父母行为对孩子睡眠有直接影响

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Sleep, Baby, Sleep: Parents' Behavior Has Direct Impact On Children's Sleep Problems
快睡吧，宝宝：家长的行为已经直接影响到孩子的睡眠问题

ScienceDaily (Apr. 13, 2008) — Parents who want their babies to sleep through the night would be wise to avoid co-sleeping arrangements or feeding their children evening snacks beyond early infancy. According to a Université de Montréal study the way parents put their babies to bed has a direct impact on how well children sleep when they reach four to six years old.
科学日报（ 2008年4月13日） -当孩子长大时，希望自己的宝宝整晚安睡的父母应该明智地避免和孩子一起睡觉或是在晚上给孩子加餐。根据一项在蒙特利尔大学的研究表明，父母把孩子放在婴儿床上的方法对孩子长到4-6岁时睡眠的好坏有着直接影响。

Some 987 mothers and fathers with five-month-old tots were recruited to answer questionnaires about their children. Parents detailed their offspring's psychological characteristics, socio-demographic factors and sleep habits until they reached six years in age. They also recorded sleep habits or disturbances: bad dreams, total sleep time and delays in falling asleep.
共计有987对父母（均有5个月大的小孩）参与了有关他们孩子的问卷调查。家长详细填写了孩子的心理特征、社会人口因素及睡眠习惯，一直到孩子满6周岁。他们还记录睡眠习惯或存在的问题：噩梦、总的睡眠时间和晚睡情况。

\"Few studies have investigated how parenting can affect sleep in children,\" explained lead researcher Valérie Simard, from the Department of Psychology at the Université de Montréal and its affiliated Sacré-Coeur Hospital, who completed her study with colleagues Toré Neilsen, Richard Tremblay, Michel Boivin and Jacques Montplaisir.
蒙特利尔大学心理学系和附属Sacré-Coeur医院Valérie Simard（负责人）和她的同事Toré Neilsen、Richard Tremblay、Michel Boivin、Jacques Montplaisir共同完成了该项研究。Valérie Simard认为很少有研究调查父母如何影响孩子的睡眠。

The study asked parents to report on their own behavior at their child's bedtime. For instance, whether parents lulled children to sleep, laid them down awake, or stayed with them until they slumbered. Mothers and fathers were also questioned on how they reacted to night awakenings -- did they comfort children in bed, take them out of bed, give them food or bring them to the parental bed for co-sleeping
该研究要求家长汇报在孩子就寝时间时他们自己的行为。例如，父母是否哄孩子睡觉、就让孩子那么醒着、或者陪伴孩子直到入睡。父母们对于如何解决孩子晚上不睡觉同样不知所措：把孩子放在床上是他们安静？抱出床外？给他们吃东西？还是让孩子和父母一起睡觉？

Predictors of sleep
睡眠的预测

The researchers found that the manner 29-to-41-month-old toddlers were put to sleep influenced how they would slumber between the ages of four to six. Parenting behaviors that most affected children's sleep included:
研究人员发现，29-41个月大的婴儿入睡的方法影响着他们4-6岁时如何睡觉。在影响儿童入睡的因素中，父母的行为影响最严重。
Giving children food or drink after they awoke, which provoked bad dreams, sleep of less than 10 hours or delays in falling back asleep.
当孩子醒来后，给他们吃东西或是喝饮料，这样会导致孩子做噩梦、睡眠不足10小时或延推迟孩子再次入睡。

Co-sleeping with children when they awoke delayed their falling back asleep by 15 minutes.
和父母一起睡觉的孩子，醒来后再次入睡推迟15分钟。

Staying with children at the beginning of sleep, conversely, appeared protective against delays in slumber. \"Giving children food or drink -- effective parenting strategies for early sleep problems -- can later become inappropriate,\" said Simard. \"Since mothers come to believe that infants cry only when hungry, they might adopt an inappropriate response of giving food or drink when 29 to 41-month-old toddlers awake, which in turn causes bad dreams and shorter total sleep when children reach four to six years old.\"
另一方面，在孩子开始睡觉时就陪在旁边下，可以避免推迟入睡。Simard认为：给孩子们提供食物或饮料，对于早期的睡眠问题是有效的教育策略，可后来就不合适了。由于母亲认为婴儿只有饥饿的时候才哭，因此当29-41个月的孩子不睡觉的时候，他们可能会采取给孩子食物或饮料这一不正确的做法，而这又造成孩子长到4-6岁时会做恶梦或是睡眠时间不足。

Beyond parental behavior, Simard cautions, babies can develop poor sleep patterns on their own that affect them into preschool years and beyond. \"arents often opt for co-sleeping as a reaction, but co-sleeping is not the best option to prevent future sleep difficulties. Co-sleeping and other uncommon parental behaviors have negative consequences for future sleep.\"
Simard警告说：“如果父母不正确教育孩子睡觉的方式，那么孩子自己将会形成不良的睡眠习惯，这将会影响孩子学龄前及以后的阶段。如果孩子不容易入睡，父母往往会选择陪他们一起睡觉。但对于防止将来的睡眠问题，这个方法并不是最好的选择。陪孩子睡眠和其他不常见的父母行为对孩子今后的睡眠习惯有着负面影响。”