及到 （= is about）
　　run a factory 开一家工厂 / run a company 开一家公司
　　
　　John had a very good day and put his wallet containing $3,000 into the microwave oven for
　　safekeeping.
　　I have a very good day. 我今天过得很好。
　　I have a good time. 我玩得很高兴。
　　Fro safekeeping = to keep it safe
　　Wallet containing… = wallet which contained…
　　
　　Then he and Jane went horse-riding.
　　go horse-riding / go fishing / go hunting / go shopping
　　
　　When they got home, Jane cooked their dinner in the microwave oven and without realizing
　　it, cooked her fiancé‘s wallet as well.
　　
　　Imagine their dismay when they found a beautifully-cooked wallet and notes turned to ash!
　　beautifully-cooked wallet 用一种讽刺的口吻, 一种幽默
　　turn to = turned into = become
　　
　　John went to see his bank manager who sent the remains of wallet and the money to the
　　special department of the Bank of England in Newcastle: the Mutilate Ladies!
　　Who = bank manager
　　
　　They examined the remain and John got all his money back.
　　
　　‘So long as there‘s something to identify, we will give people their money back,‘ said a spokeswoman for the Bank. ‘Last year, we paid $1.5m on 21,000 claims.
　　so long as = as long as = on condition that 只要…（表假设）
　　pay money for… 为...付多少钱
　　-- We paid 80 dollars for the dictionary.
　　pay off 还清(债务等)付清
　　-- The couples have already paid their debts off
　　pay back
　　1> 把钱归还回去　　pay money back
　　2> 报复、报仇　　　pay somebody back
　　-- Don’t say that again or I will pay you back.
　　
　　Special difficulties 难点
　　Interval n.间隔, 距离, 幕间休息
　　如何运用后缀（名词+后缀à动词）
　　1> less（表示：否定概念）
　　-- care（n.v.注意, 关心）à careless（adj.粗心的）
　　2> ful（表示：有, 充满了）
　　-- success（n.成功）à successful（adj.成功的）
　　-- hopeful（adj.怀有希望的） / careful（adj.小心的, 仔细的）
　　3> ly（形容词+ ly à 副词），（名词+ ly à 形容词）　
　　-- daily（adj.adv.每日的）/ weekly（adj.adv.每星期的）
　　-- yearly（adj.adv.每年的）/ hourly（adj.每小时的）
　　4> ic / pic
　　-- energetic（adj.精力充沛的, 积极的）
　　-- athlete（n.运动员, 运动选手）à athletic（adj.运动的, 体育的, 身体健壮的）
　　5> ish
　　-- fool（n.愚人）à foolish（adj.愚蠢的）
　　-- childish（adj.孩子气的）/ womanish（adj.像女人的）
　　
　　Exercise：
　　1> painless（adj.无痛的, 不痛的）
　　2> beautiful
　　3> daily
　　4> childish（--ish的形容词具有贬义色彩）
　　5> athletic（adj.运动的, 体育的, 身体健壮的）
　　
　　Multiple choice questions 多项选择
　　1.B正确 involve vt.包括, 使陷入
　　
　　2.D正确　
　　-- identify à identifiable（adj.可以确认的）
　　-- return à returnable（adj.可退回的）
　　-- eat à eatable（adj.可以吃的）
　　
　　3.B正确 unless = if not
　　
　　4.A正确　 c) any large bank notes（any +复数）
　　
　　5.C正确 真实的条件句
　　
　　6.B正确　
　　一般来说, 如果表示某人的东西就用 ‘s.
　　如果采用介词of表示所属关系, 被修饰名词前要出现定冠词。
　　-- Mary’s book = the book of Mary
　　
　　7.C正确　　简单句, 选用一般过去式
　　
　　8.A正确　　safety n.安全, 保险
　　
　　9.A正确
　　-- in charge of 某人负责某物
　　-- in the charge of 某物由某人负责
　　
　　10.D正确 -- become ash = turn to ash = turn into ash
　　
　　11.B正确　
　　send = dispatch（vt.送, 派遣, 发出）= deliver（vt.递送, 交付）
　　convey（vt.运输, 运送）　　fetch（vt.去取回来）
　　
　　12.B正确　
　　provided（conj.倘若）= providing（conj.倘若）
　　-- Provided that you reduce the price, I‘ll take all the goods.
　　 假如你减价, 我会买下所有的货物。
　　c) supposed的形式不对, suppose和supposing都可以。
　　-- Suppose（conj.假使...结果会怎样）= supposing（conj.万一, 假使）

xjwxx

Lesson 08 A famous monastery 著名的修道院
　　New words and expression 生词和短语
　　Monastery n.寺院，修道院
　　Abbot n.男修道院院长
　　Convent n.女修道会, 女修道院
　　Nun n.修女
　　abbess n.女修道院院长
　　
　　St. Bernard 圣伯纳德
　　Pass n.关隘
　　Watchdog n.看门狗
　　
　　Rashly adv.莽撞地，冒失地
　　Boldly adv.大胆地, 显眼地
　　
　　Enclosure n.围场，圈地
　　Monk n.和尚
　　Privacy n.清静，隐居
　　
　　Skier n.滑雪者
　　Ski n.滑雪橇 vi.滑雪（-- go skiing）
　　
　　Easter n.复活节
　　-- at Easter 在复活节 / at Christmas 在圣诞节 / at Thanksgiving 在感恩节
　　
　　connect （v.连接, 联合, 关连）
　　Switzerland （n.瑞士, 欧洲中部国家）
　　Italy （n.意大利, 欧洲南部国家）
　　Metre = Meter （n.米, 公尺）
　　Lie, Lay, Lain, Lying （vi.位于, 躺, 平放）
　　Lie, Lied, Lied, Lying（vi.说谎）
　　Lay, Laid, Laid, Lying（vt.放置, 产卵）
　　Europe （n.欧洲） Asia （n.亚洲）
　　Tunnel （n.隧道, 地道） Attempt （vt.尝试, 企图）
　　Freedom （n.自由, 自主） Wander （vi.漫步, 徘徊）
　　Regular （adj.规则的, 有秩序的, 经常的）
　　Party （n.团体, 一伙人）
　　Peace （n. 静寂, 安宁, 和平, 和睦）
　　Minus adj.负的, 减的 prep.减去 n.负数
　　Minus adj.负的负的或在负值区间的
　　-- a minus value 一个负值 / minus five degrees 零下五度
　　Degree n.度数, 度, 程度
　　Text 课文
　　What are the St. Bernard dogs used for?
　　The Great St. Bernard Pass connects Switzerland to Italy.
　　St. = saint（n.圣人, 圣徒 adj.神圣）
　　Bernard n.伯纳德(男子名)
　　Pass n.关口
　　把...与…连接在一起 connect…to… / join….to… / link…with…
　　connect...with 把...与某事联系在一起
　　-- I can‘t connect the picture with my friend, Mary.
　　be connected with 与...有联系
　　-- Are you connected with the government?
　　
　　At 2,473 metres, it is the highest mountain pass in Europe.
　　At 2,473 metres（介词短语修饰全句用于句首表示原因、条件或状态）
　　-- In red, she looks much more beautiful.
　　-- At the age of 25, he is able. 在十五岁的时候, 他很能干。
　　-- At one point 65 metres, he is a little short.
　　
　　The famous monastery of St. Bernard, witch was founded in the eleventh century, lies about
　　a mile away.
　　Found（v.建立, 创立）= set up（设立, 竖立）= establish（vt.成立，建立）
　　限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句最大的区别：
　　1> 非限制性定语从句只是对主句或主句中所出现的某个名词的补充、说明和解释, 去掉
　　对主句影响不大。
　　2> 限制性定语从句是主句当中不可缺少的一部分。
　　
　　1>who引导的非限制性定语从句主要指人做主语
　　-- Mr. Smith was a famous person in American history.
　　-- Mr. Smith, who died on July 17th at 84, was a famous person in American history.
　　-- There were very few passengers, who escaped without serious injury.（n.伤害）
　　旅客很少, 他们都逃出来了, 没有受到重伤。
　　-- There were very few passengers who escaped without serious injury.
　　没有受重伤而逃出来的旅客很少。
　　-- The taxi drivers, who knew about the traffic jam, took another road.
　　所有司机都知道堵车的事, 都走了别的路。
　　-- The taxi drivers who knew about the traffic jam took another road, and others who didn‘t know
　　about the traffic jam still took this heavy road.
　　得知堵车的司机走了别的路, 不知道堵车事件的司机仍然走这条路。
　　2>指代事物在非限制性定语从句当中只能使用which, 不用that。
　　-- He lent me a thousand dollars, which was exactly the sum I needed.
　　3>指代时间when、地点where
　　-- He was left on the desert island, where he stayed for as long as three weeks.
　　 他被留在了荒岛上, 在那里他呆了长达三周之久。
　　For hundreds of years, St. Bernard dogs have saved the lives of travellers crossing the
　　dangerous Pass.
　　Life（n.生命, 生活）à lives（life的复数）
　　
　　These friendly dogs, which were first brought from Asia, were used as watchdogs even in
　　Roman times.
　　which指代friendly dogs
　　-- The panda, which was brought from China, was used as a symbol of friendship
　　symbol（n.象征）
　　
　　Now that a tunnel ahs been built through the mountains, the Pass is less dangerous, but each
　　year, the dogs are still sent out into the snow whenever a traveller is in difficulty.
　　Now that 既然
　　1> 用做时间连接词, 后面通常跟完成式
　　-- Now that you have left university, you have to find a job.
　　2> 用做原因连接词时, 后面时态不限
　　-- Now that you won‘t help me, I must do the job myself.
　　
　　whoever, whatever, whenever, wherever, whichever, however
　　= no matter who/what/when/where/which/how
　　-- You can telephone me whenever you like. 无论什么时候你想打电话给我都行。
　　-- Whichever day you come, we‘ll be pleased to see you.
　　-- Wherever you go, I‘ll follow you.
　　-- However busy you are, you must spare some time to study English.
　　
　　Despite the new tunnel, there are still a few people who rashly attempt to cross the Pass on
　　foot.
　　Despite(介词) = in spite of (of是介词)
　　attempt to do something = try to do something 企图做某事
　　There be结构：
　　-- There are still a few students studying English in the classroom.
　　 = There are still a few students who are studying English in the classroom.
　　依旧有些学生在教室学习英语。
　　
　　During the summer months, the monastery is very busy, for it is visited by thousands of
　　people who cross the Pass in cars.
　　in cars = by car
　　
　　As there are so many people about, the dogs have to be kept in a special enclosure.
　　About（adv.到处, 周围）
　　-- Don‘t litter waste paper about. 不要到处扔废纸。 Litter（vt.乱丢, 铺草, 弄乱）
　　-- look about 到处看 / go about 到处走 / run about 到处跑 / wander about 到处闲逛
　　keep经常和介词短语、形容词、分词搭配使用, 表示使某人或某物处于某种状态。
　　-- Keep him out. / Keep him in.（介词）
　　-- Do keep the cat in the room. （介词）
　　-- I‘m sorry to keep you waiting.（现在分词）
　　-- The lamb was kept tight to a tree. = I kept the lamb tight to a tree.
　　lamb（n.小羊, 羔羊） / tight（adj.紧的, 绷紧的）
　　
　　In winter, however, life at the monastery is quite different.
　　quite the opposite 恰恰相反
　　
　　The temperature drops to -30°and very few people attempt to cross the Pass.
　　
　　The monks prefer winter to summer of they have more privacy.
　　prefer A to B 宁愿A也不愿B
　　-- I prefer reading to doing nothing. 我宁愿看书, 也不愿什么都不做。
　　-- The boy prefers apples to bananas.
　　prefer to do sth than do sth
　　-- He prefers to read than do nothing. 我宁愿看书, 也不愿什么都不做。
　　
　　The dogs have greater freedom, too, for they are allowed to wander outside their enclosure.
　　
　　The only regular visitors to the monastery in winter are parties of skiers who go there at
　　Christmas and Easter.
　　The regular visitors to BeiJing.
　　
　　These young people, who love the peace of mountains, always receive a warm welcome at
　　St. Bernard‘s monastery.
　　Mike, who loves chess very much, enter for the game.
　　Chess（n.国际象棋）
　　
　　Special difficulties 难点
　　1> what
　　2> when engaged（adj.忙碌的, 使用中的）
　　3> who
　　
　　Multiple choice questions 多项选择
　　1... C be best known for = be famous for… 众所周知, 因...而著名
　　attraction（n.吸引, 吸引力） trap（vt.使受限制, 设陷）
　　
　　2... C the main advantage（n.好处, 优势, 有利条件）
　　endanger（vt.危及）
　　Swiss（n.瑞士人 adj.瑞士的, 瑞士人的）
　　Italian（n.意大利人, 意大利语 adj.意大利的, 意大利语的, 意大利文化的）
　　
　　3... D differ（vi.不一致, 不同）
　　occupation（n.工作, 职业） undisturbed（adj.不受打扰的）
　　pursue（vt.从事, 继续, 追赶） relatively（adv.相对地, 比较地）
　　
　　4... D 名词作表语（原句中为at介词短语作状语）
　　
　　5... A 形容词或副词和enough to do搭配
　　b）选项错在so rash as to （-- You are so kind as to help me.）
　　
　　6... A with的复合结构形式
　　-- A large car, with its headlights on and its horn blaring, roared down the arcade.
　　-- With so many people around me, I fell happy.
　　
　　7... C 让某人做某事：let sb do
　　
　　8... C 泛泛的概念采取一般现在时
　　
　　9... B 强调两者之间
　　
　　10... A
　　whenever = if ever 无论什么时候, 只要情况是如此
　　-- Whenever/if ever you pour oil on water, it floats.（vi.飘浮）
　　in case（conj.万一） 主要是讨论预防措施
　　-- You should insure your house in case there is a fire.
　　
　　11... D voyage（n.vi.航海, 航行）
　　
　　12... C wander = roam（v.漫游, 闲逛, 徜徉）
　　graze（v.放牧, 吃草）
　　drift（n.v.漂流）= float（n.v.浮动, 飘浮）　
　　wonder（vt.想知道, 感到奇怪）

xjwxx

Lesson 09 Flying cats 飞猫
　　New words and expression 生词和短语
　　Fascinate v.迷住，吸引住
　　Fascination（n.魔力, 入迷, 魅力）
　　Fascinating（adj.令人着迷的）
　　-- Sweet music is fascinating.
　　Fascinated（adj.感到着迷的）
　　Be fascinated with… 迷上了…
　　-- He is fascinated with music.
　　-- He is fascinated with chess. / Are you fascinated with English?
　　Be crazy about… 着迷于…
　　-- He is crazy about music.
　　Be mad about… 着迷于…
　　-- He is mad about music.
　　Like, Love, Be fond of 喜欢
　　-- The boy is fond of football.
　　
　　Affectionate adj.充满深情，柔情的
　　-- Cats are affectionate animals.
　　Affectionately（adv.充满深情的, 有感情的, 慈爱的）
　　-- The lady is looking that man affectionately
　　affection（n.友爱, 爱情, 影响, 疾病, 倾向）
　　affect（vt.影响, 感动）
　　
　　Mysterious adj.神秘的，难以理解的
　　-- a mysterious plan / a mysterious explanation
　　mystery（n.谜面，神秘感）
　　-- His death is a mystery.
　　
　　Submissive adj.服从的，顺从的
　　be submissive to sb
　　-- Dogs and horses are submissive, but cats are never submissive to us.
　　Obedient（adj.服从的, 孝顺的）
　　-- Are you obedient?
　　Submit（v.服从, 顺从）
　　-- submit oneself to sb/sth
　　Submission（n.屈服, 降服, 服从）
　　
　　Feline adj.猫的
　　
　　Independence n.独立，独立性 dependence（n.依靠, 依赖, 信任, 信赖）
　　Independent（adj.独立自主的, 不受约束的） dependent（adj.依靠的, 依赖的）
　　-- You have already grown up, you must be independent.
　　Depend（vi.依靠, 依赖） independ 没有此词
　　-- You must depend on yourself.
　　
　　high-rise adj.高层的
　　windowsill n.窗槛
　　paratrooper n.伞兵
　　squirrel n.松鼠
　　air-resistance n.空气阻力
　　impact n.冲击力
　　
　　height（n.高度, 海拔, 高地[常用复数]）
　　protect（vt.保护）
　　remain（vi.保持）
　　suspicious（adj.可疑的, 怀疑的）
　　apparently（adj.显然的, 外观上的）
　　ability（n.能力, 才干）
　　fall（vi.倒下, 落下）--（fell, fallen, falling）
　　medical（adj.医学的, 内科的）
　　period（n.时期, 学时）
　　shock（n.打击, 震动）
　　injury（n.伤害, 侮辱） injure（vt.损害, 伤害）
　　ideal（n.理想 adj.理想的, 完美的）
　　sill（n.窗台, 门槛）
　　storey（n.层 = [美]story）
　　behave（vi.举动, 举止, 运转）
　　suffer（vt.遭受, 经历, 忍受 vi.受痛苦, 受损害）
　　stretch（v.伸展, 伸长）
　　increase（n.增加 vt.增加, 加大 vi.增加, 繁殖）
　　resistance（n. 阻力, 电阻, 抵抗力, 反抗, 抵抗）
　　reduce（vt.减少, 缩小）
　　
　　Text 课文
　　How do cats try to protect themselves when falling from great heights?
　　Cats never fail to fascinate human beings.
　　never fail to 双重否定意味肯定（运用双重否定结构加深句子肯定的语气）
　　-- If you ask for help in the polite way, you never fail to succeed.
　　-- If you receive requests like this, you‘ll never fail to accept.
　　双重否定结构：（起加深句子肯定的语气的作用）
　　1>否定词+fail to
　　-- never fail to / can‘t fail to / don‘t fail to
　　2>否定的形容词之前加以否定
　　-- What he said is not unreasonable.（adj.不讲道理的, 不合理的）
　　-- It is quite common for us to make mistakes.
　　= It is not uncommon for us to make mistakes.
　　3> not + without
　　-- You can‘t obtain English without working hard. Obtain（vt.获得, 得到）
　　-- He doesn‘t have any meal without meats.
　　4> no + not
　　-- There is no cat that doesn‘t like fish.
　　-- There is nothing that he can‘t do. 没有什么他不能做的。
　　-- There is no rule that has no exception. 没有无例外的法规。Exception（n.除外, 例外）
　　
　　They can be friendly and affectionate towards humans, but they lead mysterious lives of
　　their own as well.
　　as well 也, 又, 同样
　　
　　They never become submissive like dogs and horses.
　　
　　As a result, humans have learned to respect feline independence.
　　as a result adv.结果
　　have learned to 学会了, 习惯了
　　-- People have learned to expect(盼望) that trains are punctual.（adj.准时的）
　　-- Children have learned to expect(认为) that their parents are very able.（adj.能干的）
　　
　　Most cats remain suspicious of humans all their lives.
　　be suspicious of… 对…表示怀疑, 存有戒心
　　
　　One of the things that fascinates us most about cats is the popular belief that they have nine
　　lives.
　　that 引导同位语从句
　　-- One of the things that fascinates us most about planes is the popular fact that they are safe and
　　fast.
　　
　　Apparently, there is a good deal of truth in this idea. herehere
　　a good deal of +不可数名词
　　apparently（adv.显然地），语气不是非常确定（= It seems that...）
　　
　　A cat‘s ability to survive falls is based on fact.
　　Survive（v.幸免于, 幸存, 生还）
　　Fall（n.堕落, 落下, 下降）
　　-- a cat‘s ability to survive falls is based on fact
　　be based on 基于事实基础之上
　　base sth on … 把某事建立在…基础之上
　　-- We base the theory on the fact. 我们把这理论建立在事实的基础之上。
　　-- The theory is based on fact. 这理论是建立在事实基础上的。
　　
　　Recently the New York Animal Medical Center made a study of 132 cats over a period of five
　　months.
　　make a study of sth 对什么作出研究
　　over a period of five months
　　
　　All these cats had one experience in common: they had fallen off high buildings, yet only
　　eight of them died from shock or injuries.
　　in common = the same
　　fall off 坠落，掉落
　　die of + illness, disease, hunger, thirst
　　die from + shock, injures, wound
　　
　　Of course, New York is the ideal place for such an interesting study, because there is no
　　shortage of tall buildings.
　　Shortage（n.不足, 缺乏）= lack（n.缺乏, 短缺），两个词都和of搭配
　　-- Shortage of money led to the failure of the experiments.
　　 资金缺乏导致实验的失败。
　　
　　There are plenty of high-rise windowsills to fall from! One cat, Sabrina, fell 32 storeys, yet
　　only suffered from a broken tooth.
　　32 storeys
　　suffer from 遭受什么痛苦
　　-- A lot of people in the world are suffering from terrible disease.
　　
　　‘Cats behave like well-trained paratroopers.‘ a doctor said.
　　behave like = act like
　　well-trained 训练很好的，well-decorated 装饰漂亮的
　　
　　It seems that the further cats fall, the less they are likely to injure themselves.
　　the more...the more...（用定冠词the +形容词或副词的比较级）
　　-- The harder you study English, the better you can learn it.
　　-- The more you eat, the fatter you will be.
　　be likely to do 有可能如何（强调可能性）
　　-- In cold winter, we are likely to catch a cold.
　　
　　In a long drop, they reach speeds of 60 miles an hour and more.
　　and more 甚至更多（= more than 60 miles an hour）
　　
　　At high speeds, falling cats have time to relax. They stretch out their legs like
　　flying squirrels.
　　at high speeds
　　stretch  out 充分伸展
　　
　　This increases their air-resistance and reduces the shock of impact when they hit the ground.
　　Special difficulties 难点
　　so, such, such a, such an
　　1> so
　　2> such （fun是不可数名词）
　　3> such an （exhibition n.展览会）
　　4> so （twin n.双胞胎中一人）
　　5> such a
　　
　　Multiple choice questions 多项选择
　　1... A endlessly fascinating 无穷的吸引人的
　　Endlessly（adv.不断地, 无穷尽地）
　　
　　2... D
　　
　　3... A
　　unlikely（adj.未必的, 不太可能的）
　　exceed（vt.超越, 胜过）
　　
　　4... C
　　for 对于人们来讲
　　with 对于人们来讲（强调对比概念）
　　-- With some children, their pocket money goes a long way.（暗含：对于其他的孩子来说…）
　　Unfailing（adj.经久不衰的,无穷尽的）
　　Endless（adj.无止境的, 无穷的）
　　
　　5... B
　　as...as... 象…一样
　　in the way that... 以…方式
　　-- I love you in the way that you love me.
　　-- We like modern art in the same way that we like pretty curtain material.
　　
　　6... D popularly（adv.一般地, 流行地, 通俗地, 大众地）
　　It is said that... 据说…
　　It is announced that... 据宣布…
　　It is reported that... 据报道…
　　
　　7... B there is plenty of改为there are plenty of就对了
　　
　　8... A
　　
　　9... A
　　throughout（prep.遍及, 贯穿）
　　-- throughout one‘s life 毕生, 整个一生中
　　during 在…期间（时间较短）
　　-- during our holiday / during the week
　　through 侧重强调从空间穿过
　　-- through the crowd 穿过人群 / through the door
　　-- Monday through Friday
　　
　　10... C It would seem (that)... = apparently
　　event n.结果, 事件, 事变 （in the event adv.结果, 如果）
　　Surprisingly（adv.令人惊讶地）
　　
　　11... C
　　explain（v.解释, 说明）
　　test（v.测试, 试验, 检验）
　　bear vt.vi.（bore, borne/born, bearing）v.负担, 忍受
　　support（vt.支撑, 扶持, 支持）
　　-- The theory is supported by the fact.
　　-- The theory is based on the fact.
　　
　　12... A
　　even so（conj.虽然如此） 注意：要有上下文
　　-- He is very tired, even so he keeps studying English hard.
　　Although（conj.虽然, 尽管）引导让步状语从句
　　in spite of（虽然, 尽管）只用了连接名词、动名词或代词
　　moreover（adv.而且；此外）表示递近关系
　　-- I don‘t like skating; moreover, the ice is too thin. 我不喜欢溜冰，而且冰也太薄。

xjwxx

　Lesson 10 The loss of the Titanic “泰坦尼克”号的沉没
　　New words and expression 生词和短语
　　Southampton n.南安普敦（英国港市）
　　
　　Colossal adj.庞大的（= large in size）
　　-- A ship Titanic was colossal.
　　-- A colossal monument / A colossal statue
　　big
　　-- You give me a big surprise.
　　-- He is a big person.（重要）
　　-- The box is big.（large and heavy）
　　large（体积大 、数量大）
　　-- an empty large box（体积大） / a large number of people（数量大）
　　great （伟大）
　　vast （辽阔、广阔） -- vast desert
　　immense（adj.极广大的, 无边的）
　　-- immense = immeasurable 不可测量的 （measurable adj.可测量的）
　　-- an immense stadium / an immense iceberg
　　enormous（重点突出数量、程度、体积）---强调程度时比big语气, 且更正式。
　　-- We had an enormous lunch.
　　-- He made a big success. / He made an enormous success.
　　Giant（n.巨人, 大力士 adj.庞大的, 巨大的）= gigantic（adj.巨人般的, 巨大的）
　　-- a giant person
　　tremendous （= big、fast、powerful）
　　-- The plane is travelling at tremendous speed.
　　Titanic（用于修饰人和物、体积大、力量大）
　　-- The ship is titanic.
　　Huge
　　-- 强调体积大a huge stone / 数量巨大a huge sum of money
　　
　　watertight adj.不漏水的 （-- a watertight ship）
　　watertight（引申为无限可击的、毫无破绽的）
　　-- watertight arguments 无懈可击的论点 / watertight excuse 毫无破绽的借口
　　water proof（adj.防水的） proof（adj.不能透入的）
　　-- waterproof watch 防水手表 / waterproof coat 防水雨衣
　　
　　compartment n.（轮船的）密封舱
　　
　　flood v.充满水（= be filled with water）
　　-- The ship is flooded.
　　-- The room was flooded with moonlight.
　　-- Our classroom is flooded with sunshine.
　　Flood n.洪水（-- in flood 洪水泛滥）
　　-- During the rains, the river is in flood
　　引申表示连续不断的、滔滔不绝的（-- in a flood of words ）
　　-- She blamed her husband in a flood of words on seeing him.
　　
　　Float v.漂浮, 飘浮 = drift（vi,vt漂浮, 漂荡, 漂流 n.漂流物, 漂流）
　　
　　tragic adj.悲惨的（= unfortunate）-- a tragic accident
　　miserable（adj.痛苦的, 悲惨的）
　　bitter adj.痛苦的
　　tragedy n.悲剧, 惨案（-- in tragedy以悲剧形式）
　　-- The holiday ended in tragedy.
　　Comedy n.喜剧
　　comic adj.喜剧的, 滑稽的
　　comical adj.古怪的, 可笑的（含有贬义）
　　
　　liner n.班船
　　
　　voyage n.航行（海上航行）/ flight飞行 / journey长途行程
　　-- The voyage is more than the old lady can bear.
　　navigation 航海, 航行学, 航海[航空]术
　　-- navigation light 夜航灯光, 导航灯
　　
　　Iceberg n.冰山
　　lookout n.了望员
　　
　　collision n.碰撞
　　collide  vi 碰撞, 抵触
　　-- The plane collided with the mountain.
　　crash  v.坠毁
　　-- It is said that there is an airplane that crashed in the mountains.
　　conflict  vi.和某事（某人）相抵触
　　-- My idea conflicts with yours.
　　clash  vi.相冲突
　　-- His wedding clashed with my examination, so I couldn‘t go.
　　
　　Narrowly adv.刚刚，勉强地
　　miss v.避开
　　slight adj.轻微的
　　
　　tremble v.震颤（有规律的、小幅度的抖动）
　　-- Look, your hands are trembling. what‘s wrong with you?
　　Shiver  v.强调由于寒冷、惧怕而一连串地抖动
　　-- I found he‘s shivering in a cold.
　　shudder  vi.强调全身的颤栗
　　-- The boy is shuddering, why? Because he was frightened.
　　
　　Faint adj.微弱的（= weak adj.弱的, 虚弱的）
　　-- faint sound, weak sound / weak voice, faint voice
　　= unconscious（adj.失去知觉, 无意识的）
　　-- He has been faint for a long time.
　　slight  adj.轻微的, 微不足道的
　　-- a slight headache 点轻微的头疼 / a slight book 一本微不足道的书
　　
　　horror n.恐惧
　　
　　abandon v.抛弃（因为某事而被迫放弃自己喜爱的事物）
　　-- He abandoned his research because of the war.
　　desert （vt.放弃, 遗弃, 离弃）
　　-- desert the army / desert the duty / desert his family
　　
　　plunge v.投入，跳入（= jump or rush suddenly and wildly）
　　-- He got so angry that he plunge into the water.
　　-- When the ship Titanic sank in the ocean, a large number of people plunged into...
　　jump（侧重强调快速地跳）
　　-- The boy is jumping up and down.
　　Leap vt. 跳跃, 跳越（-- He leapt out of the sleeping bad.）
　　Dive vi.潜水, 跳水, 下潜, 俯冲
　　
　　lifeboat n.救生船
　　
　　passenger n.乘客, 旅客
　　crew n.全体人员 ton n.吨, 大量, 许多
　　unsinkable adj.不会下沉的，不会沉底的
　　sinking n.沉没 Atlantic n.大西洋 adj.大西洋的
　　Alarm n.警报
　　Sharply adj.突然地, 急剧地, 强烈地, 尖锐地
　　Direct adj.直接的, 笔直的
　　Trembling adj.发抖的, 震颤的, 颤抖的 n.发抖, 震颤
　　
　　Text 课文
　　What would have happened if only two of the sixteen water-tight compartments had been flooded?
　　The great ship, Titanic, sailed for New York from Southampton on April 10th, 1912.
　　The great ship, Titanic, sailed for... 背景介绍
　　sail for… 航海去往某处
　　set out for / set off for 出发去往某处
　　leave for / head for / make for 出发去往某处
　　-- He will set out for the Atlantic.
　　-- The plane is making for the airport.
　　-- We are heading for Canada.
　　
　　She was carrying 1,316 passengers and a crew of 891.
　　She was carrying... （carry 表示载有）
　　a crew of 一组人员
　　
　　Even by modern standards, the 46,000 ton Titanic was a colossal ship.
　　modern standards 现代的标准
　　by = according to 表示依据
　　-- by regulation依据规则 （regulation n.规则, 规章）
　　-- by rules依据条例（rule n.规则, 惯例）
　　-- by our estimate 依据我们的估计（estimate n.估计, 估价, 评估 v.估计, 估价, 评估）
　　-- by one‘s looks = by one‘s appearance 根据某人的长相（appearance n.外貌, 出现）
　　according to… 依据（事实、课文等客观存在的现实）
　　-- according to the fact 依据事实
　　-- according to the text 依据这篇课文
　　in accordance with = according to
　　in accordance with… 依据（法律等），更加正式
　　-- in accordance with law / in accordance with rules
　　in my opinion 在我看来
　　
　　At the time, however, she was not only the largest ship that had ever been built, but was
　　regarded as unsinkable, for she had sixteen watertight compartments.
　　At that time 在当时
　　not only... but(also)... 不仅…而且…
　　be regarded as = be considered to be = be thought of as 把...看作为
　　口语中：regard sb./sth. As + (n./porn./adj./doing/done)
　　-- I regard his idea as totally unacceptable.（adj.无法接受的, 不受欢迎的）
　　-- We can‘t regard the matter as settled.（adj.定下的, 决定的）
　　for 表示原因
　　
　　Even if two of these were flooded, she would still be able to float.
　　be able to 强调有能力
　　
　　The tragic sinking of this great liner will always be remembered, for she went down on her
　　first voyage with heavy loss of life.
　　be remembered 被永远记住 （always adv.永远, 始终, 总是）
　　go down = sink
　　on her first voyage 处女航, 首航
　　with heavy loss of life 损失惨重, 造成大批人员的死亡
　　
　　Four days after setting out, while the Titanic was sailing across the icy water of the North
　　Atlantic, huge iceberg was suddenly spotted by a lookout.
　　four days after setting out... = four days after setting off...
　　spotted = discovered
　　icy（adj.冰冷的, 冷淡的, 盖着冰的） waters（n.水域, 海域）
　　
　　After the alarm had been given, the great ship turned sharply to avoid a direct collision.
　　the alarm had been given 发出警报
　　to avoid... 不定式表目的
　　
　　The Titanic turned just in time, narrowly missing the immense wall of ice which rose over
　　100 feet out of the water beside her.
　　Just in time 很及时
　　Missing… 现在分词做状语, 对主句的补充说明
　　which 指代the immense wall of ice
　　
　　Suddenly, there was a slight trembling sound from below, and the captain went down to see
　　what had happened.
　　from below 从下方 / from above 从上方
　　
　　The noise had been so faint that no one though that the ship had been damaged.
　　So faint that no one thought that...（so...that…）
　　
　　Below, the captain realized to his horror that the Titanic was sinking rapidly, for five of her
　　sixteen watertight compartments had already been flooded!
　　to one‘s horror 使某人感到惊恐
　　to one‘s surprise 使某人感到惊讶
　　
　　The order to abandon ship was given and hundreds of people plunged into the icy water.
　　The order was given 命令被下达 / to abandon ship 弃船（不定式做定语）
　　-- be able to do sth 能够做某事 / the ability to do sth 做某事的能力
　　-- order sb to do sth 命令某人做某事 / the order to do sth 做某事的命令
　　-- be capable of doing sth 有能力做某事 / capability of doing sth 做某事的能力
　　ability（n.能力, 才干）
　　capable（adj.有能力的, 能干的, 有可能的）
　　capability（n.能力, 才能, 才干）
　　
　　As there were not enough lifeboats for everybody, 1,500 lives were lost.
　　As = because
　　
　　Special difficulties 难点
　　1>动词后加-er
　　如果是以不发音的e结尾的, 只加r（表示行为的主动者, 做某事的人）。
　　work à worker / teachàteacher / writeàwriter / readàreader
　　murder（vt.谋杀, 凶杀）à murderer（n.杀人犯, 凶手）
　　2>动词、名词后加-ist （表示某种主义信仰者, 从事某种职业、研究的人。）
　　Copy à copyist（n.抄写员, 模仿者）
　　type à typist（n.打字员）
　　novel（n.小说, 长篇故事）à novelist（n.小说作家）
　　drug（n.药）à druggist（n.药商, 药剂师）
　　tobacco（n.烟草, 烟草制品）à tobacconist（n.烟草商, 烟店）
　　3 >形容词后加-ness（抽象名词, 表示一种性质、情况、状态）
　　kind à kindness（n.仁慈, 亲切, 好意, 善意）
　　bitter à bitterness（n.苦味, 辛酸, 苦难）
　　happy à happiness（n.幸福, 快乐）--- 以结尾要变y为i加ness.
　　willing（adj.乐意的, 自愿的）à willingness（n.自动自发,积极肯干）
　　4>某些动词后加-ion,构成名词。
　　Suggest à suggestion
　　possess（vt.占有, 拥有, 持有）à possession（n.拥有, 占有）
　　collect à collection（n.收藏, 搜集品）
　　以-te结尾的动词, 把不发音的-e去掉, 在加-ion.
　　Translate（vt.翻译, 解释, 转化） à translation（n.翻译, 译文, 转化）
　　complete à completion（n.完成）
　　graduate（v.(使)(大学)毕业）à graduation（n.毕业, 毕业典礼）
　　某些以-aim/-ain结尾的动词、把-i去掉，在加-ation.
　　Explain（v.解释, 说明）à explanation（n.解释, 解说, 说明）
　　Exclaim（v.呼喊, 惊叫, 大声叫）à exclamation（n.惊叫, 喊叫）
　　5>（以-able/-ible结尾的）形容词之后加-ity变成（以-ability/-ibility结尾的）抽象名词
　　（表示性质、状态）
　　able à ability
　　probable（adj.很可能的, 大概的）à probability（n.可能性, 或然性, 概率）
　　possible（adj.可能的）à possibility（n.可能性, 可能发生的事物）
　　mobile（adj.可移动的, 机动的）à mobility（n.活动性, 灵活性, 机动性）
　　
　　Exercise：
　　Violin（n.小提琴）à violinist（n.小提琴演奏者, 小提琴家）
　　Responsible（adj.有责任的, 可靠的）à responsibility（n.责任, 职责）
　　Careless（adj.粗心的, 疏忽的） à carelessness
　　1> physics（n.物理学）à physicist（n.物理学者, 唯物论者）
　　2> mine（n.矿v.开采, 开矿）à miner（n.矿工）
　　3> human（n.人类adj.人类的）à humanity（n.人性, 人类）
　　4> impress（vt.留下印象）à impression（n.印象, 感想）
　　-- make a good impression
　　5> original（adj.最初的, 原始的）à originality（n.创意, 创造性）
　　
　　Multiple choice questions 多项选择
　　1... D maiden（n.少女, 处女 adj.未婚的, 纯洁的, 处女的）
　　-- on her first = maiden voyage 首航, 处女航
　　
　　2…C course（n.过程, 路线, 课程）
　　-- steep（adj.陡峭的, 险峻的）à steeply（adv.险峻地）
　　
　　3... A
　　
　　4... B on board her（her指代的是the great ship）
　　-- on board the plane 在飞机上
　　-- on board the train 在火车上
　　-- on board the ship 在轮船上
　　
　　5... D 表示下沉的可能性
　　
　　6… D 有了“段时间”four days, 所以用过去完成进行时。
　　
　　7... B so位于句首, 句子必须倒装。
　　
　　8... D
　　
　　9... A veer（vi.转向vt.使转向）= turn
　　
　　10... C just in time = with no time to spare  躲得很及时
　　in next to no time = at once = immediately
　　on a sudden impulse 凭一时的冲动（impulse n.冲动, 推动, 刺激）
　　
　　11... B 重点在于下去调查
　　investigate（v.调查, 研究） examine（v.检查, 调查）
　　
　　12... A room（n.空间）
　　volume（n.容量, 容积）
　　area（n.范围, 区域,地区）
　　place（n.地方, 地点）

xjwxx

Lesson 11 Not guilty 无罪
　　New words and expression 生词和短语
　　Guilty adj.犯罪的，违法的
　　-- He felt guilty when he did what he shouldn‘t have done.
　　-- He said that with a guilty smile.
　　Guilt (n.罪行, 内疚) guiltily (adv.有罪地, 有罪似地)
　　反义词：innocent (adj.清白的, 无罪的) innocence (n.清白)
　　
　　tolerant adj.宽容的 à Tolerantly (adv.)
　　-- A tolerant person must be easy going. 一个宽容的人一定是很好相处的。
　　Tolerance (n.宽容, 忍受, 容忍) Tolerate (vt.忍受, 容忍)
　　Tolerable (adj.可忍受的) hardship (n.困苦, 艰难, 辛苦)
　　-- The hardship is tolerable. 这种困苦还是可以忍受的。
　　
　　declare v.申报
　　
　　hardened adj.有经验的（侧重于老练的）
　　-- a hardened player / a hardened thief
　　experienced adj.富有经验的 (侧重于有经验的)
　　-- an experienced teacher
　　
　　professional adj.职业的，专业的
　　-- a professional player 一个职业的选手
　　
　　smuggler n.走私者
　　
　　officious adj.爱管闲事的 / Officiousness (n.)
　　-- A lot of old ladies are officious.
　　Officious adj.多管闲事的, 非官方的, 非正式的, 专横的
　　-- civil（adj.全民的, 市民的, 公民的, 国民的）
　　-- servant（n.仆人）
　　-- civil servant n.文职人员,公务员,公仆,(联合国等机构的行政人员)
　　-- officious civil servant 爱管闲事的的公务员
　　-- an officious police officer 专横的的警官
　　Officiously（adv.多管闲事的, 非正式的, 非官方的）
　　official adj.官方的, 官员的, 正式的
　　-- An official inquiry will be made into this matter.（inquiry n.质询, 调查）
　　 此事将进行一次官方调查。
　　
　　Confidently adv.自信地（= with confidence 充满信心的）
　　-- He went to do the work confidently.
　　Confident (adj.自信的, 确信的)
　　Confidence (n.信心)
　　-- have confidence 有信心 / gain confidence 获得信心
　　in confidence (悄悄的,秘密的) = secretly
　　take sb into one‘s confidence 以某人为心腹
　　-- The boss takes his secretary into his confidence.
　　
　　dreadful adj.可怕的，一团糟的 （= frightful adj.糟糕的, 讨厌的）
　　dreadful（侧重于可怕的, 乱七八糟的）
　　-- The room is dreadful / a frightful day
　　fearful（表示胆怯的, 恐惧的）
　　-- she felt fearful particularly when she went out at night.（adv.独特地, 显著地）
　　
　　pounce v.猛抓，扑住
　　
　　perfume n.香水（人造的）
　　fragrance （抽象名词）n.芬芳, 芳香, 香气, 香味
　　
　　sarcastically adv.讽刺地
　　exempt adj.被免除的
　　
　　duty n.税
　　-- Customs Duty 关税 / duty free 免税的
　　-- Stamp Duty 印花税 （stamp n.邮票, 印花, 图章, 标志）
　　同义词：tax n.税, 税款, 税金
　　-- income tax 所得税
　　
　　gel n.凝胶
　　
　　mixture n.混合物
　　mix（v.使混和, 混淆, 混合） -- mix sth With
　　-- Oil does not mix with water. 油不能和水融合在一起
　　
　　unscrew v.拧开
　　nostril n.鼻孔
　　chalk n.粉笔
　　
　　baggage n.行李
　　同义词：luggage（n.行李, 皮箱）
　　
　　trouble vt.(使)烦恼, 麻烦, 打扰
　　hide vt.vi.（hid, hidden, hiding）隐藏
　　eh int.(表示惊奇、疑问等) 啊，嗯
　　particular（adj.特殊的, 特别的, 独特的）
　　particularly（adv.异常地,显著地,特别地,格外,尤其）
　　import n.进口, 进口货(常用复数), 输入
　　encouraging（adj.鼓励的） encouragingly（adv.鼓励的）
　　greet vt.问候, 向...致意, 映入眼帘
　　convince vt.使确信, 使信服
　　
　　Text 课文
　　What was the Customs Officer looking for?
　　Customs Officers are quite tolerant these days, but they can still stop you when you are
　　going through the Green Channel and have nothing to declare.
　　the Green Channel = the Custom Office
　　我们在运用形容词、动词时, 往往需要用副词来强调。
　　Really（表示“真正的”）
　　-- a really officious person
　　particularly（强调“特别, 尤其是”）
　　absolutely（强调“绝对的”）
　　completely = entirely = fully = thoroughly（强调“完全的, 彻底的”）
　　extremely（强调“特别, 特别是”）
　　fairly adv.相当地, 还算（语气一般）
　　-- a fairly gook book. 一本还算可以的书。
　　very（语气程度强烈“非常”）
　　-- a very good book. 一本非常好的书。
　　rather 语意程度接近fairly, 注意不冠词的位置。
　　-- a fairly good book.
　　-- a rather good book = rather a good book (更常用)
　　quite right / quit wrong / quite mistaken / quite sure
　　even really honest people...
　　a particularly officious young Customs officer...
　　
　　Even really honest people are often made to feel guilty.
　　are made to feel guilty
　　make, have, let及感官性动词see, hear, notice, feel 用于主动语态, 符合宾语不定式的符号to
　　应省略。但这种结构改成被动式时, 不定式符号to必须还原。
　　-- We heard someone come up the stairs.
　　-- Someone was heard to come up the stairs.
　　
　　The hardened professional smuggler, on the other hand, is never troubled by such feelings,
　　even if he has five hundred gold watches hidden in his suitcase.
　　even if he has five hundred gold watches hidden in his suitcase.
　　= Even if/though he has five hundred golden watches that are hidden in his suitcase.
　　hidden in his suitcase（过去分词短语作定语, 修饰watches）
　　On the one hand..., on the other hand…。
　　-- On the one hand we could stay and help you, but on the other hand it might be better if you
　　 went to help him instead.
　　When I returned form abroad recently, a particularly officious young Customs Officer
　　clearly regarded me as a smuggler.
　　
　　‘Have you anything to declare?‘ he asked, looking me in the eye.
　　looking me in the eye 两眼直盯盯的注视着我
　　= look sb in the face = stare sb in the eyes = look directly at sb
　　-- Not one of the men dared look him in the eye. 没有人敢正眼看他。
　　
　　‘No‘, I answered confidently.
　　‘Would you mind unlocking this suitcase please?‘ ‘Not at all,‘ I answered.
　　Would you mind unlocking this suitcase, please?
　　注意：mind后面的动名词形式
　　
　　The Officer went through the case with great care.
　　The Officer went through the case with great care.
　　= The Officer examined the case carefully
　　with great care 强调相当的仔细
　　
　　All the thing I had packed so carefully were soon in a dreadful mess.
　　in a mess 乱作一团
　　介词in 和名词搭配，表示一种状态
　　-- in good order 秩序井然 / -- in good health 身体健康
　　-- in a good mood 心情好 / -- in a good temper 脾气好
　　
　　I felt sure I would never be able to close the case again.
　　
　　Suddenly, I saw the Officer‘s face light up.
　　light up 喜气洋洋, 容光焕发
　　-- Marsha’s face lit up when she saw her old friend.
　　-- His face lighted up at the small triumph.（n.胜利, 成功）
　　-- Tom really lighted up when he saw the new bicycle.
　　Light的过去式与过去分词即可以是lit, 也可以是lighted.
　　-- 但是如果运用过去分词作定语, 表示被点燃的, 要用lighted。
　　-- a lighted cigar 一支被点燃的雪茄
　　-- a lighted stick 点燃的火炬
　　
　　He had spotted a tiny bottle at the bottom of my case and he pounced on it with delight.
　　with delight 欣喜若狂地 （with和抽象名词搭配, 表示内心充满了一种感情）
　　-- with confidence 自信地 / -- with care 细心地
　　-- with pride 骄傲地 / -- with delight 欣喜若狂地
　　pounce on 向...猛扑过去, 对...大做文章
　　-- The policeman pounced on the thief. 警察向小偷猛扑过去。
　　-- Don‘t pounce on my mistake. 不要对我的错误大做文章。
　　
　　‘Perfume, eh?‘ he asked sarcastically. ‘You should have declared that. Perfume is not exempt
　　from import duty.‘
　　should have和过去分词搭配（表示本应该做某事却没有做, 具有谴责性的味道）
　　-- You should have arrived here five minutes earlier.
　　-- You should have told me about it.
　　shouldn‘t have done 本不应该做某事
　　exempt v.免除 adj.被免除的（be exempt from）
　　-- Drinks are not exempt from import duty. Perfume is not exempt from import duty either.
　　
　　‘But it isn‘t perfume,‘ I said. ‘It‘s hair gel.‘ Then I added with a smile, ‘It‘s a strange mixture
　　I make myself.‘
　　
　　As I expected, he did not believe me.
　　As：关系代词（引导非限制性定语从句, 它所指代的内容就是主句的整个句子的含义）
　　-- As we know, the earth is round. 众所周知, 地球是圆的。
　　-- As I mentioned 正如我所提及的
　　-- As I soon learned, he was English himself. 正如我很快得知的,他也是英国人。
　　关系代词as和which的区别：
　　as所引导的非限制性定语从句, 可用在主句之前。
　　which引导的非限制性定语从句, 只能用在主句之后。
　　
　　‘Try it!‘ I said encouragingly.
　　Encouragingly 副词形式
　　
　　The officer unscrewed the cap and put the bottle to his nostrils.
　　
　　He was greeted by an unpleasant smell which convinced him that I was telling the truth.
　　Greet
　　1> vt.问候, 向...致意
　　2> vt.觉察到, 呈现在...眼前, 在...耳边
　　-- I woke up and was greeted by a bird‘s song. 当我醒来时, 耳边是鸟鸣声。
　　-- Inside the room a dreadful mess greeted us. 当我进入房间，眼前是一堆乱七八糟的东西。
　　-- When he went into the kitchen, a smell greeted him.
　　
　　A few minutes later, I was able to hurry away with precious chalk marks on my baggage.
　　Precious adj.宝贵的, 贵重的
　　
　　Special difficulties 难点
　　Canada n.加拿大
　　Canadian adj.加拿大的 n.加拿大人
　　Expectation n.期待, 预料
　　France n.法国, 法兰西
　　French n.法国人, 法语 adj.法国的, 法国人的, 法语的
　　Germany n.德国
　　German n.德国人, 德语 adj.德国的, 德国人的, 德语的
　　Danish n.丹麦语 adj.丹麦的
　　Denmark n.丹麦（北欧国家,首都哥本哈根）
　　Copenhagen n.哥本哈根
　　Tivoli n.提沃利（意大利中部一城市）
　　
　　Multiple choice questions 多项选择
　　1.C potential（adj.潜在的, 可能的）
　　
　　2.C what提问 à 名词回答 idea（n.想法, 念头）
　　
　　3.A smuggle（n.走私, 偷带 v.走私）
　　
　　4.D
　　
　　5.C look him in the eyes/face = look directly at him
　　
　　6.B would you kindly do sth please? （一种有礼貌的请求）
　　
　　7.A should = ought to
　　
　　8.A Having finished his homework, he went to bed.
　　
　　9.C easy-going（adj.好相处的, 随和的）
　　tolerable（adj.可容忍的  能忍耐的）
　　placid（adj.平静的）
　　negligent（adj.疏忽的, 粗心大意的）
　　
　　10 A feel ashamed of… 为…感到羞愧
　　unashamed（adj.不害羞的, 不知耻的）
　　guiltless（adj.无罪的, 无辜的）
　　
　　11.D
　　incomprehensible（= unable to be understood）adj.不能理解的
　　technical（adj.专业性的, 技术的, 技术上的）
　　-- The article is full of incomprehensible technical expressions.
　　Incredible（= unbelievable）adj.难以置信的, 不可思议的
　　-- What you said is incredible.
　　Incredulous（adj.怀疑的, 不轻信的）
　　-- He is an incredulous person.
　　Skeptical（unwilling to believe）adj.好怀疑的, 怀疑的
　　
　　12. baggage（n.行李, <军队的>行装）= luggage（n.行李, 皮箱）
　　casement（n.门式窗）
　　equipment（n.装备, 设备, 器材, 装置）

xjwxx

　Lesson 12 Life on a desert island
　　New words and expression 生词和短语
　　desert island 荒岛
　　desert n.沙漠 vt.背弃,遗弃
　　dessert n.甜点
　　
　　unrealistic adj.不真实
　　
　　paradise n.天堂，乐士
　　-- A lot of people imagine the USA as their paradise.
　　Heaven n.天堂, 天国（也指死亡 -- go to heaven）
　　
　　wretched adj.可怜的，艰苦的
　　= miserable adj.痛苦的, 悲惨的, 可怜
　　-- lead a wretched/miserable/terrible/dog’s life. 过着悲惨的生活。
　　
　　starve v.挨饿（-- starve to death 饿死）
　　-- During the war, a large of people starved to death.
　　-- hungry to death 我饿得要死（即：我非常饿）
　　
　　element n.成分
　　
　　opportunity n.机会
　　golden opportunity 绝好的机会
　　-- Don’t miss any golden opportunities.
　　-- opportunity knocks only once 千载难逢的机会
　　chance 表机会时可以与opportunity互换（后面+of doing, 或to do）
　　-- I had the chance of visiting Paris. = I had the opportunity of visiting Paris.
　　-- He had no opportunity to see her.
　　chance表可能性时(= possibility), 则不可opportunity互换。
　　-- There is a chance that I will see him. 我有可能见到她。
　　-- The chances are that he will be elected the president. 他有可能当选总统。
　　-- The chances are that he will pass his examination next week.
　　
　　coral n.珊瑚
　　Virgin Islands 维尔京群岛
　　Miami n.迈阿密（美国最南的城市）
　　Dinghy n.救生筏，小船
　　Caribbean n.加勒比海
　　spear gun 捕鱼枪
　　lobster n.龙虾
　　tanker n.油轮
　　genuinely adv.由衷地
　　-- He is genuinely thankful to me. 他由衷地地感谢我。
　　Genuine adj.真实的, 真正的, 诚恳的
　　Genuineness（n.）
　　
　　Robinson Crusoe 鲁滨孙.克鲁索（小说《鲁滨孙漂流记》主人公）
　　
　　Exceptional adj.例外的, 异常的
　　Ripe adj.熟的, 成熟的
　　Fruit n.水果, 果实, 果类, 成果
　　Opposite adj.相对的, 相反的, 对等的 n.相反的事物
　　Sink vi.沉下, (使)下沉
　　Prove vt.证明, 证实
　　Spear n.矛, 枪
　　
　　Text 课文
　　What was exceptional about the two men‘s stay on the desert island?
　　Most of us have formed an unrealistic picture of life on a desert island.
　　form an unrealistic picture of sth 对…抱有不切实际的幻想
　　-- A large number of people have formed an unrealistic picture of the job.
　　Form（v.形成, 构成）= develop（vt.逐渐形成）
　　-- develop a habit = form a habit 养成一种习惯
　　
　　We sometimes imagine a desert island to be a sort of paradise where the sun always shines.
　　imagine sth to be = imagine sth as
　　-- Some people imagine flying to be more dangerous than traveling by train.
　　-- A large number people imagine the USA as their paradise.
　　
　　Life there is simple and good. Ripe fruit falls from the trees and you never have to work.
　　You never have to work = you needn’t work = you don’t need to work
　　
　　The other side of the picture is quite the opposite. Life on a desert island is wretched.
　　quite the opposite 恰恰相反 / quite different
　　
　　You either starve to death or live like Robinson Crusoe, Waiting for a boat which never
　　comes.
　　Either you or I am going to the party. （谓语动词和最接近的主语保持一致）
　　Either come in or go out, don’t stand on the doorway.（门口, 门道）
　　
　　Perhaps there is an element of truth in both these pictures, but few us have had the
　　opportunity to find out.
　　an element of truth = a bit of truth
　　Optimistic（adj.乐观的） Pessimistic（adj.悲观的, 消极的）
　　Two men who recently spent five days on a coral island wished they had stayed there longer.
　　谓语动词wish之后的宾语从句中要使用虚拟语气
　　1>如果表达与现在情况相反, that从句中的动词要用过去时（be 动词要用were）。
　　-- I wish you could drive a car. = I am sorry you can’t drive a car.
　　 所表达的意思是：你要是能开车就好了。（表达一种遗憾的心情）
　　2>如果表达与过去情况相反, that从句中的动词要用过去完成时。
　　-- I wish I hadn‘t spent so much money. = I am sorry I spend so much money.
　　-- I wish that you had written to him. = I am sorry you didn’t write to him.
　　3>如果表达与将来事实相反的情况或将来不可能实现的心愿, that从句中要使用would,
　　could 等情态动词的过去时形式。
　　-- I wish that I could go abroad tomorrow.
　　-- I wish that you could come here tomorrow.
　　4>if only要比wish更富有戏剧性和感情色彩
　　-- If only the weather would change. = I wish the weather would change.
　　 要是天气转晴该有多好啊！
　　-- We wish that we knew where to look for him. = If only we knew where to look for him.
　　要是我们知道到哪去找他该有多好啊！
　　-- If only we could have gone to the party. 要是我们昨天能参加那个聚会该有多好啊！
　　-- If only you hadn‘t said that. 你要是不说那句话多好啊！
　　-- If only you would come here tomorrow. 你明天要是能来该有多好啊！
　　
　　They were taking a badly damaged boat from the Virgin Islands to Miami to have it repaired
　　During the journey, their boat began to sink.
　　have it repaired （have sth done）
　　
　　They quickly loaded a small rubber dinghy with food, matches, and cans of beer and rowed
　　for a few miles across the Caribbean until they arrived at a tiny coral island.
　　load…with sth 把某物装载到…上
　　-- The workers are loading the truck with goods.
　　Unload（vi.卸货, 退子弹 vt.倾销, 卸）
　　
　　There were hardly any trees on the island and there was no water, but this did not prove to
　　be a problem.
　　hardly any = very little/few （hardly adv.刚刚, 几乎不）
　　-- Hardly anybody likes him because he is so rude. 几乎没人喜欢他, 因为他非常粗鲁。
　　-- You hardly eat anything, what‘s wrong? 你几乎什么都没吃, 怎么了？
　　prove to be = turn out to be
　　
　　The men collected rainwater in the rubber dinghy.
　　As they had brought a spear gun with them, they had plenty to eat.
　　
　　They caught lobster and fish every day, and, as one of them put it ‘ate like kings‘.
　　Put = express
　　
　　When a passing tanker rescued them five days later, both men were genuinely sorry that
　　they had to leave.
　　Both men were genuinely sorry that they had to leave.
　　= If only we could have stayed on the desert island a little bit longer.
　　
　　Special difficulties 难点
　　wish, if only
　　1> had bought it（显然说明的是过去的情况）
　　-- silly adj.愚蠢的, 无聊的
　　2> couldn‘t/wouldn‘t make such noise.
　　3> were here （强调：他在这儿, 该有多好）
　　　说明与现在情况相反的概念, 无论什么人称, be动词应该使用were.
　　4> could play the piano as well...
　　5> had studied hard then.
　　6> hadn‘t mentioned it to him.
　　
　　Multiple choice questions 多项选择
　　1... C 要么是过度乐观, 要么是过度的悲观
　　unreal adj.不真实的, 虚幻的
　　present vt.介绍, 赠送, 呈现
　　wretchedness n.可怜, 悲惨
　　idleness n.闲散, 懒惰, 赋闲无事
　　unduly adv.不适当地, 过度地, 不正当地
　　optimistic adj.乐观的
　　pessimistic adj.悲观的, 厌世的
　　
　　2... D essential（adj.必需的, 基本的）= very necessary
　　equipment n.装备, 设备
　　
　　3... A fend for oneself 独立的照料某人
　　
　　4... B think of sb/sth as… 把某人、某事看作为...
　　
　　5... D few of us 我们当中没有几个人
　　
　　6... C after(介词)其后要和名词、动名词搭配
　　-- after(连词)引导时间状语从句, 表示动作在前。（A答案变为they had rowed就对了）
　　
　　7... B Refrigerators are useful.= A refrigerator is useful.
　　Scarce adj.缺乏的, 不足的, 稀有的, 不充足的
　　
　　8... C 为做过的事情后悔：regret + doing be sorry that是否可以表示后悔去做某事？
　　9... B
　　inhabited（adj.有人居住的） uninhabited（adj.无人居住的）
　　unpopular adj.不流行的, 不受欢迎的
　　barren adj.不生育的, 不孕的, 贫瘠的 n.荒地
　　
　　10... D 完全不同的 entirely different
　　naturally adv.自然地, 天然地
　　
　　11... D
　　觉得、发现某人或某事怎么样：find sb/sth to be
　　-- They found the trip to be very exciting.
　　某人或某事被发现怎么样, 常用被动语态。
　　-- The car is found to be beautiful.
　　Demonstrate v.论证,表明,举行,示威
　　
　　12... A put it = express

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Lesson 13 "It‘s only me‘ “是我，别害怕”
　　New words and expression 生词和短语
　　Costume n.化装服
　　-- costume ball 化妆舞会 / costume party
　　-- fancy (dress) party 化妆舞会
　　suit（n.西装, 西服） dress（n.裙子）
　　
　　consist v.由…组成
　　1> consist of... 由...组成（表示被动概念）
　　2> be made up of… 由...组成
　　3> comprise v.包含, 由...组成（整体由部分所构成）
　　-- Our class consists of 100 students.
　　= Our class is made up of more than 100 students.
　　-- The United Kingdom consists of G.B and Northern Ireland.
　　= The United Kingdom comprises G.B and Northern Ireland.
　　-- The house consists of six rooms.
　　4> be composed of… 由...组成（强调有什么成分所组成）
　　-- Water is composed of oxygen and hydrogen.（compose v.组成, 写作）
　　-- oxygen（n.氧，氧气） hydrogen（n.氢）
　　5> constitute vt.组成, 构成（部分构成整体）
　　-- G.B and Northern Ireland constitute The United Kingdom.（Ireland n.爱尔兰）
　　-- The committee consists of 10 members. （committee n.委员会）
　　= Ten members constitute the committee.
　　
　　Sheet n.被单
　　
　　Effective adj.有明显效果的，有作用的
　　-- The costume is quite effective.
　　-- His words was effective.
　　Influential adj.有影响的, 有势力的（有潜移默化影响力的）
　　-- What our parents do is influential to children.
　　Efficacious adj.(医药)有效的，灵验的
　　-- The drug is efficacious
　　Fruitful adj.有成效的, 产生结果的
　　-- Their experiment is fruitful.
　　
　　Comfortable adj.舒适的 （反义词：uncomfortable）
　　Comfort（n.舒适 v.安慰）
　　Discomfort（n.不舒适 vt.使不舒适, 使不便）
　　-- In spite of discomforts he is determined to stay here.
　　
　　Storeroom n.储藏室
　　Electricity n.电
　　Metre n.电表 （ammeter n.电表）
　　Pace n.一步
　　
　　Flee v. (fled, fled)逃走
　　Flee vt.vi.(总称)泛泛强调逃离危险的禁地
　　Panic（n.惊慌, 恐慌） bull（n.公牛）
　　-- The people fled in panic when the bull got loose. 当牛挣脱绳子时人们惊慌的四散而逃。
　　Escape（vi.逃出监狱, 逃出牢笼 vt.逃掉, 逃出）
　　-- He was able to escape from the house.
　　-- I am sorry your name escaped me. 很抱歉, 我忘记你的名字了。
　　-- They tried to escape death.
　　
　　Slam v.砰地关上（同义词：bang v.发巨响, 重击）
　　-- slam the door 砰地关上门
　　-- He left the room slam/bang the door behind him. 他离开了房间在身后砰地把门关上。
　　
　　Stair n.楼梯, 阶梯
　　Fancy n.幻想, 爱好, 迷恋, 想象力 adj.奇特的, 异样的
　　Dine vi.吃饭, 进餐 Dining n.吃饭, 进餐
　　Baker n.面包师
　　Hide vt.vi.( hid, hidden, hiding)隐藏
　　Hall n.走廊, 门厅
　　Board n.(政府机关或商业)部门
　　
　　Text 课文
　　What did the man expect to find under the stairs?
　　After her husband had gone to work, Mrs. Richards sent her children to school and went
　　upstairs to her bedroom.
　　
　　She was too excited to do any housework that morning, for in the evening she would be going
　　to a fancy-dress part with her husband.
　　fancy-dress party = costume party
　　1> too ... to… 太...而不能… （不定式to在大部分情况下表示否定概念）
　　2> not/never too ... to… 并不太...所以能够…
　　-- One is never too old to learn 活到老, 学到老。
　　-- The question is not too difficult for me to answer. 这个问题并不太难, 所以我能够答得出。
　　3>如果在副词too前发现修饰语all, but, only, 不定式to的概念也是肯定的。
　　-- They are all too satisfied to work with you.
　　-- I am only too glad to have someone to speak to. 我太高兴了, 想找个人说话。
　　-- He was but too eager to get home.
　　
　　She intended to dress up as a ghost and as she had made her costume the night before, she
　　was impatient to try it on.
　　intended to打算做什么 = mean to do意图做什么
　　dress up as… 化妆成为…
　　the night before 前一个晚上（以过去的某一个时间为基准点）
　　last night 昨天晚上（以现在为基准点）
　　-- She went to New York on business three days ago, the night before she got everything ready.
　　be impatient to do sth 急于要做某事, 迫不及待做某事
　　impatient可以换为eager, anxious, hungry, thirsty, desperate, can‘t wait(口语)
　　desperate（adj.不顾一切的, 拚死的）
　　-- she was impatient to try it on.（try on 试穿）
　　
　　Though the costume consisted only of a sheet, it was very effective.
　　
　　After putting it on, Mrs. Richards went downstairs.
　　After putting it on 穿上以后
　　
　　She wanted to find out whether it would be comfortable to wear.
　　= It would be comfortable (for her) to wear
　　动词不定式to wear, 用来修饰说明comfortable, 作它的状语。
　　-- It is easy for me to read.
　　-- The book is difficult to read.
　　-- The dress is easy to wash.
　　-- Your handwriting is easy to recognize.
　　
　　主动形式表达被动概念：
　　1> The music is sweet to hear.
　　2> The machine needs repairing. （用need, want和动名词形式直接搭配）
　　3> The dictionary is worth buying.
　　-- The book is worth reading.
　　4>The house is under construction.（介词under表达被动的意味）
　　-- The puma is under control.
　　-- The problem is under discussion.（n.讨论）
　　-- The thief is under arrest.（n.逮捕, 拘留）
　　5> The airport came into use again.（came into 不及物动词短语）
　　-- Our time has already gone to waste.（go to waste浪费掉, 付诸东流）
　　6> able 形容词后缀, 跟在动词后表达＂能够被...的＂
　　-- She is a respectable person.（respectable adj.可敬的, 值得被尊敬的）
　　-- This is a returnable bottle. 这是一个能被退回的瓶子。（returnable adj.可被退回的）
　　7> consist of, comprise本身表达被动概念, 结构形式为主动
　　
　　Just as Mrs. Richards was entering the dinning room, there was a knock on the front door.
　　She knew that it must be the baker.
　　She had told him to come straight in if ever she failed to open the door and to leave the
　　bread on the kitchen table.
　　straight adv.直接地, 径直地
　　if even（ever 用于条件句。表示任何时候, 任何场合）= when ever
　　-- If ever you see George give him my best regards.（n.问候）
　　-- When ever he is in trouble I‘ll be on the spot.
　　
　　Not wanting to frighten the poor man, Mrs. Richards quickly hid in the small storeroom
　　under the stairs.
　　Not wanting （分词的否定结构形式, 做原因状语。）
　　多用于句首, 也可插入句中, 主谓之间。
　　Not wanting to make her nervous, the doctor didn‘t fully explain the seriousness of condition.
　　= The doctor, not wanting to make her nervous, didn‘t fully explain the seriousness of her
　　condition.
　　
　　She heard the front door open and heavy footsteps in the hall. Suddenly the door of the
　　storeroom was opened and a man entered.
　　
　　Mrs. Richards realized that it must be the man from the Electricity Board who had come to
　　read the metre.
　　read the metre 查电表
　　
　　She tried to explain the situation, saying ‘It‘s only me‘, but it was too late.
　　saying（现在分词做伴随状语）
　　
　　The man let out cry and jumped back several paces.
　　let out a cry 大叫了一声（= utter a cry /give a cry）
　　utter vt.发出, 做声, 发表, 发射
　　jump back several paces 后退了好几步
　　
　　When Mrs. Richards walked towards him, he fled, slamming the door behind him.
　　Slamming（现在分词作方式状语或伴随状语, 说明fled的情况）
　　
　　Special difficulties 难点
　　形容词+动词不定式：
　　-- He was delighted to learn that...
　　-- I was glad to hear that...
　　-- He was anxious to leave...
　　1>感情形容词后的不定式通常是表示原因, 在句中做原因状语。
　　happy, relieved, astonished, amazed, surprised, horrified, disappointed, sad, embarrassed, shocked
　　relieved（adj.放心的） horrified（adj.惊骇的）
　　-- He was frightened when he saw the snake. à He was frightened to see the snake.
　　-- I was sorry when I learnt that he had had a accident.
　　à I was sorry to learn that he had had a accident.
　　2>不定式也可以放在表语之后, 主语是不定式的实际宾语。
　　-- The car is hard to park.
　　-- Some questions are awkward to answer. Awkward（adj.尴尬的, 不方便的）
　　3>在少数几个动词后, 不定式可用作结果。
　　learn, find, see, hear, be told
　　-- He lived to see his inventions come to success. 他活着看见他的发明成功了。
　　-- He woke up to find everyone gone. 他醒来发现大家都走了。
　　-- He went to his house only to find him out.
　　4>在不定式前加only, 表示意想不到的, 出乎意料的结果。
　　-- He hurried to the post office only to find it was shut(closed)
　　
　　Multiple choice questions 多项选择
　　1.D She wanted to know whether that costume was comfortable to wear.
　　
　　2.C
　　take sb in 使某人信以为真, 让某人上当
　　disguise n.伪装 v.假装, 伪装, 掩饰
　　
　　3.C
　　
　　4...C and前后连接时态要呼应, 表示并列关系。
　　
　　5...B how修饰限定形容词
　　At that moment, she hadn‘t put on the costume.
　　
　　6...B anxious形容词短语做原因状语
　　动词不定式的否定形式是在动词不定式符号之前直接加否定词not, never
　　
　　7...B 强调过去的一个动作
　　
　　8...C see sb do sth看见某人做某事（做宾语补足语时, 不定式符号to被省略）
　　
　　9...A
　　at the very moment 就在此刻
　　as long as / so long as 用来引导条件句, 表示只要
　　-- You can go out as long as you promise to be back before 11 o‘clock.
　　Only when... 只有当…（引导时间状语从句）
　　
　　10...D
　　miss+动名词：表示错过做什么事情
　　-- I don‘t want to miss seeing that film on television tonight.
　　forgot to do sth 表示忘记去做某事
　　-- Yesterday, I forgot to lock the door.
　　succeed in doing sth 表示成功做了某事
　　if…happen to... 表示某事偶然发生
　　brown n.褐色 adj.褐色的, 棕色的
　　loaf n.一条面包
　　brown loaf 黑面包
　　-- If you happen to pass the baker‘s, pick me up a brown loaf, would you?
　　-- If you happen to finish the work early give me a ring.
　　
　　11...A
　　reading 表示仪表或者仪器上的指数、读数
　　-- What are the temperature readings for the week?
　　-- take a metre-reading 读电表上的数字
　　measurement 测量尺寸、大小调节稳定
　　-- What‘s your waist measurement? 你的腰围是多少？
　　Regulation n.调节（regulation of body heat体温调节）
　　Heat n.热, 热度
　　
　　12...B
　　let out 发出（= give）
　　shout vt.高呼, 高喊（有喊叫的 对象）
　　-- shout to sb 对某人高声喊
　　-- shout at sb 对某人大喊大叫
　　-- Don‘t shout at the elders.

xjwxx

Lesson 14 A noble gangster 贵族歹徒
　　New words and expression 生词和短语
　　Gangster n.歹徒, 强盗
　　-- a band of gangsters 一伙强盗
　　robber n.抢劫犯, 抢劫者
　　bandit n.强盗, 土匪
　　brigand n.强盗, 土匪, 盗贼, 草寇（书面用语）
　　hooligan n.流氓, 不良分子
　　hoodlum n.罪犯, 恶汉（口语）
　　rascal n.淘气, 捣蛋鬼（口语）
　　
　　hand  n.帮, 团伙
　　-- a band of robbers 一伙强盗
　　mob  n. 一群（表示贬义色彩的团伙、帮派）
　　-- a mob of hooligans 一伙流氓
　　gang  n.一伙 （-- a gang of thieves）
　　nest  n.窝 （-- a nest of bandits）
　　pack  n.团伙、帮派（-- a pack of hoodlums）
　　
　　Chicago n.芝加哥(美国城市)
　　
　　Protection n.保护 （-- protection money 保护费）
　　protect vt.保护（protect…from…）
　　-- We must protect our eyes from the sunshine.
　　Protector（n.保护者） Protective（adj.保护的）
　　Protege  n.被保护者
　　
　　Promptly adv.准时地
　　-- I give him a ring and he call me back promptly.
　　-- He was so sleepy that he went to sleep promptly.
　　on time 准时／in time 及时
　　punctual（adj.严守时刻的, 准时的） punctually  adv.守时地
　　
　　destroy v.毁掉;消灭
　　destroy  n.强调毁灭, 消灭, 完全的摧毁
　　-- The earthquake destroyed the city. / You destroyed his dream.
　　Damage  n.v.强调受损程度不很严重, 可以被修复
　　-- The big clock was damaged.
　　Break  v.n.强调弄坏, 弄断
　　-- Two of the strings were broken.
　　spoil  v.强调把事情搅和了
　　-- spoil the party / spoil the holiday
　　remarkable adj.不寻常的（同意词：unusual, uncommon, extraordinary）
　　-- a remarkable event , an extraordinary event 不同寻常的事件
　　outstanding（adj.突出的，杰出的，卓越的）
　　-- Our headmaster is an outstanding youth.（n.年轻人, 青少年）
　　Distinguished（adj. 杰出的, 卓越的, 不同非凡的）
　　Eminent（adj. 显赫的, 杰出的, 有名的, 优良的）
　　Distinguished和eminent是同义词（都是用来修饰严肃领域的人）
　　-- a distinguished physicist（n.物理学家）, an eminent surgeon（n.外科医生）
　　-- an eminent judge（n.法官）, a distinguished lawyer（n.律师）
　　well-known adj.众所周知的（ 强调众所周知的）
　　-- She is well-known in the musical world. / This is well-known fact.
　　famous adj.著名的（因卓越的贡献和成绩而流芳百世的）
　　-- He is a famous movie star. / Luxun is famous for his articles.
　　Notorious  adj. 臭明昭著的, 臭名远扬的（= be famous for bad things）
　　-- Hitler is notorious.（Hitler n.希特勒）
　　infamous  adj.身名狼藉的（= Notorious）
　　renowned  adj.某人或某事以其独特的品质、个性而闻名
　　-- Hangzhou is renowned for its beautiful scenery.（n.风景, 景色）
　　
　　Florence n.佛罗伦萨(意大利城市)
　　city-state n.(古代)城邦
　　
　　hire v.租出, 雇给
　　hire out 出租
　　-- Does this firm hire out cars?
　　Rent v.租, 租借, 出租 n.租金
　　rent out 租给, 雇给（主要强调出租房屋）
　　-- He rent out his house to a tourist.
　　Let 出租（let his house出租房屋）
　　-- Please let your house to me. 请把房屋租给我吧？
　　hire from,  rent from 租进来
　　-- He hired a car from us. / I rent a room from Mrs. Johnson.
　　hire指短期雇佣体力劳动者
　　-- He hired two helpers
　　employ指长期雇佣或聘用脑力劳动者
　　-- We employed her as our advisor.（n.顾问）
　　-- The factory employed 500 workers.
　　
　　Prince n.君主, 诸候 n.王子
　　Florentine n.佛罗伦萨人
　　Funeral n.葬礼
　　
　　Dedicate v.奉献, 题献给（dedicate to）
　　dedicate sth to sb
　　-- He dedicated his first book to his mother
　　dedicate 献身, 奉献（比devote更为正式而庄重）
　　dedicate…to sth
　　-- I devote my time to helping my students.
　　-- He dedicates his life to his motherland.
　　-- He dedicated his life to science.
　　
　　Memory n.纪念
　　Memory n.记忆, 记忆力, 存储器, 内存
　　-- You have a good memory.
　　-- If my memory serves me well, you‘re Tom. 如果我没有记错的话。
　　in memory of… = to the memory of… 为了纪念…
　　-- in memory of him = to the memory of him 为了纪念他
　　in sb’s honor = in honor of sb 为纪念某人, 为庆祝某人
　　-- we held a party in his honor. = we held a party in honor of him.
　　
　　Valiant adj.英勇的（强调非常勇敢）
　　-- During war, soldiers are valiant.
　　Brave adj.勇敢的
　　-- The boy is brave.
　　Fearless adj.大无畏的, 无所畏惧的
　　-- We are fearless in time of danger.
　　courageous  adj.有胆量的, 有勇气的
　　
　　noble adj.高尚的, 贵族的, 高贵的 n.贵族
　　obtain vt.获得, 得到
　　crime n.犯罪, 犯罪行为, 罪行
　　settle vt.安放, 使定居 vi.安家, 定居
　　demand v.要求, 需要 n.要求, 需求(量), 需要
　　march vi.进军, 前进
　　Italian n.意大利人, 意大利语 adj.意大利的, 意大利语的, 意大利文化的
　　Offer vt., vi.提供, 提出
　　Notable adj. 著名的, 显著的,值得注意的
　　Signor n.阁下, 君
　　
　　Text 课文
　　How did Haywood make in times of peace?
　　There was a tine when the owners of shops and businesses in Chicago that to pay large sums
　　of money to gangsters in return for ‘protection.‘
　　pay large sums of money to sb　向某人付大笔大笔的费用
　　in return for… 目的是为了换取…, 作为对…的回报
　　-- He gave me some books in return for my help.
　　when 引导状语从句修饰time
　　-- There was a time when mini skirt was in fashion.（Mini n.迷你型, 袖珍型）
　　
　　If the money was not paid promptly, the gangsters would quickly put a man out of business
　　by destroying his shop.
　　Promptly = immediately
　　put a man out of business 使某人失业
　　put sb/sth out of... 使某人失去…
　　-- You are putting me out of patience. 你使我失去耐心了。
　　-- You have already put everything out of order.
　　-- Put it out of your mind. 忘记这件事情吧。
　　by destroying his shop 通过…手段
　　-- You are putting me out of patience by disturbing me.
　　
　　Obtaining ‘protection money‘ is not a modern crime.
　　Obtaining = getting
　　
　　As long ago as the fourteenth century, an Englishman, Sir John Hawkwood, made the
　　remarkable discovery that people would rather pay large sums of money than have their life
　　work destroyed by gangsters.
　　as long ago as 追溯回到（= dating back to = date from）
　　-- I knew Jane as long ago as the year 1980.
　　make the remarkable discovery 做出不同寻常的发现
　　would rather do... than do... 宁愿…而不…
　　-- He would rather die than surrender.（vi.投降, 自首）
　　-- I would rather play tennis than swim.
　　would prefer to do ... than do...
　　would prefer doing ... to doing...
　　-- He would prefer to die than surrender.
　　-- He would prefer dying to surrendering.
　　would rather(sooner) + that 宾语从句（过去式）-- 虚拟语气
　　-- I would rather that you were not here. 我宁愿你不在这。（暗含：实际你在这）
　　-- I would rather that I didn‘t see you.
　　-- He would rather that he didn‘t hear the news.
　　life work 毕生的事业 / have sth done
　　
　　Six hundred years ago, Sir Johan Hawkwood arrived in Italy with a band of soldiers and
　　settled near Florence.
　　settled near Florence  定居在 Florence 附近
　　
　　He soon made a name for himself and came to be known to the Italians as Giovanni Acuto.
　　made a name for himself = become famous
　　-- They soon made quite a name for themselves as pop singers.
　　come to = get to 渐渐的
　　come to be known 渐渐被人所熟知
　　-- I come to be known to my students.
　　-- I got to know him.
　　
　　Whenever the Italian city-states were at war with each other, Hawkwood used to hire his
　　soldiers to princes who were willing to pay the high price he demanded.
　　Whenever 无论什么时候
　　at war 交战 /　at war with… 于…交战
　　hire 表示出租
　　who指代prince
　　he demanded = Hawkwood demanded
　　
　　In times of peace, when business was bad, Hawkwood and his men would march into a
　　city-state and, after burning down a few farms, would offer to go away if protection money
　　was paid to them.
　　in time of peace 在和平期间
　　march into 大踏步行军
　　burn down 烧毁 / burn up烧光 / burn out 烧空
　　-- The house was burned out only walls left. 房子被了只剩下墙壁。
　　would offer to go away = would promise to go away
　　
　　Hawkwood made large sums of money in this way. In spite of this, the Italians regarded
　　him as a sort of hero.
　　in spite of this 尽管如此
　　People in different countries have different opinions.
　　The Italians regarded him as a sort of hero.
　　
　　When he died at the age of eighty, the Florentines gave him a state funeral and had a
　　pictured which was dedicated to the memory of ‘the most valiant soldier and most notable
　　leader, Signor Giovanni Haukodue.‘
　　give sb a state funeral 给某人举行国葬
　　have sth done
　　Signor n.先生（意大利语）
　　which 指代picture
　　be dedicated to the memory of sb
　　the most valiant 比较级的最高级形式
　　
　　Special difficulties 难点
　　would rather / would sooner
　　would rather do… than do…
　　would rather that… (that宾语从句中要出现动词的过去时)
　　1...go
　　2...left（rather省略了that）
　　3...did not speak
　　4...not speak（would rather do…的否定形式结构：would rather not do… 宁愿不做...）
　　5...settled
　　6...didn‘t tell
　　
　　Multiple choice questions 多项选择
　　1... B
　　premise n.房产, 房屋(及其附属建筑, 地基等)
　　unharmed adj.未受伤害的, 太太平平的
　　destruction n.破坏, 毁灭
　　criminal n.罪犯, 犯罪者 adj.犯罪的, 犯法的, 罪恶的
　　
　　2... B 他获取自己的名字是依据自己的所作所为
　　practice n.实行, 实践
　　sharp adj.苛刻的
　　recognition n.承认, 认可
　　
　　3... A in that = because "因为",表示一种原因
　　boldness n.大胆, 冒失, 勇敢
　　bravery n.勇敢, 大胆, 无畏
　　can not help 不得不, 情不自禁
　　
　　4... A 段时间：for a long time（现在完成式）
　　
　　5... C prefer doing… to doing…
　　
　　6... B hire sth from sb 从某人租得某物
　　
　　7... A if not (如果不) = unless
　　Provided… 条件是...
　　
　　8... C 介词on和名词death相搭配（表示：去世的状态）
　　介词on和动名词搭配（表示：一...就...）
　　-- On seeing him, I ran away.
　　
　　9... B passed（动词的过去分词）
　　depart vi.离去, 离开, 出发
　　-- When does the next train depart? 下一次列车什么时候开？
　　
　　10... D
　　prepared adj.心甘情愿的, 准备好的（= willing）
　　-- be willing to do = be prepared to do
　　agreeable adj.使人愉快的, 惬意的, 适合的, 宜人的
　　desirable adj.值得要的, 合意的, 令人想要的（= attractive adj.吸引人的）

xjwxx

Lesson 15 Fifty pence worth of trouble 五十便士的麻烦
　　New words and expression 生词和短语
　　Appreciate v.欣赏，感激
　　-- The poem is too difficult for me to appreciate.
　　-- I appreciate your help. = be thankful/grateful to sb.
　　-- thankful = grateful（adj.感激的, 感谢的）
　　
　　pocket money 零用钱
　　-- beer money 留给丈夫的零花钱
　　-- mad money 女子留作应急之用的私房钱
　　-- green money 美金（美圆是绿色的）
　　-- soft/folding money 纸币, 钞票（folding adj.可折叠的）
　　-- hard money 硬币（hard adj.硬的, 坚固的）
　　
　　thrifty adj.节约的
　　economical adj.节约的, 经济的
　　frugal adj.节俭的, 朴素的
　　
　　nephew n.侄子，外甥
　　
　　bounce v.弹起，跳起
　　-- The coin was bounced.
　　同义词：jump(v.跳跃), leap(v.跃), hop(单足跳),
　　spring(v.弹跳 n.弹簧), skip(v.跳跃, 略过)
　　
　　pavement n.人行道
　　
　　stick (stuck, stuck) v.卡住，夹住，不能再动
　　-- His arm was stuck. 他的胳膊被卡住了。
　　Stick v.坚持, 粘贴
　　-- You must stick to your idea. 你必需要坚持你的看法。
　　-- Stick the stamp on the envelop.
　　stick with… 忠实于...（= be faithful to对...忠实）-- faithful adj.守信的, 忠实的
　　
　　Brigade n.旅,（消防）队
　　fire brigade（消防队）= fire department = fire station
　　
　　grease n.润滑油
　　
　　uncle n.伯父, 叔父, 姨丈
　　aunt n.姑妈, 伯母, 舅妈, 阿姨
　　extra adj.额外的
　　price n.代价, 价格, 价钱
　　drain n.排水沟
　　roll vt,vi卷；滚动,转动,打滚
　　sleeve n.袖子, 衣袖
　　rub v.擦, 摩擦
　　free vt. 使自由, 释放
　　upset adj.心烦意乱的,不适的,不舒服的 vt,vi打翻,弄翻,推翻；使烦乱
　　reward vt.酬谢,酬劳,报答 n.报酬, 奖金
　　
　　Text 课文
　　Did George get anything for his fifty pence? What?
　　Children always appreciate small gifts of money.
　　= Children always appreciate pocket money as small gifts.孩子们总是喜欢得到些零花钱
　　-- Husbands always appreciate small gifts of beer money.
　　
　　Mum or dad, of course, provide a regular supply of pocket money, but uncles and aunts
　　are always a source of extra income.
　　provide a regular supply of... 定期地提供…
　　provide sth for sb / provide sb with sth 为某人提供某物
　　-- The villagers provided a regular supply of food for the soldiers.
　　= The villagers provided the soldiers with a regular supply of food
　　small gifts of money, pocket money, extra income 都表示零花钱。
　　作者在两段话里三处用了零花钱, 是为了让读者能够抓住主题。
　　写作时要避免使用相同的词汇。
　　
　　With some children, small sums go a long way.
　　此句暗含：with other children, small sums can’t go a long way.
　　go a long way 维持很久
　　-- The money we have will go a long way.
　　go a long way towards 对...大有帮助
　　-- This will go a long way towards overcoming the difficulty.（overcome vt.战胜, 克服）
　　介词with和for的区别：
　　For(介词)：关于, 对于...来说, 考虑到...的事实
　　-- The weather is quite warm for November.
　　-- For him, this will be an entirely new hobby.
　　With(介词)：在某一方面 (多用于二者的比较)
　　-- With some people, pleasure is more important than work.
　　-- Some people may accept that excuse, but it won‘t work with me.
　　
　　If fifty pence pieces are not exchanged for sweets, they rattle for months inside money boxes.
　　Pence 便士（penny, pennies都是pence的复数：）
　　a fifty pence 一个五十便士的硬币
　　fifty pennies 五十一便士的硬币
　　exchange for 换取, 以...来交换
　　-- The little boy exchanged his pen for candy.（candy n.糖果, 冰糖）
　　rattle vt.(拟声词) 叮当作响 = tinkle（vi, vt (使)发玎玲声, (使)发出玎当声）
　　roar 呼啸（重点突出老虎、狮子等大动物的吼叫声）
　　-- The car roar by me. / Listen, a lion is roaring.
　　shout at 大喊大叫 = bark at
　　grunt vi.(猪等)作呼噜声vt.咕哝着说出
　　-- He is grunting.（adj.咕咙的, 哼哼唧唧的）
　　slam v.砰地关上, 砰地放下
　　
　　Only very thrifty children manage to fill up a money box.
　　fill up 装满
　　1>up：表示方向
　　up to（表示到达目的地） -- She ran up to him. 她跑到他面前。
　　Towards（表示朝某个方向） -- She ran towards him. 她向他跑去。
　　2> 表示沿着, 走向更远的地方（侧重强调距离更远了）
　　-- They walked up the street. 他们沿着街道走远了。
　　-- They children run up the garden path to greet their father.
　　3> 系动词+up（表示消费、摧毁、彻底、光、用完）
　　-- Drink up your whisky. / Eat up your vegetable.
　　-- Finish it up. 完成它 / burn up烧光 / use up用光
　　4> 表示积存, 从少到多, 积小成多
　　-- We must lay up some boiled food for the winter.
　　Lay up贮存 = store up储藏, hold up, gather up收集起
　　5> 表示从河的下游到上游, 河流入口处以上到源头的某一点
　　-- They are sailing up the Thames. 他们正沿着泰晤士河而上。
　　-- The house is up the river. 这个房子在河的上游。
　　6> 动词+up（表示包起来、封住、盖住）
　　-- button up扣上纽扣（-- button your coat up 把外衣的纽扣扣上）
　　-- wrap up 包裹起来（wrap up the shoes with newspaper 用报纸把鞋子包起来）
　　-- lock up 锁起来（lock the house up 用锁把房子锁起来）
　　-- fasten up 拴紧, 钉牢, 锁牢 / save up 储蓄, 贮存
　　-- wash up 洗涤餐具, 洗手洗脸, 把…冲上岸 / do up 重新整修, 包好
　　
　　For most of them, fifty pence is a small price to pay for a nice big bar of chocolate.
　　fifty pence is small price to pay = fifty pence is not much to pay
　　a small price = not much money 并不是很多
　　-- For him two thousand dollars is small price to pay for it.
　　-- For me five hundred Yuan is not a small price to pay for a bicycle.
　　
　　My nephew, George, has a money box but it is always empty.
　　Very few of the fifty pence pieces and pound coins I have given him have found their way
　　there.
　　pound coin n.1英镑硬币
　　find their way there = reach 抵达, 到达, 找到自己的去处
　　find one’s way into/to…
　　-- Rivers find their way to the sea.
　　-- How did such a foolish statement find its way into print? 这样愚蠢的话怎么会被印出来了？
　　-- All my books have already found their way there.
　　
　　I gave him fifty pence yesterday and advised him to save it.
　　advise sb to do sth 说服某人做某事（结果是失败的）
　　persuade sb to do sth 说服某人做某事（结果是成功的）
　　
　　Instead he bought himself fifty pence worth of trouble.
　　instead（adv.代替）相反的是…
　　fifty pence worth of trouble 五十便士的麻烦
　　
　　On his way to the sweet shop, he dropped his fifty pence and it bounced along the pavement
　　and then disappeared down a drain.
　　
　　George took off his jacket, rolled up his sleeves and pushed is right arm through the drain
　　cover.
　　系列的动词构成平行结构：take off, rolled up, push
　　roll vi.滚动 vt.滚动
　　-- The pencil rolled(vi.) under the table.
　　-- He rolled(vt.) the ball towards the puppy.（puppy n.(常指未满一岁的)小狗, 小动物）
　　roll up 卷起, 挽起
　　-- We will need to roll up the carpet.
　　
　　He could not find his fifty pence piece anywhere, and what is more, he could no get his arm
　　out.
　　what 引导的插入语
　　What is more important. 更重要的是 / What is worse. 更糟糕的是
　　What is more. 更有甚者 / What is rare. 更罕见的是
　　-- He went to the meeting, and what is worse, insisted on speaking.
　　-- He is an interesting speaker, and what is more important, he knows his subject thoroughly.
　　他是一个有风趣的演说者，更重要的是他对他的话题了如指掌
　　
　　A crowd of people gathered round him and a lady rubbed his arm with soap and butter, but
　　George was firmly stuck.
　　gather round… 聚在…周围
　　rubbed his arm with… 用...涂抹在胳膊上
　　firmly adv.稳固的, 坚定的（加强语气）
　　
　　The fire brigade was called and two fire fighter freed George using a special type of grease.
　　Using… 现在分词做状语（强调一种方式）
　　fire fighter n.救火队员
　　George was not too upset by his experience because the lady who owns the sweet shop heard
　　about his troubles and rewarded him with large box of chocolates.
　　Rewarded sb with… 用...来奖赏某人
　　
　　Special difficulties 难点
　　1.save / 2.sail（steamboat n.汽船, 轮船）
　　3.buttoned / 4.Eat / 5.went / 6.wrapped
　　7.wind （v.上发条, 绕, 缠）
　　8.do （shoelace n.鞋带）
　　
　　Multiple choice questions 多项选择
　　1.C
　　
　　2.D
　　
　　3.A have sth done / get sth out of
　　
　　4.B plenty仅用于肯定句中, much用于肯定句、否定句、疑问句。
　　
　　5.B
　　advise sb to do sth
　　advise sb that...
　　-- that引导的宾语从句必须要出现should+动词原形（虚拟语气）
　　-- I advise my students that they should read English for more than an hour.
　　
　　6.D doing sth…when
　　如果句中的when表达的概念是：就在这时、恰恰这时、正当此时, 那么其的主句结构往往
　　采用进行时态
　　
　　7.A   neither/nor：也不（用于句首句子必须倒装）
　　
　　8.C put sth.+ prep.（-- put the book in the bookcase / put the book on the desk）
　　
　　9.A durable（adj.耐用的, 持久的）
　　-- durable clothing 耐穿的衣服 / durable goods 耐用品
　　
　　10.C
　　tour n.旅行, 旅游 v.旅行
　　in turn 轮流地 （-- I think we should clean our classroom in return.）
　　cycle n.周期, 循环, 自行车
　　circle n.圆圈, 环状物
　　-- draw a circle 画一个圆圈 / the cycle of the seasons 四季的循环
　　11.B strictly adv.严格地, 确实地
　　well and truly = completely
　　-- Tom was well and truly drunk. 汤姆烂醉如泥。
　　-- drunk adj.喝醉了的（drink 的过去分词）
　　by no means (无论如何)决不
　　= in no way（adv.决不）= on no account（adv.决不）= in no sense（adv.决不）
　　
　　12.B move vt.移动, 感动
　　embarrass vt.使窘迫；使为难
　　-- They look at each other embarrassed.
　　Distress v.使悲痛, 使穷困, 使忧伤
　　-- Please don‘t distress yourself.
　　-- He was most distressed to hear the sad news.

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Lesson 16 Mary had a little lamb 玛丽有一头羔羊
　　New words and expression 生词和短语
　　Prize adj.珍贵的, 宝贵的
　　-- Mary has got a prize lamb. / The cat is prize to the old lady.
　　= Valuable（adj.有价值的, 贵重的）
　　= Precious（adj.珍贵的, 宝贵的）
　　= Cherishable adj.珍贵的（cherish vt.抚育, 爱护, 珍爱）
　　= Dear（adj.昂贵的, 亲爱的）
　　
　　Tie v.拴, 系
　　tie sth to…
　　-- I tied the dog to a tree.（拴在某处）
　　-- He is tied to his family.（于…有联系）
　　Tie n.领带, 关系（强调血缘关系）
　　-- ties of blood 血缘关系 / the ties of friendship 朋友关系
　　
　　theft n.偷盗行为，偷盗案
　　-- He reports the theft to the police.
　　
　　Accuse v.指控
　　accuse sb of doing sth
　　-- He accused his neighbor of stealing his bicycle.
　　accuse 比charge语义弱：accuse强调＂严厉的指责＂，charge强调＂控告＂
　　charge sb with doing sth
　　
　　deny v.否认
　　deny doing sth
　　-- He denied stealing the lamb. / He denied the truth.
　　deny sb nothing 百依百顺（deny v.拒绝）
　　-- He denies his wife nothing. 他对他的妻子有求必应。
　　deny oneself 克制自己
　　-- On some occasions we must deny ourselves. 在某些场合我们必须克制自己
　　
　　Ashamed adj.感到羞耻，惭愧
　　be ashamed of… 为...感到羞耻
　　-- He is ashamed of being a dustman.
　　Shameful adj.可耻的（-- The theft is shameful.）
　　Shameless adj.无耻的（-- The thief is a shameless person.）
　　
　　Apologize v.道歉 （apology n.道歉）
　　apologize to sb (for sth) (因为某事)向某人道歉
　　
　　dye v.染（-- Dye the cloth black 把这布染成黑色。）
　　
　　Southern adj.南方的, 南部的
　　Greece n.希腊（腊欧洲东南部国家）
　　Rope n.绳, 索, 绳索
　　Steal（stole, stolen, stealing）
　　Acquire vt.获得, 学到
　　Backyard n.后院, 后庭
　　Rashly adv.轻率地（rash adj.轻率的, 匆忙的）
　　Wool n.羊毛, 毛织品, 毛线
　　Neighbour n.邻居(美作：neighbor)
　　Neighbourhood n.邻居关系(美作：neighborhood)
　　
　　Text 课文
　　Was Dimitri right to apologize to his neighbour? Why not?
　　Mary and her husband Dimitri lived in the tiny village of Perachora in southern Greece.
　　in the tiny village of...
　　-- in the big city of Beijing. / in the beautiful city of Paris.
　　in southern Greece = in the south of Greece
　　
　　One of Mary‘s prize possessions was a little white lamb which her husband had given her.
　　Possession n.所有物
　　-- What I possess is valuable.= My possessions are valuable.
　　Belonging n.随身携带物, 附属品, 附件
　　
　　She kept it tied to a tree in a field during the day and went to fetch it every evening.
　　Keep+宾语+宾补 使…处于某种状态
　　keep后的宾语补足语可以是形容词、介词短语、分词。
　　--keep和过去分词搭配, 过去分词和宾语之间是逻辑上的动宾关系。
　　--keep和现在分词搭配, 宾语和现在分词之间是逻辑上的主谓关系。
　　-- I keep my windows closed in winter. / I keep the dog locked in the kitchen.
　　-- I kept the boy standing outside.
　　
　　One evening, however, the lamb was missing. The rope had been cut, so it was obvious that
　　the lamb had been stolen.
　　It is obvious that... 显而易见…
　　
　　When Dimitri came in from the fields, his wife told him what had happened. Dimitri at once
　　set out to find the thief.
　　set out to do sth 开始着手做某事 （set about doing…）
　　
　　He knew it would not prove difficult in such a small village.
　　
　　After telling several of his friends about the theft, Dimitri found out that his neighbour,
　　Aleko, had suddenly acquired a new lamb.
　　tell sb about sth 告诉某人关于某事
　　-- He told the police about the theft.
　　
　　Dimitri immediately went to Aleko‘s house and angrily accused him of stealing the lamb.
　　
　　He told him he had better return it or he would call the police.
　　He can‘t be ill or he wouldn‘t have come. 他不可能生病了要不他就不会来了。
　　or else… 否则…
　　-- Your room is so dirty. Clear it promptly, or else....。
　　
　　Aleko denied taking it and led Dimitri into his backyard.
　　Lead vt.vi.（led, led, leading）引导；指引
　　-- He led us to his home. 他把我们带到他家。
　　
　　It was true that he had just bought a lamb, he explained, but his lamb was black.
　　It is true that…but... 诚然…但是…
　　-- It is true that the work is hard, but we‘ll finish it ahead.（adj.adv.提前,向前,在前面）
　　
　　Ashamed of having acted so rashly, Dimitri apologized to Aleko for having accused him.
　　Ashamed前省略了be动词。
　　Ashamed of…是现在分词结构(形容词结构)做原因状语（放主句前后均可）
　　-- Angry at everybody here, he left suddenly.
　　-- Anxious for a quick decision, he called his friends.
　　-- Nervous, the man opened the letter.
　　
　　While they were talking it began to rain and Dimitri stayed in Aleko‘s house until the rain
　　stopped. When he went outside half an hour later, he was astonished to find the little
　　blacklamb was almost white. Its wool, which had been dyed black, had been washed clean
　　by the rain!
　　
　　Special difficulties 难点
　　had better do / had better not do
　　1.We had better have lunch. （Advisable adj.适当的；明智的；可取的）
　　2.She had better renew her passport （Renew vt.更换, 更新）
　　3.You‘d better not ask so many questions.
　　4.We‘d better not stay any longer.
　　5.The children had better get an early night. （Consult v.商量, 商议, 请教）
　　6.I had better consult my solicitor.（Solicitor n.律师, 法律顾问）
　　
　　Multiple choice questions 多项选择
　　1. C untie vt.解开 vi.松开, 解开
　　
　　2. B community （n.社区, 公社, 团体, 社会）= village
　　
　　3. B truthful（adj.诚实的, 说实话的） admit（v.容许, 承认）
　　
　　4. D　
　　
　　5. D正确
　　present（adj.现在的, 出席的） 反义词：absent（adj.不在的, 缺席的）
　　present （vt.赠送, 给）
　　-- When Mr. Brown left firm, the director presented a gold watch to him.
　　-- The gold watch was present from the director.
　　a present from somebody 某人所送的礼物
　　
　　6. C
　　
　　7. D so small a size
　　
　　8. B
　　
　　9. A
　　valued adj.尊贵的, 尊重的, 宝贵的
　　-- valued advice宝贵的忠告 / valued friend尊贵的朋友
　　worthwhile adj.值得做的（-- working hard is worthwhile 努力学习是值得做的）
　　worthy adj.值得的, 配得上的（be worthy of）
　　-- The chain is worthy of the watch.（chain n.链子）
　　-- His deeds are worthy of our praise. 他的确行为陪得上我们的表扬
　　
　　10. B
　　tell somebody about something
　　report something to somebody
　　
　　11 C正确 chat v.聊天 n.聊天
　　argument n.争论, 辩论
　　
　　12 A正确　
　　out of doors = outdoors = outside（n.adj.adv.prep.）
　　-- outdoors n.户外 adv.在户外, 在野外
　　adj.在户外 = outdoor（adj.室外的, 户外的）
　　-- outdoors 的反义词：indoors（adv.在户内）
　　in the open air  在户外, 露天
　　inside out 里外反穿
　　-- He put his socks on inside out. 他把袜子穿反了。

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Lesson 17 The longest suspension bridge in the world
　　世界上最长的吊桥
　　New words and expression 生词和短语
　　Suspension n.悬，吊
　　suspension bridge 吊桥
　　suspend vt.吊, 悬挂
　　-- The light is suspended from the ceiling.
　　suspend vt.暂停, 暂缓
　　-- The train was suspended because of the heavy rain.
　　Suspense n.担心、挂念、悬念（in suspense）
　　-- The wonderful film gave me a good expression because of its suspense. (悬念)
　　-- He didn’t tell me the truth. It kept me in suspense all day.
　　suspender n.吊袜带,（裤子或裙子的）背带
　　
　　agreeable adj.宜人的（-- Today is agreeable.）
　　agreeable situation宜人的地方
　　-- His house is in a agreeable situation.
　　
　　situation n.地点，地方（= location = position）
　　situate vt.使位于, 使处于
　　
　　locate v.位于
　　-- Beijing is located in the North of China.
　　-- Japan is located to the east of China.
　　
　　immortal  adj.永生的，流芳百世的
　　Brooklyn n.布鲁克林（纽约一区名）
　　Staten n.斯塔顿（岛）
　　Span n.跨度
　　Cable n.缆索
　　Concrete n.混凝土
　　Suspend v.悬挂
　　Length n.根，段
　　
　　Estimate v.估计
　　-- Underestimate 低估 / Overestimate 高估
　　-- At a rough estimate, the car is worth 500 thousand RMB. 粗略的估计以下…
　　Estimation n.判断（= judgement = judgment n.审判, 判决）
　　-- in my estimation = in my view = in my opinion 在我看来
　　
　　capacity n.承受量（容量, 生产量, 接受力）
　　-- Are you clear about the capacity of the cinema?
　　Capacity n.做某事的能力
　　have a capacity for doing something / have a capacity to do ability
　　-- we have a capacity to study English well.
　　Ability n.能力, 才干（已经做到了）
　　-- We have ability to finish the work in two days. = we manage to finish…
　　Capability n.潜在的能力
　　have capability to do / have capability of doing
　　-- Every child has capability to study a foreign language.
　　Faculty n.先天的智能或能力
　　Competence n.胜任工作的能力、资格
　　-- I have competence for this job.
　　
　　immensity n.巨大
　　
　　elegant adj.优美别致的
　　Elegant 还表示人的举止很得体、大方
　　-- The lady is elegant. / elegant behavior
　　Graceful adj.优美的（强调一个人的体型优美）
　　Delicate adj.精巧的, 精致的
　　
　　faintly adv.微细地
　　
　　within prep.在...之内, 不越出n.内部, 里头
　　adj.里面的, 内部的adv.在内部, 在内心里
　　midst n.中间 prep.在...中间
　　flow vi.流动n.流动
　　shape n.外形, 形状, 形态
　　account n.计算, 说明, 帐目
　　designer n. 设计家, 制图师, 阴谋家
　　tower n.塔, 城堡
　　underwater adj.在水下的,在水中的 adv.在水下 n.(海洋等)水面下的水
　　platform n.平台, (车站)月台,讲台, 讲坛
　　depth n.深, 深度
　　surface n.表面, 外表, 水面 adj.面的, 肤浅的
　　wire n.金属丝, 电线
　　pack vt.塞满, 挤进, 挤满
　　strength n.强度, 力量
　　fulfill vt.履行, 实现, 完成(计划等)
　　fulfil vt.完成, 达到
　　draw vt.vi.（drew, drawn, drawing）拉, 曳, 牵, 画, 绘制
　　create vt.创造, 创作, 引起, 造成
　　
　　Text 课文
　　How is the bridge supported?
　　Verrazano, an Italian about whom little is known, sailed into New York Harbour in 1524 and
　　named it Angouleme.
　　sailed into... 是句子的主干
　　about whom（whom指代Italian）
　　
　　He described it as ‘a very agreeable situation located within two small hills in the midst of
　　which flowed a great river.‘
　　describe something as… 把某物描述成…
　　-- I should describe the attempt as a failure. 我把这次尝试描述成失败。
　　后面可以加as的动词：see, view, look upon, recognize, regard, treat, accept
　　-- His mother regards him as genius. （genius n.天才, 天赋）
　　-- I accepted his words as truth. 我对他的话信以为真。
　　
　　Located过去分词做定语修饰situation
　　-- I like the village located within two small hills.
　　 = I like the village which is located within two small hills.
　　
　　in the midst of which...
　　-- A great river flowed in the middle of the two hills.
　　In the midst of = in the middle of
　　In the middle of不仅可以表示方位上的中间, 还可以表示时间上的中间。
　　-- in the middle of the river / in the middle of the night / in the middle of the winter
　　介词短语在which前, which引导的从句要倒装。
　　-- We arrived at a farmhouse in front of which was a mountain.
　　
　　Though Verrazano is by no means considered to be a great explorer, his name will probably
　　remain immortal, for on November 21st, 1964, the longest suspension bridge in the world
　　was named after him.
　　Though / although / even though 引导让步状语从句
　　用了though, although 不能使用but
　　但可以用yet来强调转折关系
　　-- Though they manage to take photographs, yet they got into trouble soon.
　　
　　by no means（= not by any means = not at all）
　　-- It is by no means pleasant to take a crowded bus.
　　 乘坐一辆拥挤的公共汽车绝对不是一件让人高兴的事。
　　-- He isn‘t satisfied with a job at all. = He isn‘t satisfied with a job by any means.
　　in no way, in no case, in no sense, in no circumstances（circumstance n.环境,详情,境况）
　　on no account, at no time 都表示’决不’
　　be named after…, be named for…, take one‘s name from… 都表示用…来命名
　　
　　The Verrazano Bridge, which was designed by Othmar Ammann, joins Brooklyn to Staten
　　Island. It has a span of 4,260 feet.
　　a span of 跨度、桥长
　　
　　The bridge is so long that the shape of the earth had to be taken into account by its designer.
　　take into account = take into consideration = take account of 考虑到
　　-- We have to take the date into account when we have the meeting.
　　
　　Two great towers support four huge cables.
　　Support = hold up 举起, 支撑
　　
　　The towers are built on immense underwater platforms made of steel and concrete.
　　The platforms extend to a depth of over 100 feet under the sea.
　　Extend（延伸, 伸展）= reach, stretch
　　-- a railway extends to the next city.
　　
　　These alone took sixteen months to build.
　　= It took the workers sixteen months to build the platforms.
　　
　　Above the surface of the water, the towers rise to a height of nearly 700 feet.
　　extend to a depth of… 伸展的深度
　　extend to a length of… 伸展的长度
　　extend to a width of… 伸展的宽度 （width n.宽度, 宽广 ）
　　rise to a height of… 伸展的高度
　　
　　They support the cables from which the bridge has been suspended.
　　which指代先行词cables
　　
　　Each of the four cables contains 26,108 lengths of wire.
　　
　　It has been estimated that if the bridge were packed with cars, it would still only be carrying
　　a third of its total capacity.
　　It has been estimated that...（It is said that… It is reported that…）
　　It has been estimated, It has been expected
　　were 虚拟语气（桥上不可能摆满汽车）
　　carry v.承载
　　a third of… …的1/3
　　
　　However, size and strength are not the only important things about this bridge.
　　Despite its immensity, it is both simple and elegant, fulfilling its designer‘s dream to create
　　‘an enormous object drawn as faintly as possible‘.
　　Immensity指代size
　　Despite = in spite of
　　Fulfill vt.履行, 实现, 完成(计划等)
　　Fulfilling 分词做状语表示结果
　　-- The bus was held up by the snowstorm, causing the delay.（hold up 阻挡, 拦截）
　　-- Her husband died in 1970, leaving her with her children.
　　-- At last he passed his examination, fulfilling his dream to go abroad.
　　
　　Special difficulties 难点
　　I find him to be quite unsuitable for the job.（unsuitable adj.不适合的, 不相称的）
　　= I find that he is quite unsuitable for the job.
　　类似这种用法的词有： （presume vt.假定, 假设, 认为）
　　believe, consider, declare, feel, know, suppose, think, presume, estimate, understand
　　-- I consider that he is the best candidate.（candidate n.候选人, 投考者）
　　-- I consider him to be the best candidate.
　　-- We estimated that this picture is worth at least 500 pounds.
　　-- We estimated this picture to be worth at least 500 pounds.
　　Property n.财产, 所有物
　　Treaty n.条约, 谈判
　　Invalid adj.无效的 n.病人, 残废者 adj.有病的, 残废的
　　Integrity n.正直, 诚实
　　
　　Multiple choice questions 多项选择
　　1. D considerable adj.值得考虑的, 相当可观的
　　the longest suspension bridge was named after Verrazano.
　　
　　2. A stretch n.一段路程, 一段时间
　　a wide stretch of water 连续不断的水域
　　
　　3. A
　　The bridge is so long that the shape of the earth had to be taken into account by its designer.
　　account for 考虑, 说明, 解决
　　take account of / take into account 考虑
　　curvature n.弯曲度
　　vehicle n.交通工具, 车辆
　　
　　4. A describe sth As
　　situated 动词过去分词接受 agreeably的限定
　　
　　5. A 陈述客观事实
　　
　　6. B
　　thus adv.因而, 从而, 这样, 如此
　　-- He sold his farm and thus he had enough money for his journey.
　　他卖掉了农场, 这样他就有足够的钱旅行了。
　　-- There has been no rain - thus, the crops are drying.
　　天没下雨, 因此庄稼要枯死了。
　　7. D
　　immense 描述性形容词用于物质名词的前面
　　sink vi.vt.（sank, sunk, sinking）下沉, 使沉没
　　ferro-concrete n.[建]钢筋混凝土, 钢骨水泥
　　
　　8. D load n.负荷, 装载量, 负载
　　the load = the total capacity
　　can不能与be able to 搭配连用
　　can+动词原形（表示一般的能力）
　　
　　9. A
　　either 表示两者中的每一方的
　　-- He sat in the car with a policeman on either side of him.
　　-- on either side of the street
　　either  adj.修饰名词的单数形式
　　both adj.修饰名词的复数形式
　　every adj.用于三者或三者以上（意思上等于all）
　　-- in every direction = in all directions
　　side by side 肩并肩的, 并排
　　-- The two bottles stood side by side on the table.
　　-- walk side by side 肩并肩的走
　　
　　10. C
　　link…with / join… to
　　attach… to 把…牢牢的系上 （attach v.系上, 贴上）
　　-- She attached a check to the order form. 她在定单上附了一张支票。
　　Relate…to/with 表示在…之间建立联系
　　-- I can‘t relate what you say happened with what I saw.
　　我不能把你所说的发生的事件和我所看到的联系起来。
　　Unify vt.统一, 使成一体
　　
　　11. C
　　suspension bridge 吊桥
　　suspended adj.暂停的, 缓期的, 延期的
　　-- The judge gave him a suspended sentence. 法官判了他缓刑。
　　-- judge n.法官, 审判员
　　Suspense n.担心, 不安, 悬念
　　-- The competitors in the beauty contest were kept in suspense waiting for the result.
　　-- competitor（n.竞争者） contest（n.论争, 竞赛）
　　Suspender n.吊索, 吊袜带
　　
　　12. D
　　take  vt.容纳, 装载
　　-- The tank will take about twelve gallons.（n.加仑）
　　Sustain vt.支撑, 承受住
　　-- I don‘t think this floor will sustain the weight of the grand piano.
　　Endure vt.经受, 承受(痛苦、苦难)
　　Receive vt.收到

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Lesson 18 Electric currents in modern art 现代艺术的电流
　　New words and expression 生词和短语
　　Current n.电流（趋势, 电流, 水流, 气流）
　　-- the flow of electricity 电流
　　-- a continuous movement of water 水流
　　current adj.目前的, 现在的（-- current affairs 时事）
　　currently adv.普遍地, 通常地, 现在, 当前
　　currency n.流通, 货币
　　
　　sculpture n.雕塑
　　sculptural adj. 雕塑的, 雕刻般的
　　sculptor n.雕刻家
　　sculpt v.雕刻, 造型
　　
　　mistaken adj.错误的（= incorrect, wrong, misunderstood）
　　-- The teacher has mistaken opinion of his pupil.
　　Her doesn‘t use simple plain language and he is often mistaken.
　　Mistake n.错误, 过失
　　-- make a mistake 犯错
　　-- by mistake 弄错了
　　-- He took my umbrella by mistake. 他错拿了我的伞。
　　-- and no mistake 确实如此
　　-- He is honest and no mistake. 他这个人确实很诚实。
　　Mistake vt.把...误认为, 弄错, 误解
　　-- mistake sb for 把某人误认为
　　-- Yesterday I mistook him for my classmate.
　　
　　Gallery n.美术馆
　　
　　Exhibit n.展品, 陈列品（= something that show in public）
　　Exhibition n.展览会
　　-- We went to an exhibition to visit exhibits.
　　
　　Oddly adv.古怪的（= strangely）
　　odd  adj.古怪的（因为少见而奇怪）
　　strange  adj.陌生的, 奇怪的（因为陌生而奇怪）
　　queer  adj.奇特的（因为不同于其它的而奇怪）
　　-- Look, he is wearing a queer hat.
　　Fantastic adj.奇妙的
　　Eccentric adj.怪癖的（-- He is an eccentric person.）
　　
　　Attach v.连，系
　　attach  vt.系、拴、粘上、贴上（-- attach…to…）
　　-- He attached the lamb to a tree.
　　Attach…to sb for sth 因为某事而把…加再某人身上
　　-- We didn‘t attach blame to him for his failure. 我们没有因为他的失败而责备他。
　　attach importance to sth 对某事非常重视
　　-- We attach importance to education.
　　be attached to sth 喜欢, 喜爱
　　-- I‘m very attached to her.
　　attachment  n.附属物, 固定物, 爱慕, 友情
　　
　　sphere n.球体
　　
　　magnetize v.使磁化, 吸引
　　-- The iron was magnetized.
　　-- His speech magnetized the listeners.
　　
　　Repel v.排斥, 使厌恶（= to drive back, cause feelings of dislike）
　　-- The different sexes attract each other and the same sexes repel on the contrary.
　　 同性向吸, 异性相斥。
　　-- Let me go at once, you repel me. 让我走, 你真让我恶心。
　　
　　Flicker v.闪烁（= shine unsteadily） unsteadily（adv.不稳定地, 摇摆地）
　　flash vi.闪光, 闪现（= shine for a moment）
　　
　　emit v.放射（= give off）
　　emit sound / emit smell / emit light / emit heat / emit smoke
　　
　　flash v.闪光
　　
　　prehistoric adj.史前的，老掉牙的（historic adj.历史上著名的, 有历史性的）
　　electronic adj.电子的
　　
　　peculiar adj.奇异的（= strange and unusual）
　　-- The food has peculiar taste. 这食物有一种奇特的味道。
　　-- I‘m feeling rather peculiar. = I am felling ill.
　　
　　Shock v.令人震惊，刺激人
　　-- get shocked 受震动
　　-- At the news, he got shocked.
　　Shock  n.震惊（-- get a big shock）
　　
　　emotionally adv.事情上   
　　emotional  adj.易激动的, 情绪的, 感情脆弱的（反义词：unemotional）
　　-- I think you agree with me, women are often said to be more emotional than men.
　　emotive adj.使感动的, 感情的, 动感情的
　　-- The word home is more emotive than house.
　　emotion n.（抽象的）感情
　　-- Love, hated, and grief are emotions.（grief n.悲痛, 悲伤）
　　feeling  n.某时的内心感受
　　-- I can‘t describe my feeling now.
　　
　　electric adj.电的, 用电的
　　dangerous adj.危险的
　　interest n.兴趣, 利息 vt.使发生兴趣
　　display n.陈列, 展览, 显示, 显示器 vt.陈列, 展览, 显示
　　form n.状, 形态, 外形
　　recent adj.新近的, 近来的
　　shaped adj.有形状的；成某种形状的
　　response n.回答, 响应, 反应
　　familiar adj.熟悉的, 常见的
　　line up v.整队, 排列起
　　against prep.相反, 反对, 逆着, 靠着, 倚着
　　wire n.属丝, 电线
　　metal n.金属
　　attract vt.吸引
　　structure n.结构, 构造, 构造物, 建筑物
　　colour（vt.把...涂颜色, 粉饰）à coloured（adj.有彩色的, 有色的）
　　spark n.火花, 火星, 闪光
　　lamp n.灯 vt.照亮
　　electric adj.电的, 导电的, 用电的 adj.惊人的, 令人兴奋的
　　
　　Text 课文
　　How might some of the exhibits have been dangerous?
　　Modern sculpture rarely surprises us any more.
　　Rarely = seldom
　　本句= We are not surprised at modern sculpture .
　　
　　The idea that modern art can only be seen in museums is mistaken.
　　that引导同位语从句, 修饰限定the idea 的内容。
　　-- The idea that one can learn English well in English-speaking countries is mistaken.
　　
　　Even people who take no interest in art cannot have failed to notice examples of modern
　　sculpture on display in public places.
　　重点句式结构：
　　who take no interest in art 修饰说明people
　　take interest in 对…感兴趣 / show interest in 显示对…的兴趣
　　take delight in 对…感到高兴 / take pride in 对…感到骄傲
　　cannot, failed to 双重否定意味着肯定（强调肯定的语气）
　　-- He must have passed his examination last week.
　　= He cannot have failed to pass his examination last week.
　　-- You must keep your promise. = You can‘t fail to keep your promise.（n.许诺）
　　on display / on show  展览, 展出
　　
　　Strange forms stand in gardens, and outside buildings and shops.
　　We can see sculptures everywhere
　　
　　We have got quite used to them. Some so-called ‘modern‘ pieces have been on display for
　　nearly eighty years.
　　get used to… = get accustomed to… 习惯于… （accustomed adj.通常的, 习惯的）
　　用夸张的口吻表明事实
　　
　　In spite of this, some people -- including myself -- were surprise by a recent exhibition of
　　modern sculpture.
　　in spite of this 尽管如此（作者表明了自己的观点）
　　
　　The first thing I saw when I entered the art gallery was a notice which said: ‘Do not touch
　　the exhibits.
　　重点句型：The first thing...was a notice which said...
　　I saw是定语从句省略了that
　　
　　Some of them are dangerous!‘ The objects on display were pieces of moving sculpture.
　　The sculpture can move.
　　
　　Oddly shaped forms that are suspended form the ceiling and move in response to a gust of
　　wind are quite familiar to everybody.
　　句子主干：Oddly shaped forms are familiar to everybody
　　that引导的定语从句用来限定shaped forms
　　that 定语从句中：in response to = in reaction to 作为对…的反应
　　be familiar to sb 对某人来讲很熟悉
　　-- The house is familiar to him.
　　-- I don‘t really remember where I have seen him before, but he looks very familiar to me.
　　be familiar with sth 熟悉, 熟知
　　-- Are you familiar with the play of Shakespeare?
　　-- I‘m familiar with that book too.
　　
　　These objects, however, were different. Lined up against the wall, there were long thin wires
　　attached to metal spheres.
　　lined up（过去分词做状语）与long thin wires为被动关系
　　attached to metal spheres（过去分词做定语）修饰long thin wires.
　　there were long thin wires attached to metal spheres.
　　= there were long thin wires that were attached to metal spheres.
　　The spheres had been magnetized and attracted or repelled each other all the time.
　　
　　In the centre of the hall, there were a number of tall structures which contained coloured
　　lights.
　　the center of the hall 展厅的中央
　　coloured lights 彩色灯泡
　　
　　These lights flickered continuously like traffic lights which have gone mad.
　　continuously  adv.不停止的
　　go mad 发疯, 发狂（= run mad）
　　-- He must have gone mad to do such a thing.
　　
　　Sparks were emitted from small black boxes and red lamps flashed on and off angrily.
　　on and off = continually = Intermittently adv.间歇的, 断断续续的
　　on and on = continuously adv.无间断地, 连续不断地
　　-- It has been raining on and off since noon.
　　
　　It was rather like an exhibition of prehistoric electronic equipment.
　　It was rather like... = It was more like...
　　
　　These peculiar forms not only seemed designed to shock people emotionally, but to give them
　　electric shocks as well!
　　not only...but ...as well
　　seem(系动词)＋名词／形容词／分词
　　
　　Key structures 关键句型
　　1...take no interest in art...on display...
　　2...got used to...
　　3...from the ceiling...in response to...familiar to...
　　4...attached to...
　　
　　Special difficulties 难点
　　以元音+ｙ结尾的名词/动词, 加ｓ时直接加。
　　Day à days
　　Way à ways
　　Enjoy à enjoys
　　Buy à buys
　　以辅音+ｙ结尾的名词/动词, 加ｓ时, 去ｙ变I加es。
　　Lady à ladies
　　Berry à berries
　　Reply à replies
　　Jungle’s opinion：不能有三个辅音在一起, 否则不好读。（例：ladys）
　　Multiple choice questions 多项选择
　　1. A正确
　　
　　2. C正确
　　mobile adj.可移动的, 易变的, 机动的
　　effect n.结果, 效果, 作用, 影响
　　electronic adj.电子的
　　activate vt.刺激, 使活动, 开[起] 动, 触发
　　
　　3. D正确 one could not pass them unnoticed
　　can not pass something unnoticed 不可能路过某物而不注意到它
　　-- The dress is so beautiful that I can‘t pass it unnoticed
　　unnoticed adj.不引人注意的, 被忽视的
　　untouched adj.未触及的; 没有动过的
　　
　　4. C正确 eighty years ago（一般过去时）
　　
　　5. C正确 entrance + to, arrival + in/at
　　
　　6. prohibit vt.阻止, 禁止（重点强调法律或条例明文禁止）
　　prohibit somebody from doing something
　　-- The law prohibit children from buying alcohol.（n.酒精, 酒）
　　forbid somebody to do something
　　-- The law forbid children to buy alcohol.
　　
　　7. A正确 in order that只能引导目的状语从句
　　so that可以引导目的和结果状语从句
　　1>引导目的状语从句时：so that + 情态动词
　　2>引导结果状语从句时：so that + 一般时态
　　
　　8. D正确 both...and…（both和and的后面成分应该相同）
　　
　　9. D正确 at one blow 强调一次重击
　　all of a sudden = suddenly
　　with a light touch 轻轻的一碰
　　
　　10 A正确　gave off
　　
　　11 B正确　illuminate v.照明, 照亮
　　-- illuminated by candle / illuminate the streets
　　enlighten vt.开导, 启发
　　enlightened adj.开通的, 开明的（-- enlightened policy 开明的政策）
　　alight vi.(不及物)下车, 落下（alighted, alighted）（alit, alit）
　　-- Passengers should not alight from the train until it has stopped.
　　alighted adj.点着的, 发亮的（= burning）
　　-- the fire is alighted/burning
　　
　　12 C正确 designed表达一种意图
　　-- a book designed/intended mainly for English learner. 一本专门为英语学习者编写的书。
　　Draw vt.画（-- draw a picture）
　　Draw vt.支取, 提取（-- draw money from bank）
　　Create vt.创造

xjwxx

Lesson 19 A very dear cat 一条贵重的宝贝猫
　　New words and expression 生词和短语
　　Dear adj.亲爱的，珍贵的；昂贵的
　　Dear = Costly（adj.昂贵的, 贵重的）= expensive
　　-- I can‘t afford the car because it‘s too dear.
　　Dear adj.珍贵的, 宝贵的
　　-- The cat is dear to me.（adj.珍贵的）
　　-- The lamb is prize to Mary = The lamb is dear to Mary
　　cost somebody dear 花了某人很多钱（dear adv.昂贵地, 价高地）
　　-- The cat cost the lady dear.
　　
　　kidnapper n.绑架者，拐骗者
　　kidnap vt.诱拐(小孩), 绑架, 勒赎
　　-- They kidnapped five hostages.（n.人质, 抵押品）
　　
　　considerable adj.相当大的
　　-- a considerable business. 大型企业。
　　-- He has got a considerable success.
　　Considerably adv.相当大地, 相当多地（= much, a lot , a great deal）
　　-- It‘s considerably colder today than yesterday.
　　Considerate（adj.考虑周到的）= thoughtful（adj.体贴的, 关切的）
　　be considerate to somebody 对某人很体贴
　　-- Are you considerate/thoughful to your wife?
　　Considered（adj.经慎重考虑的, 经过熟思的）
　　-- It‘s my considered opinion.
　　all things considered 就各方面而言
　　-- All things considered, he finished the work well.
　　Considering prep.conj.adv.就…而论；照…来看；考虑到…
　　介词-- Considering his age, the little boy reads very well.
　　就他的年龄来说, 这小孩读得算挺好的。
　　连词-- They have done it well considering (that) they have no experience.
　　副词-- He studies English well, considering. 就各方面而言, 他英语学得很好。
　　= He studies English well, all things considered.
　　
　　Wealthy adj.富的，有钱的
　　Orderly adj.有规律的
　　Disappearance n.失踪
　　Anonymous adj.匿名的
　　
　　Ransom n.赎金
　　pay ransom to somebody
　　-- The old lady paid a ransom of one thousand pounds to the kidnapper.
　　hold somebody to ransom 绑架某人为了赎金
　　-- They kidnapped the boy and held him to ransom.
　　
　　Cardboard n.硬纸板
　　
　　Withdraw (withdrew, withdrawn) v.（从银行）取钱
　　
　　punctually adv.准时地
　　punctual adj.严守时刻的, 准时的
　　Punctuality n.准时
　　
　　astound v.使吃惊
　　surprise, astonish, amaze, astound 语气一个比一个强
　　-- He was astounded to hear of her death.
　　-- They were amazed to find the lazy girl came very early.
　　Surprising adj.令人惊讶的
　　Surprised adj.感到惊讶的
　　
　　Flat n.平面, 平地, 一层, 公寓 adj.平坦的, 扁平的
　　Word n.字, 词, 话
　　Sure adj.对....有把握, 确信某事 adv.的确, 当然
　　Amount n.数量
　　
　　Text 课文
　　Why was Rastus ‘very dear‘ in more ways than one?
　　Kidnappers are rarely interested in animals, but they recently took considerable interest in
　　Mrs.
　　Rarely = seldom adv.很少地
　　be interest in = take interest in （一句话中用不同的表达方式, 是为了避免从复）
　　took great interest in = take enormous/tremendous interest in
　　
　　Eleanor Ramsay‘s cat. Mrs. Eleanor Ramsay, a very wealthy old lady, has shared a flat with
　　her cat, Rastus, for a great many years.
　　share something with somebody 和某人分享某物
　　-- I share the room with my friend.
　　For a great many years = for a long time.
　　
　　Rastus leads an orderly life. He usually takes a short walk in the evenings and is always
　　home by seven o‘clock.
　　Orderly adj.有秩序的, 有顺序的
　　Discipline v.训练 n.纪律, 学科
　　Disciplined n.受过训练的,遵守纪律的
　　Regular adj.规则的, 有秩序的
　　takes a short walk = goes for a walk = goes for a stroll
　　stroll n.漫步, 闲逛
　　
　　One evening, however, he failed to arrive.
　　Mrs. Ramsay got very worried. She looked everywhere for him but could not find him.
　　However的使用表明：he isn’t home that evening.
　　look for, find
　　
　　There days after Rastus‘ disappearance, Mrs. Ramsay received an anonymous letter.
　　after可以和名词搭配　　
　　-- three days after Johnson’s arrival. 约翰逊到来三天之后。
　　-- three days after the kidnapper’s appearance.
　　
　　The writer stated that Rastus was in safe hands and would be returned immediately if Mrs. Ramsay paid a ransom of $1,000.
　　State 非常正式的声明
　　
　　Mrs. Ramsay was instructed to place the money in a cardboard box and to leave it outside
　　her door.
　　Instruct = order（vt.命令） = tell formally（adv.正式地, 形式上）
　　be instructed to do something
　　-- The journalist was instructed to obtain the exact statistics.
　　
　　At first she decided to go to the police, but fearing that she would never see Rastus again -
　　the letter had made that quite clear -- she changed her mind.
　　Fearing 现在分词做原因状语
　　make it clear to somebody that…（it是形式主语）
　　-- The teacher has made it clear to us that we must read English aloud every day.
　　
　　She withdrew $1000 from her bank and followed the kidnapper‘s instructions.
　　
　　The next morning, the box had disappeared but Mrs. Ramsay was sure that the kidnapper
　　would keep his word.
　　Keep his word = keep his promise 遵守诺言
　　word表示诺言时, 要采用单数形式
　　keep his word 遵守诺言 / break his word 失信用
　　give somebody one‘s word 向某人保证
　　-- I give you my word that I will return your bicycle.
　　as good as one‘s word 表示守信用（侧重点在于强调一个结果）
　　-- He promised to pay me the money and he was as good as his word.
　　 他许诺把钱给我, 正如他所言他遵守了他的诺言。
　　go back on one‘s word 食言, 违背诺言
　　
　　Sure enough, Rastus arrived punctually at seven o‘clock that evening.
　　sure enough 强调确实如此
　　-- I said it would happen, and sure enough it did happen.
　　
　　He looked very well though he was rather thirsty, for he drank half a bottle of milk.
　　half a bottle of milk 半瓶牛奶
　　half the money 一半的钱 / half the distance 一半的距离
　　
　　The police were astounded when Mrs. Ramsay told them what she had done.
　　She explained that Rastus was very dear to her.
　　
　　Considering the amount she paid, he was dear in more ways than one!
　　in more ways than one = in many ways
　　dear具有双重意义（即是亲爱的, 又是昂贵的）
　　
　　Special difficulties 难点
　　逗号的用法：
　　1>三个或三个以上的词、短语或句子只用一个并列连接词来连接，他们之间就要用逗号，并列连接词前也要用逗号
　　-- He opened the letter, read it, and made a note of its contents.
　　2>插入语或同位语前后必须用逗号分开
　　-- I own over a thousand books and, to make matters wore, the room is rather small.
　　3>状语从句位于句首时也要用逗号和主句分隔开来，放在句尾则不需要
　　-- After we had visited the market, we returned home.
　　 = We returned home after we had visited the market.
　　4>非限定性定语从句必须用逗号分开
　　-- Thanks to the English Channel, which separates Britain from Europe, the country has not been
　　invaded since 1066.
　　5>语次转变词也应该用逗号将其和句子其他成分分开
　　-- A few cars, however, completed the race.
　　-- He feared the examination. He couldn’t, therefore, continued his study at school.
　　= He feared the examination. Therefore, He couldn’t continued his study at school.
　　6>介词短语和分词短语位于句首时, 也必须加逗号加以分隔。
　　-- Taking off his jacket, George pushed his arm through the drain cover.
　　-- With some children, small money goes a long way.
　　
　　Multiple choice questions 多项选择
　　1. A正确 could and would 愿意并有能力
　　companion n.同伴, 共事者
　　
　　2. B正确 on what conditions 在什么样的基础之上
　　reveal vt.展现, 显示, 揭示, 暴露
　　
　　3. A正确 greatly adv.很, 非常
　　
　　4. B正确 for a great many years（用完成时）
　　
　　5. D正确
　　
　　6. A正确 reaction n.反应, 反作用
　　根据语法规则：
　　主语是ambition, duty, goal, hope, idea, intention, mistake, plan, policy, purpose, reaction, suggestion等名词的时, 句子的表语必须是to不定式短语, 该不定式短语是说明其内容的。
　　-- His purpose in life was to seek truth instead of money.
　　-- Our plan is to make better use of this material.
　　
　　7. B正确　　
　　for fear + of/that
　　-- They are working hard for fear that they should fail.
　　 = They are working hard for fear of failure.
　　afraid for 侧重点表示：为...感到担心, 害怕失去
　　-- The parents are often are afraid for their children. 父母常为孩子担心。
　　-- He was afraid for his job. 他害怕丢工作。
　　-- I am not afraid for my head. 我不怕掉脑袋。
　　
　　8. D正确 修饰money用large
　　
　　9. D正确
　　measured adj.慎重的, 有节奏的, 标准的, 整齐的, 有规则的
　　regular adj.强调有规则的
　　disciplined n.受过训练的, 遵守纪律的
　　
　　10.B正确　
　　go for a walk = go for a stroll
　　go on/for a trek 进行艰苦的跋涉
　　-- trek n.牛拉车旅行, 艰苦跋涉
　　go for a trot 去散步
　　-- trot n.小跑, 骑马, 疾走, 忙碌 lane n.（乡间）小路, 巷, 里弄
　　-- I‘m going for a trot down the lane. 我正沿着巷子小跑。
　　
　　11.C正确 sure enough = as (was) expected
　　without a doubt adv.无疑地
　　as a matter of fact adv.事实上（in fact = actually 实际上, 事实上）
　　
　　12.A正确 healthy adj.健康的, 健壮的
　　sane（adj.神志清楚的, 头脑清楚的）= sensible（明智的, 有判断力的）

xjwxx

Lesson 20 Pioneer pilots 飞行员的先驱
　　New words and expression 生词和短语
　　Pioneer n.先驱 vi.vt.开拓, 为…开路, 作先驱者
　　Young pioneer 少先队员
　　A pioneer of operation 手术的开创者
　　Advocate n.提倡者, 鼓吹者vt.提倡, 鼓吹
　　-- pioneer adult education 倡导成人教育
　　
　　lord n.对（英国）贵族的尊称；勋爵
　　lordless adj.无君主的, 无丈夫的
　　lordship n.贵族权力, 贵族身份
　　lordly adj.adv.高傲的, 贵族般地, 有气派地
　　duke n.公爵
　　marquis n.(英国等的)侯爵（亦作：marquess）
　　earl n.<英>伯爵
　　viscount n.(英国的)子爵
　　baron n.男爵(英国世袭的最低级的贵族爵位) , 大财主（女性为： baroness）
　　
　　Calais n.加来（法国港市）
　　
　　Overland adj.陆上的
　　Overnight n.头天晚上 adj.通宵的, 晚上的, 前夜的 adv.在前一夜, 整夜, 昨晚一晚上
　　-- an overnight trip一整夜的旅行 / an overnight guest 过夜的客人
　　overpopulated adj.人口过密的, 人口过剩的
　　overseas adv.海外 adj.外国的, 海外的
　　over+动词（over表示超过）
　　overeat vt.使吃过量 vi.吃得过多
　　oversleep vt.(使)睡过头 vi.睡过头, 睡得太久
　　overwork n.过度工作 v.(使)工作过度
　　overcharge v.讨价过高, 使过量装填, 过度充电 n.超载, 过重的负担, 过度充电
　　overestimate vt.评价过高 n.估计的过高
　　
　　pilot n.飞行员, 领航员, 引水员
　　engine n.发动机, 机车, 火车头
　　Calais 加来（法国北部港市）
　　Latest adj.最后的, 最迟的, 最新的, 最近的 n.最新消息, 最新式样
　　Last vi.持续, 支持, 维持
　　Dover n.多佛（英国东南部的港口）
　　
　　Text 课文
　　What was the name of the first plane to fly across the English Channel?
　　In 1908 Lord Northcliffe offered a prize of f1,000 to the first man who would fly across the
　　English Channel.
　　the first man who would fly across… = the first man to fly across...
　　序数词和动词不定式to搭配连用可以代替其后的定语从句
　　-- the first person to greet him was a local policeman
　　-- She was the only one to survive the plane crash. 她是唯一幸存与飞机失事的人。
　　 = She was the only one that survive the plane crash.
　　
　　Over a year passed before the first attempt was made.
　　如果before所引导的时间状语从句之前出现段时间（则最佳翻译方法：才...）
　　attempt n.努力, 尝试, 企图 vt.尝试, 企图（attempt的语气比try强烈）
　　in one‘s attempt
　　-- She failed in her attempt to swim the English Channel. 她横度英吉利海峡的尝试失败了。
　　make an attempt on
　　-- He made an attempt on the mountain. 他试图攀登那座山。
　　make an attempt to do
　　-- She made every attempt to run away. 她想尽一切办法逃走。
　　make no attempt
　　-- She made no attempt to run away. 她没有想逃走。
　　
　　On July 19th, 1909, in the early morning, Hubert Latham took off from the French coast in
　　his plane the ‘Antoinette IV.‘
　　
　　He had travelled only seven miles across the Channel when his engine failed and he was
　　forced to land on sea.
　　When = at that moment
　　Failed = break down 失灵, 出故障
　　Fail 失败、忽视
　　-- She failed to win the prize.
　　-- When I saw him, my words failed me. 当我见到他的时候, 我不知道说什么好了。
　　be forced to do 被迫做某事
　　
　　The ‘Antoinette‘ floated on the water until Latham was picked up by a ship.
　　picked up = save = rescue
　　
　　Two days alter, Louis Bleriot arrived near Calais with a plane called ‘No. XI‘. Bleriot had
　　been making planes since 1905 and this was his lattes model.
　　with a plane（with 具有、带有）-- a suitcase with a handle
　　
　　A week before, he had completed a successful overland flight during which he covered
　　twenty-six miles.
　　= A week before, he had completed a successful overland flight and during the flight he covered
　　twenty-six miles.
　　-- during which = during flight
　　Latham, however, did not give up easily.
　　He, too, arrived near Calais on the same day with a new ‘Antoinette‘.
　　
　　It looked as if there would be an exciting race across the Channel.
　　It looked as if 似乎, 看起来
　　-- It looked as if there would be a heavy storm.
　　
　　Both planes were going to take off on July 25th, but Latham failed to get up early enough.
　　
　　After making a short test flight at 4,15 a.m., Bleriot set off half an hour later.
　　make a short test flight 做段距离试飞之后
　　
　　His great flight lasted thirty-seven minutes.
　　When he landed near Dover, the first person to greet him was a local policeman.
　　= When he landed near Dover, the first person who greeted him was a local policeman.
　　
　　Latham made another attempt a week later and got within half a mile of Dover, but he was
　　unlucky again.
　　make another attempt 做了另一次试飞
　　
　　His engine failed and he landed on the sea for the second time.
　　for the first time / for the second time
　　
　　Key structures 关键句型
　　介词和关系代词搭配的用法：（决定介词位置的四个因素）
　　1>在正式的用法和用于书面语中, 当定语从句的关系代词是介词的宾语时, 能够把可移位
　　的介词提前放在关系代词的前面。
　　-- This is the person about whom I was telling you.
　　-- Is this the book for which you asked me?
　　2>在非正式的用法和口语当中, 介词一般要放在从句的末尾。
　　3>有些动词＋介词, 合成词组被看作是不可分隔的语言单位。这个时候介词必须紧跟动词,
　　不可移位
　　-- take after, account for
　　4>在很多情况下, 介词和关系代词构成独立的介词短语, 在从句中起着状语作用, 与从句的
　　谓语动词毫无关系, 不是谓语动词的一部分。这时介词始终位于关系代词之前。
　　-- He described it was a very agreeable situation located within two small hills. + In the midst of
　　two small hills, flowed a great river. à He described it as a very agreeable situations located
　　within tow small hills in the midst of which flowed a great river.
　　-- Mrs. Ramsay received an anonymous letter in which the writer stated that Rastus was in safe
　　hands.
　　
　　Multiple choice questions 多项选择
　　1. C正确 develop（vt.使显出, 出现, 产生） take-off（n.起飞）
　　
　　2. B正确
　　
　　3. B正确 forced landing 迫降 properly（adv.适当地, 完全地）
　　
　　4. C正确 序数词和不定式搭配连用
　　
　　5. A正确 not till / not until
　　
　　6. C正确 有just一般用完成时
　　
　　7. D正确 promised vt.预示（有可能发生好的迹象）
　　threaten 预示…的恶兆
　　-- The river of liquid rock threatened to surround him completely, but Tazieff managed to escape
　　just in time.
　　这股岩浆威胁着要将他团团围住,但泰哲夫还是设法及时躲开了。
　　
　　8. A正确
　　
　　9. C 正确
　　no further 修饰距离 （-- I can walk no further.  我再也走不动了。）
　　no longer 修饰时间或长度 （-- He no longer lives here. 他再也不住这了。）
　　no more 修饰某物 （-- I can eat no more. 我再也吃不下了。）
　　
　　10.D正确
　　-- The ship rode the waves. 这艘船漂浮在水面上。
　　hold water 论点或观点站得住脚
　　-- What you said doesn’t hold water. 你的话站不得住脚。
　　Watertight adj. 无懈可击的, 不漏水的, 不透水的
　　-- a watertight contract. 严密的合同
　　
　　11.A正确
　　
　　12.D正确
　　immense adj.修饰面积大得难以测量
　　grand adj.雄伟的, 壮丽的, 盛大的