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同位语结构
同位语的作用是对名词或名词性代词作进一步的解释,一般说来有单词、短语和从句三种形式。同位语从句是名词性从句的一种,置于某些名词之后,如fact, doubt, idea, news, hope, indication, decision, possibility, assumption, suggestion, question等。这种从句通常是由that引导,有时也会由what, why, whether, when等来引导。同位语常用来指出本位语的具体内容或者列举、突出本位语的部分内容,一般置于本位语之后,可以用逗号、冒号或破折号等标点符号与其隔开,也可以不用标点符号。由于同位语从句和定语从句在句子结构上有一些的相似之处,所以容易引起混淆。区分这两种从句的方法是,在同位语从句中that, what, who等连接代(副)词并不充当句子成分,而在定语从句中则充当句子成份。在阅读文章时,考生还应特别注意在句子中,特别是复杂长句中同位语与本位语分割的现象,因为这种分割往往会造成理解上的困难。如在句子“The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city.”中,thought和它的由that引导的同位语从句被谓语部分came to him分割了。
又如:
There is a growing realization that had Saddam Hussein focused his missile-development programs on this sort of hardware rather than developing the Scud, Desert Storm could have seen targets in Saudi Arabia and Israel bombarded by weapons whose miss distance might have been measured in terms of tens or hundreds of meters rather than kilometers.
【解析】这个句子的主干部分十分简短,即:There is a growing realization. That引导的是虚拟的关于realization的同位语从句,并且在这个从句中还有一个whose引导的定语从句用于修饰weapons。
【翻译】现在人们越来越清楚地认识到,如果萨达姆·侯赛因当初将其导弹发展计划集中在这种硬件而不是发展“飞毛腿”导弹,那么“沙漠风暴”行动中,轰炸沙特阿拉伯和以色列的导弹命中误差距离恐怕就不会以千米而是以几十或几百米测算了。
分词作状语结构
分词包括现在分词和过去分词,它们不仅可以用作形容词,还可以像副词短语那样,说明动词或句子要表达的概念。例如:Then, having ensured that their species will survive, the shrimp die as the last of the water evaporates.(然后,在确保其物种能生存下去之后,虾子就会随着最后一点水蒸发掉而死去。)这个句子中的having ensured that their species will survive相当于when或after,即分词短语用做时间状语。又如:Used economically, one bottle of kerosene will last for at least one month.(用得节省的话,一瓶煤油至少可以用一个月。)这句话中的过去分词表示条件和原因。再如:Granting the achievement to be great, there is still something to be desired.(即使成就是巨大的,仍有一些有待改进的地方。)这句话中的现在分词短语表示让步,此外分词做状语还可以表示伴随等情况。
另外,考生还需注意分词的两种用法和结构:
1) 分词的逻辑主语必须与主句的主语一致,如果出现不一致,则要使用独立主格结构。如:All the money having been spent, they had to look for a part-time job.(钱花光之后,他们不得不找零活干。)
2) with+名词(或代词宾格)+分词(短语)作状语,表示伴随情况。如:With oil expected to be scarce by the end of the century, the European Community has set aside 36 million dollars for hydrogen research over the past four years.(预期本世纪末石油将紧缺,在过去四年里,欧洲共同体准备了3,600万美元用来进行氢气的研究工作。)
下面,我们来看看复杂长句中分词的用法:
Then, maneuvering that iron stove through that doorway, with another mighty grunt Pete just heaved it forward and outward, and it smashed down against her little grassy-patched dirt back yard, the sounds of the crash and the iron cracking open sending her little spotted feist dog and her few any-breed chickens all yelping, squawking and flying.
【解析】maneuvering that iron stove through that doorway是现在分词短语作状语,表示时间。the iron cracking open是独立分词结构,而sending her little spotted feist dog and her few any-breed chichens all yelping, squawking and flying的sending是分词独立结构,而后面的三个现在分词是作为宾语spotted feist dog and her few any-breed chichens的宾语补语。
【翻译】然后,彼特搬着铁炉走出门口,又大喝了一声,举起铁炉向前往外抛去,顿时落在她乱草丛生的小后院,摔成碎片。撞击声和生铁的破裂声把她的小花狗和几只小鸡吓得咯咯大叫,四散飞逃。
又如:
If you haven誸 actively sought a job in the past week and aren誸 available for an immediate start, you are moved from the ranks of the “unemployed” to one of a number of other categories—so those who throw up their hands after a period of looking vanish into a one-line column, becoming just blips in the statistician誷 computer, along with those who haven誸 been able to get out and look for work, or aren誸 in areas where jobs exist, or who don誸 fulfill the other stringent guidelines to be classed as actively looking for work. |
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