Critical Introduction to Phonetics (Continuum Critical Introductions to Linguistics)
By Ken Lodge
* Publisher: Continuum
* Number Of Pages: 256
* Publication Date: 2009-01-10
* ISBN-10 / ASIN: 0826488730
* ISBN-13 / EAN: 9780826488732
Product Description:
This work presents a new stance on the presentation of basic phonetic skills for students of linguistics, using examples drawn from a wide-range of languages. "Continuum Critical Introductions to Linguistics" present core areas of linguistics from refreshing new perspectives. This book takes a new stance phonetics and will interest students of linguistics. Using examples drawn from a wide-range of languages Ken Lodge introduces the key aspects of phonetics, examining the difference between speech and writing, the physiology of speech production, basic and detailed articulation, and acoustic phonetics. The book contains a practical guide to transcriptions from sound recordings, and a section on applications of phonetics to fields of study such as language variation and accent."A Critical Introduction to Phonetics" provides comprehensive coverage of all the key areas of the subject, and contains chapter summaries to help the reader navigate the text. Critical thinking is prompted throughout, and this will be essential reading for students on introductory phonetics courses both at undergraduate and postgraduate level. "Continuum Critical Introductions to Linguistics" are comprehensive introductions to core areas in linguistics. The introductions are original and approach the subject from unique and different perspectives. Using contemporary examples and analogies, these books seek to explain complicated issues in an accessible way. The books prompt critical thinking about each core area, and are a radical departure from traditional, staid introductions to the subject. Written by key academics in each field who are not afraid to be controversial, each book will be essential reading for undergraduate students.
1 Why Phonetics? 1
2 Articulation 13
3 The Articulators in Combination 51
4 Transcription 67
5 Segmentation 96
6 Prosodic Features 110
/ Continuous Speech 135
8 Varieties of English 161
9 Acoustic Phonetics 183
Glossary of Phonetic Terms 225
References 235
Index 239
Preface
This book is the outcome of some thirty years teaching phonetics, mainly
articulatory phonetics to undergraduate and postgraduate students with a
variety of interests, though their core has always been students on a linguistics
programme. As an introduction to phonetics, it will take a somewhat different
stance from a traditional approach on the presentation of basic phonetic skills
for students of linguistics and others (e.g., speech and language therapists).
It assumes that
(i) natural, everyday speech is the true reflection of the linguistic system (the phonology
in particular);
(ii) speech is not a concatenation of discrete segments (whatever sort of phonology we
may wish to establish);
(iii) universal characteristics of phonetic realization of the linguistic system are at best
poorly understood; and
(iv) ear-training, production and acoustic analysis should be taught in equal measure, since
all three should be used hand-in-hand, as they are complementary rather than superior
to one another.
In this book, however, my main focus is on articulation and ear-training with
a final chapter on how spectrograms can help us interpret what is going on in
speech and sharpen our observations of it.
Assumption (i) means that linguists should always consider connected
speech as well as or even in preference to the phonetic characteristics of
individual words, in particular their citation forms, that is the sound of the
word spoken in isolation. After all, in most circumstances we do not communicate
with one another in single-word utterances, and even if we do, we do
not necessarily pronounce the words we use as though we were reading them
out of a dictionary. Assumption (ii) means that, whereas as an introductory
platform to phonetics the description and transcription of individual sounds
may make sense, this alone cannot achieve a full appreciation of the nature of
continuous speech, which requires a non-segmental approach to the contributory
roles of the various parameters of articulation, that is, vocal cord activity,
manner of constriction, nasality, and so on.
VIII Preface
Assumption (iii) relates to a large extent to the assumptions made by phonologists
about the most appropriate way of representing a native speaker 's
knowledge of phonological structure. Of course, phonologists are often phoneticians,
too, and they wear different hats on different occasions. So, it is not
impossible for one and the same researcher to stress the continuous nature of
the articulation and the acoustics of speech from a phonetic point of view, and
then to opt for a purely segmental kind of phonological analysis. The problem
is that all too often there is no discussion of how the two different kinds of
interpretation are connected. My contention is that, if we are to understand the
nature of the relationship between the two, phonetic detail and phonological
structure, then we need as much information as possible about the nature of
spoken language from a physical point of view, as well as the continuing investigations
into the psycholinguistic aspects of phonological knowledge. This
book is an introduction to the complexity of the physical characteristics of
speech. In this task it tries to avoid presenting the phonetics in such a way as to
make mainstream phonological theory seem obvious; for instance, it rejects
the notion that if phonological structure is based on strings of segments, then
let's present phonetics in the same way.
Assumption (iv) reflects my belief that a good ear is as important as a
good eye and good analytical and observational skills. Ear-training and an
ability to transcribe as accurately as possible what is heard (impressionistic
transcription) is the starting point for a phonetician, despite the many excellent
advances in instrumental support for the observation of speech that have
occurred since the Second World War. And if the phonetician is also a phonologist,
no amount of equipment and software will give her/him answers of
an analytical nature. What it will do, of course, is provide even more detail for
consideration.
During the very long gestation period of this book I have been grateful to
have had the opportunity to try out my approach in teaching phonetics to several
cohorts of students, without whom none of this would have been necessary.
I am also grateful to the many colleagues over the years with whom I have discussed
the issues laid out above. I have appreciated the opportunity to argue
my case over the years, even if sometimes I have failed to convince and at other
times I have been preaching to the converted. There are too many to mention
or even remember, but I would particularly like to acknowledge my indebtness
to the following friends and colleagues. They are in no particular order, and
have contributed a variety of input from information about languages of which
I am not a speaker to offering technical facilities for the preparation
Preface IX
of the material that supports the text of the book. So, thanks to: Dan Silverman,
whose sister book to this on phonology convinced me I should finally put pen
to paper (and fingers to keyboard!), Zoe Butterfint, Lela Banakas, John Local
(one of the converted), Richard Ogden (another of them), Peter Trudgill, John
Gray; Francis Nolan and Geoff Potter, who kindly offered their laboratory
facilities at Cambridge; and Janette Taylor for her illustrations of the human
speech organs. As regards getting all this into print, I have to acknowledge the
help, encouragement and, in particular, patience from Jenny Lovel, who initiated
the project, Gurdeep Mattu, who took over halfway through, and Colleen
Coalter, all of Continuum Books.
I hope that in the end at least some people feel that it has been worth all the
effort.
Ken Lodge
Norwich
March, 2008
Index
acoustic analysis 42,183-4
acoustic phonetics 2,183-224
active articulators 26,27
'Adam's apple' 15
advanced tongue root (ATR) 24-5
affrication 35
African languages, examples of pitch 113
airflow 13,15
air stream mechanism 14-15,46-8
allophones 69
alphabets 11
alveolar approximant 180,181
'alveolar', pronunciation of 28
alveolar ridge 23,27,28
alveolar sounds 26
tandd 86
alveolar tap 81
alveolo-palatal sounds 30
ambiguity, written and spoken 5
ambisyllabicity 128
American Phonetic Alphabet (APA) 70
amplitude 187
Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs 11
Ancient Greek loan words in
German 87, 132
anisomorphism 107
anticipatory assimilation 147-9
anti-formant 216
aperiodic sounds 213
apex of tongue 25
approximants 33,36-8,216,218
Arabic
consonants 91
emphatic stops 63
syllables 129
articles, definite and indefinite 62
articulation 14-50,77,141
components 98
manner of 33,45,52
place of 26,52,208,213
articulators in combination 51—66
arytenoid cartilages 15
Asian languages, examples of pitch 113
aspiration 105-6
assimilation 115,131,145-53
auditory phonetics 2
Australian pitch raising 176
back of tongue (dorsum) 25
bilabial click 48
bilabial sounds 27
blade of tongue (lamina) 25
Brazilian-Amazonian jungle
language 24
breathing pattern 14-15
breathy voice 19-20
British English 16,17,68
Burmese voiceless nasals 54
cardinal vowels 39,40-1
categorical interpretation 56
Caucasian languages 22
cavity friction 62
Chinese writing system 11,100
citation form 135,157-8
clicks 15,47-8
closed syllable 80
closure 34
Cockney 177
coda 9,124,125
coda obstruents, English 106
Comaltepec Chinantec 10
comparison of accents 173-4
concatenation 135-6
connected speech phenomena 145-58
consonants 38,176-7
and vowels 62
continuous speech 135-60
contoid articulations 206-16
contoids 54
240 Index
contoid/vocoid, terms 38
creaky voice 20-1
cues to meaning in speech 4
Cufic alphabet 11
Cyrillic alphabet 11
Czech
stress in 119
syllables 129
trills 46
word 125
dearticulation 155-6
of laterals 179
delayed release 35
'deletion'examples 156-8
dental clicks 48
dental fricatives 57
dental sounds 28
diacritics 33,42
diphthongs 42,44
central 74-5,78
front-closing 73
rising, in French 85
disyllabic words 135-8
Down's syndrome 24
drama 12
duration 112,119-21,125,126
EastAnglia 167-8
egressive pulmonic airstream 15, 53
ejectives 15,47,177
electronic tone 188
emotional involvement 115
enclitic 119
English
phonological structure 8
stress patterns, list 117
varieties 150,161-82
vowel system 49, 71
epiglottis 14,22,24
'Eve's wedding ring' 15
face-to-face context of speech 7
falling diphthongs 42-3
faucal opening 21
foot 131-2
forensic linguistics 12
formant and anti-formant 184
formant chart 195,196,198
English short vowels 204
vocoids 195
formants and frequencies 190-205
fortis 49
fortition 153-4
French
nasal vowels 84
pronunciation 83-5
stress 118-19
word list 85
French and English sentences 130-1
frequency 112,187-222
fricative manner 52
fricatives 19,30-4,213,216
fricatives (spirants) 36
in German 86
friction 35
frictionless continuants 37
front of tongue (dorsum) 25
fundamental frequency of utterance 5-6,
190,222
General American 68,81-3
German 86-9
pronunciation 86-9
stress and rhythm 132
trills 46
vowels 86-7
word list 88
glide 49
glottal activity, Chong 104,106
glottal closure 55
glottal fricative 62
glottalic airstream 15
glottal reinforcement 17, 86,155,176-7
glottal stops 16,33,177
as definite article 56-7,177-8
glottis 15,17,18
gradient interpretation 56
Greek alphabet 11
Greek, Modern 89-90
Index 241
h sound 176
Habsburg royal house 27
harmonics 218,222
harmony languages 151
Hertz (Hz) measurement of
frequency 112,187
High German sound shift 154
high pitch 113
hold 34
homophony 9, 84
horizontal axis (abscissa) 195
hypercorrectness 163
Icelandic 49
implicit meanings 7
implosives 15,46-7
Indian English 170
information structure 113,114
'insertion'examples 157-8
International Phonetic Association
(IPA) 11,39,41
chart x, 52, 54, 55, 59
'interpersonal meaning' 2
intervocalic sounds 17
intonation 2, 3,4-8, 80,112,114
isomorphism 11,12
Jamaican Creole 169-70
Japanese 43
high vowels 62
moraic language 129
syllable structure 129
Jones, Daniel, phonetician 39,41
Kalenjin, Nilotic language, Kenya 152
Kenyan English 170-1
labialization 61
labiodental approximant 180-1
labiodental sounds 27
labio-lingual articulations 24
labiovelar articulations 53
Lancashire 17,164,177-8
laryngeoscopy 50
larynx 14-16
laterals 45,52
approximants 45
in English 44,69,77,78,179
fricatives 45, 57-8, 100-1
release 35
Latin 83
and German stress 132
loan words in German 87
left-to-right assimilation 147-9
lenis 49
lenition 153-4,181-2
lexical alveolar nasal 146
lexical entry form 135
lexical incidence 78,169,170
liaison 130
in French and English 157
linguistic structure 10
linguistic systems, study of 8
lips 13,14,25-7
position 41,61,108
rounding 40,61,141
spreading 40,141
vocoid articulation 40
Liverpool accent 107
lenition 182
London Jamaican 170
London speakers 179
long-domain features 107-8
loudness 185
lowered positions 60,61
lowering of pitch 113
lungs 13,14-15
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 50
Malay 90-3
loan and replacement consonants 91
word list 93
Mandarin Chinese 112,113
tones, table 113
Margi labiodental flap 46, 51
Middle English 80,167
velar frictative 171-2
Modern Greek
assimilation 149-50
stress in 119
242 Index
monophthongs 42,44, 72
French 84
German 88
Jamaican 169
Scottish English 166,167
monosyllables, English 129
mora, timing unit 129
moraic language, Japanese 133
mouth 13,14
murmur 19-20
narrow-band spectrograms 218,222
nasal assimilation
English 150
German 150
nasal contoids 216
nasal fricatives 55
nasality 52,146,200
in English 77, 78,145-6
in Malay 92-3,111
nasalization
ofvocoids 41,82,174
nasal stop 30,31,34-5,53-5,216
nasal versus oral sounds 22,216-17
nasopharynx 22
neutral position of lips 25,26
non-obstruents 57-8
non-pulmonic air 63—4
nonsense words 94
Norfolk 17,177
northern English 56-7,162-3
Norwich 167-8,177
nose 14
NP (noun phrase) 5
nuclear vowel 106,124
nucleus 124,125
obstruents 36
occlusion, degrees of 33
onset 9,124,125
open syllables 80
oral articulators
active 26
passive 26
oral versus nasal sounds 22,216-17
oral stop 30,35,53-5,207-13
ordinate 195
organs of speech 2
overlap, articulatory 101-7
palatal 30-1
palatal nasal 83
palatalization 63
palate 27
soft, hard 22,29
palatoalveolar clicks 30, 35,48
palatography 50
parametric interplay 64-6,135-45
parametric view of speech 64-6,98-101
passive articulators 26,27
perseverative assimilation 147-9
pharyngealization 44,63
pharyngeal sounds 33
pharynx 14,21-2
phonation 16, 52, 55,64
phonemes 9
phones 10
phonetic duration 120-1
phonetics and phonology 8-11
phonetic structure of real speech 98-109
phonological length 120
phonotactics 127
Piraha labio-lingual flick 51
pitch 19,112-15,185-9
place assimilation 147-50
place of articulation 26, 52,208,213
plosive 34
Polish, stress in 119
post-alveolar sounds 29
postaspiration 105
post-tonic position in German 88
PRAAT (computer program) 185
preaspiration 105,106
pre-palatal sounds 29
pressure fluctuations 2,185
pre-tonic position 88
prognathous jaw 27
progressive assimilation 147-9
Index 243
proprioceptive observation 23
prosodic features 110-34
pseudo-phonetic terms 48-9
radix 21,25
raised positions 60,61
'received pronunciation' (RP) 70-1
speakers, radio and television 158
transcription for 120
regional accents 162
regressive assimilation 147-9
release 34-5
resonance 44-5, 111, 126,179,218-19
types of 62-3
resonator 189
retracted tongue root (RTR) 24-5,49
retro flex sounds 29,45,213
rhotacized vocoid articulations 81
rhoticity 81,164-5
rhyme 9,124
rhythm 112,130-3
rising diphthongs 43
rising intonation 114,115
rock music rhythms 133
Roman alphabet 11
root of tongue (radix) 21,25
rounded position of lips 25,26,61,
198-9
schwa 75-7,173,191-2
absence of 77-9
British English examples 41
French examples 41
German 87
Scotland, vowel systems in 166-7
Scots Gaelic 44,129-30
Scots, East Fife 153
Scottish Vowel Length Rule
(SVLR) 166
segmentation 11-12,98-109,139
Semitic languages 49
semivowel 37,49
sibilants 36,126,213
Sindhi 48
sine wave
complex 190
constant 188,189
fading (diagram) 188
singing 12
smoothing 168
soundwaves 2,185-7
aperiodic 187
periodic 187-90
sounds, deletion and insertion 101-2
Spanish, syllables 129
spectrograms 128,190-4,196-212,
213-16,217-22
speech
continous 135-59
objective description of 1,2
transience of 2
versus writing 2-8
speech therapy 12
spoken language 3,4, 5
spread vowels in Turkish 151
Standard British English (SBE) 70-81
steady states 207
stops 33-8,207-8
stress 112,116-19
in English compound words 118
on final syllable 85
stressed syllables 76-7
subglottal 18
suffixation in Turkish 152
supraglottal 18
supraglottal closure 16,47
Swedish 86
syllabic consonants 78
syllable boundaries 127,128
syllable structure 124-25
syllables 112,121-30
taps and trills 45-6,58
teeth 27
tense/lax 49
thyroid cartilage 15
tone group 114-15,131-2
tone languages 112,113
244 Index
tongue 23-5,27
tongue tip 25
tonic stress 114
trachea 15
transcription 67-94
broad 69
exercises 158-9
narrow 69
samples
in English 78-9
in French 85
in German 88
in Malay 91-3
Modern Greek 90
transitions, changes in formant
structure 207
trills 45-6
triphthong 42,43,44, 75, 76
Tr ique, Otomanguean language 101
Turkish 43
vowel harmony 108,151,152
ultrasound images 50
uvula 32
uvular approximant 180
uvular fricative 83
uvular trill in German 86
velaric airstream 15,47-8
velarization 44,63,155
velar nasal stop 48
velar sounds 31-2
velic activity 52
velum 13-15,22,23,27
velar, velic and velaric 32
vibration of vocal cords 19,105,112,187
vocal cord activity 56
timing 104-7
vocal cords 13,56
closed and open 18
glottis and 15-21
vibrating 18-19
vocal tract closure 34
vocoid articulation 39,40,44,125,151
vocoid phase 206
vocoid positions, sample 59-61
vocoids 37-8
close (high) 80
lip position and 58, 59
open (low) 80
resonance and 44
voiceless 41, 59,62
voice assimilation in French 150
voiced sounds 18-19
voiced obstruents, German restriction
on 86
voiced uvular trill 69-70
voiceless nasals 54-5
voicelessness 17,18, 56
voiceless vocoids 61-2
vowels
checked and unchecked 80-1
close or high 39,40
diagram 138
differences between GA and
SEE 80,81
duration 80
front, back, and central 32
German long and short 87
long'and'short' 80-1
Modern Greek 89
moving 43-4
Wavesurfer (computer program) 185
Welsh 45
whisper 21
wide-band and narrow-band
spectrograms 218,222,223
word boundaries 131
writing systems, non-alphabetic 100
written language 2-4
Yorkshire 17,177-8
young speakers of English 174-5 |
楼主: 帆帆
