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新托福将于2006年5月在中国闪亮登场。新托福听力取消了旧托福中传统的短对话,测试内容包括了长对话和段子题,又一次加强了对听力部分的考查,这对于广大考生来说无疑更具挑战性。那么,新托福听力的内容和形式如何?与现行托福有何异同?考生应如何应对?这些正是本文要探讨的问题。
新托福段子的素材来源
新托福听力的素材从哪里来?我们从ETS的描述中了解到素材主要包括学校生活和专业知识两大部分内容,由此衍生出生活类和专业类这两大类段子。
生活类段子的话题主要有四大类:课堂生活类、日常生活类、文体生活类以及解决问题类,其中课堂生活类段子依然是考试的核心内容,日常生活类段子和课堂生活类段子的比例约为1:5,偶尔是2:4。这类段子是旧托福听力Part A(小对话题)的进一步延伸和拓展。
专业类段子可分为两大类:即文科专业类段子和理科专业类段子。文科专业类段子主要分三大类:人类学社会学类、艺术类、美国史/发展史类。理科专业类段子主要分四大类:生物学类、地质/地理学类、天文学类、新生事物类。
新、旧听力段子题的差异
虽然旧托福中也有段子题,但是新旧托福相比,它们最大的差异体现在形式上,而这种变化对考生将产生重大影响。其中最主要的差异在于:
第一、在旧托福中考生可以提前看见选项,而在新托福中这一技巧再也无法使用。这对于习惯了提前阅读选项的中国考生来说无疑是很大的挑战。在新托福段子题出现以前,在屏幕上会出现一个画面,ETS一直宣称这个画面会帮助考生预测听力的内容和场景。但是,从实际效果来看,这个画面惟一的作用就是分散了考生的注意力。因此笔者认为,认真看画面对于做题并无益处。但需要注意的是,一旦画面发生变化,这个变化了的画面则极有可能是考点。因为段子题一般是模拟课堂教学的场景。在课堂上,老师经常会在黑板上写点东西,而这写下来的东西往往都是最重要的,所以这一点大家一定要牢牢记住。
第二、新托福段子的长度明显增长了。旧托福段子的长度仅为一分半钟,而新托福有些段子则达到了五分钟甚至更长。这一变化要求考生必须能更好地抓住段子的主要观点、脉落和细节,并且对考生的记忆力和快速笔记的能力提出了更高的要求。这里笔者要带给大家一个好消息:虽然ETS宣称段子的长度达到了五分钟,但在美国已经开考的新托福段子却短了很多,长度为两分钟左右。
第三、新托福听力段子题在题型上出现了旧托福中从未出现过的新题型。根据ETS公布的新托福样题,目前已知的新题型有:多选题、是非题、图表题、排序题等。
第四、对话人数的变化。旧托福中长对话题一般都是一对一的对话,而新托福中出现了三人对话,个别的时候还有四人对话。新托福中加入了学生的参与,即使这种参与和一般意义上的对话有所区别,但是还是在一定程度上体现了教师与学生的互动,而这会给考生理解对话内容带来一定的干扰。
第五、答题时间的变化。旧托福中每道题的答题时间永远是十二秒,而新托福听力只有答题的总时间限制,且每题的平均做题时间达到了三十秒。笔者建议考生花十秒左右的时间解决简单题,把更多的时间留给真正的难题,最难的题甚至可以花上一分半甚至更长的时间。
新托福听力段子题的做题技巧
托福听力段子题的做题方法和技巧与小对话题的有很大区别,下面将考生可以用到的主要技巧分述如下:
听到什么选什么原则
这是托福听力段子题总的做题原则。一般来讲,只要你听见了,并且在选项里面也看见了,这个选项就极有可能是正确选项。记住,听见什么词选什么词,听见什么意思选什么意思,甚至是听见什么声音选什么声音。这个原则听起来好像很玄,但在实际答题中非常管用。举个例子来说(这种例子很多,几乎每个段子都能说明问题,这里仅举一例。同时由于篇幅有限,例子有所删节):
Welcome to the Forewinds historical farm where traditions of the past are preserved for visitors like you. Today our master thatchers will begin giving this barn behind me a sturdy thatched roof able to withstand heavy wind and last100 years. How do they do it? Well, in a nutshell, thatching involves covering thebeams or rafters, the wooden skeleton of the roof, with reeds or straw. ... It's a real shame that most people today don't realize how strong and long-lasting a thatched roof is. In Ireland where thatching is still practiced, the roof can survive winds up to 110 miles per hour. That's because straw and reeds are so flexible they bend but don't break in the wind like other materials can...
这个段子中的两个问题,我们可以通过此原则轻松做题。
1. What are thatched roofs made of?
2. According to the speaker, why does thatch survive strong winds?
第一题的答案你一定是听见了,因为非常明显。请注意段子中的黑体部分。reeds 以及reeds and straw出现过总共四遍,当然会听得见,因此,就把它选出来,于是你就得到了正确答案。第二题的答案也是原词:It bends without breaking.
主要内容原则
如果说听到什么选什么是最基本的技巧原则,那主要内容原则就应该是最重要的实力原则了。同学们在听段子的时候,永远要想着说话人想通过这个段子传达什么样的信息或者阐明什么样的观点,事实上,这也就是段子的主要内容。不要去想什么词没有听见,什么句子没有听懂。永远去想他/她想说明的主要观点以及你听懂的他/她说的那句话跟主要观点的关系。抓住这一点,段子题的得分率就会大大提高。
抓住主要内容,我们不仅可以做对topic题,还可以做对其他一些题。任何一个做题原则,其重要性都不可能超过主要内容原则。
强调原则
前面提到,托福听力段子最重要的考试原则就是主要内容原则。因此,考生在听的时候要尽可能地去抓主要内容。怎么抓呢?因为是主要内容,所以在段子中就会被强调,所以考生一定要熟悉各种各样的强调方式。熟悉了这些强调方式,主要内容也就能抓住了。一起来看下面的段子:
Thank you all for coming today to hear about the new recycling program on campus. ... Instead of seeing the usual brown trash cans all over the campus, from now on you'll see four different colors of trash cans. Pink trash cans are for paper, green cans are for glass, maroon ones are for metal and white ones are for other wastes. Just remember, pink: paper; green: glass; maroon: metal; white: waste. After the trash is sorted, they need to be collected and them distributed to the correct recycling facilities. That's where all of you come in... And again, your job is to collect the sorted trash and take it to different centers for each type of trash...
3. What will be the color of the trash can for paper?
4. What will be the primary responsibilities of volunteers?
请看第3、4题,这两题的答案在段子中都得到了反复强调。文中首先提到Pink trash cans are for paper, 后面再次提到时又进行了如此强调:Just remem-ber, pink: paper.关于第4题,段子中的黑体部分是正确选项的来源。
原因原则
原因在段子题中会经常成为考点,这是颠扑不破的真理。因此,当段子当中出现一些表示原因的标志词时,考生应格外注意,因为十有八九会考到。举例如下:
So, uh, as Jim said, James Polk was the eleventh president. And, well, my report is about the next president Zachery Taylor. Taylor was elected in 1849, it's surprising because he was the first president who didn't have any previous political experience. The main reason he was chosen as a candidate was because he was a war hero...
1. Why was Zachary Taylor chosen by his party as a candidate for president?
2. According to the speakers, why is it surprising that Taylor was elected president?
这个段子共有四道题,当中前三道都在考原因。事实上,托福听力段子题是经常考到原因的,这就需要同学有实力,能够辨别清楚什么地方表述原因,什么地方表述结果。因此在听的过程中,要留意表述原因的一些标志词,如because、because of、 since、 the main reason、 the most important reason等等,一旦这些标志词出现了,后面的内容就是同学必须记住的内容。一起来看这几道题的选项:
1. (A) He was well known on the West Coast.
(B) He served as James Polk's Vice President.
(C) He supported financial aid to farmers.
(D) He was a popular war hero.
2. (A) He was not interested in political reform.
(B) He had an unusual military career.
(C) He had no political experience.
(D) He expressed many controversial ideas.
选项中的黑体部分是正确答案,而段子中的黑体部分是正确选项的来源。
解释原则
段子中经常会出现生僻的词或概念,如果这样的词或概念对于考生理解整个段子没有影响,说话人是不会解释的,所以这时候即使你不能理解,也不需要再对它多加注意,因为可以肯定:ETS是不考这个词或概念的。但是一旦说话人解释了,就说明它一定会对理解段子起到非常重要的作用,这时候,解释的内容就一定要仔细听,因为一定会考到。例如:
In ancient times, many people believed the earth was a flat disc. Well over 2,000 years ago, the ancient Greek philosophers were able to put forward two good arguments proving that it was not. ... By the way, it was also from this difference in the apparent position of the North Star that the Greeks first calculated the approximate distance around the circumference of the earth, a figure recorded in ancient documents says 400,000 stadia, that's the plural of the word stadium. Today, it's not known what length one stadium represents, but let's say it was about 200 meters, the length of many athletic stadiums. This would make the Greek's estimate about twice the figure accepted today, a very good estimate for those writing so long before even the first telescope was invented.
请注意这个段子的一道考题:What does the professor say the term stadium refers to?
这个题讲stadium是指什么?在段子当中这是一个生僻的概念,说话人对它进行了解释,在段子中说话人告诉你stadia 是stadium的复数,虽然我们不知道它具体长度是多少,但大概是二百米,也就是很多体育场的长度。这样的信息经常是题目考查的内容。
人名原则
托福听力段子当中经常会出现人名,一旦出现人名,考生就必须弄清楚两点:第一、这个人是什么身份?第二、这个人与众不同的地方是什么?因为这个人与众不同的地方是一定会考到的地方。这个原则适用于所有段子,无论是生活类段子、文科段子还是理科专业类段子。试举一例说明:
You may remember that a few weeks ago we discussed the question of what photography is. Is it art or is it a method of reproducing images? ... Alfred Stieglitz went from the United States to Germany to study engineering. While he was there he became interested in photography and began to experiment with his camera. He took pictures under conditions that most photographers considered too difficult. He took them at night, in the rain and of people and objects reflected in windows. When he returned to the United States he continued this revolutionary effort. Stieglitz was the first person to photograph skyscrapers, clouds and views from an airplane. What Stieglitz was trying to do in his photographs was what he tried to do throughout his life: make photography an art. He thought that photography could be just as beautiful a form of self-expression as painting or drawing. For Stieglitz, his camera was his brush. While many photographers in the late 1800s and early 1900s thought of their work as a reproduction of identical images, Stiglitz saw his as a creative art form. He understood the power of the camera to capture the moment. In fact he never retouched his prints or made copies of them. If you are in this class from today, I'm sure you'd say: Well, painters don't normally make extra copies of their paintings, do they?
这个段子有四个问题:
1. What is the professor mainly discussing?
2. What question has the professor raised in the previous class?
3. What does the professor imply about the photographs Stieglitz took at night?
4. Why did Stieglitz choose not to make copies of his photographs?
1题和2题并不难,难度较大的是后面两道题,而且考生会认为后面两个题好象是讲细节的。这两个题怎样才能做对?如果大家能掌握人名原则就可以很好地解题。
首先要说明的是,当段子提到、讲到一个人的与众不同之处时,一般会讲一个,最多不会超出两个。这个段子里讲到Stieglitz的与众不同之处主要有两点:第一、他在摄影方面很了不起,是个先锋人物;第二、他把摄影当作一门艺术。段子中很多地方都谈到了这两点(文中加粗部分)。我们一起看看第3题的选项:
(A) They were influenced by his background in engineering.
(B) They were very expensive to take.
(C) They were among the first taken under such conditions.
(D) Most of them were of poor quality.
虽然这个问题看上去是细节问题,但同学们只要抓住Stieglitz的第一点与众不同的地方,即他在摄影方面是个先锋人物,就可以答好这一题。永远不要忘记,段子中提到的这个人的与众不同的地方,一定就是考点。
Stieglitz 第二点与众不同的地方是他把摄影当作一门艺术,事实上这也是整个段子要阐明的主要观点。抓住这一点,第4题就迎刃而解了。
(A) He thought the copying process took too long.
(B) He considered each photograph to be unique.
(C) He didn't have the necessary equipment for reproduction.
(D) He didn't want them to be displayed outside his home.
问答原则
这个原则尤其适用在长对话段子当中。我们知道长对话段子当中,经常出现这样一种情况:两个人对话的时候,其中一人提问,另一人对所提出的问题进行回答。这时候,提问是非常重要的,因为提出的问题极有可能就是最后要考到的问题,而对这个问题的回答自然就是同学必须牢记的答案。有时候,这个原则也适用于talk段子(一个人说话的段子)。一个人在说话的过程中,可以自己提出一个问题(设问),然后再对这个问题进行回答。记住:这一问一答之间通常是有答案的。
建议原则
一般来讲,在托福听力段子当中只要出现建议,建议就是考点。实际上,这一原则不仅在段子当中适用,在短对话题当中往往也是这样。记住:只要有建议就把它记住,因此,考生在复习时要尽可能地熟悉各种各样的建议方式。
BUT原则
这个原则运用起来非常简单,那就是只要出现but,but后面的内容往往就是考点。 |
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