仔细阅读与快速阅读

tycoon

大学英语四、六级考试改革在题型方面变化最大的是阅读理解，而其他题型基本上还是沿用了以前大纲的出题思路，修改的只是记分比例和记分方式。按照新大纲的规定，阅读理解部分将包含两种题型，一种是仔细阅读，另一种是快速阅读。新大纲取消了传统的单句选词填空题型，而是把对词汇的考查统一安排在仔细阅读中。由此看来，虽然改革后阅读理解部分的分值有所下降（由40分降至35分），但由于阅读理解同时考查了考生诸多方面的能力，所以它仍然是四、六级考试中的“重头戏”。
　　仔细阅读（Close Reading）要求考生精确理解原文，不仅要掌握文章的梗概信息，还要掌握细节性信息，对相关概念细致把握并能进行一定的逻辑演绎。快速阅读（Scanning）则要求考生能在较短的时间内浏览原文，从庞杂的信息中高效、准确地提取需要把握的信息，而忽略掉次要的和干扰性的信息。从测试学的角度来讲，仔细阅读要求考生能进行信息甄别和推理，而快速阅读只需要考生进行信息比对和筛选。
在阅读中，考生首先要能在Mentioned Information（提到的信息）和New Irrelevant Information（非提到的信息）之间作出初步判断。这一步是考查考生识别相关信息，迅速剔除不关联信息的能力，这也是快速阅读要求考生具备的能力，无需进行信息推理。再往下，就是仔细阅读所要求的能力了。很明显，它要求考生能甄别所提到的相关信息（mentioned relevant information），以及所提到的非相关信息（mentioned irrelevant information）。这个过程要求考生首先要理解原文信息点的精确含义，然后针对具体问题进行相关的逻辑推理，得出正确答案。所以，快速阅读考查的是考生对信息的扫描，只涉及对语言符号的识别；而仔细阅读考查的是理解，涉及的是同义词近义词替换、语法、句型以及篇章结构等多方面语言知识。由此可见，仔细阅读的要求明显要高于快速阅读。
　　下面我们以两篇文章为例，进一步阐述这两种阅读的区别。这两篇文章都是围绕同一主题World Wide Web展开讨论的，文章的结构也类似。但是由于一篇为快速阅读文章，另一篇为仔细阅读文章，所以它们所要求的对原文信息的把握程度明显不同。因此考生使用的阅读方法也应是不同的。
　　
　　例1雅思考试中的一篇快速阅读文章
　　
　　Almost① everyone with or without a computer is aware of the latest technological revolution destined to change forever the way in which humans communicate, namely, the Information Superhighway①, best exemplified by the ubiquitous Internet. Already, millions of people around the world are linked by computer simply by having a modem and an address on the “Net”, in much the same way that owning a telephone② links us to almost anyone who pays a phone bill. In fact, since the computer connections③ are made via the phone line, the Internet can be envisaged as a network of visual telephone links. It remains to be seen in which direction the Information Superhighway is headed, but many believe it is the educational hope of the future④.
　　The World Wide Web, an enormous collection of Internet addresses or sites, all of which can be accessed for information, has been mainly responsible for the increase in interest in the Internet in the 1990s. Before the World Wide Web, the “Net”was comparable to an integrated collection of computerized typewriters⑤, but the introduction of the“Web”in 1990 allowed not only text links to be made but also graphs, images and even video. A Web site consists of a“home page”，the first screen of a particular site on the computer to which you are connected from where access can be had to other subject- related “pages”(or screens) at the site and on thousands of other computers all over the world. This is achieved by a process called“hypertext”⑥. By clicking with a mouse device on various parts of the screen, a person connected to the“Net”can go traveling, or“surfing”through a web of pages to locate whatever information is required.
　　Anyone can set up a site; promoting your club, your institution, your company's products or simply yourself, is what the Web and the Internet is all about. And what is more, information on the Internet is not owned or controlled by any one organization. It is, perhaps, true to say that no-one and therefore everyone owns the“Net”. Because of the relative freedom of access to information, the Internet has often been criticized by the media⑦ as a potentially hazardous tool in the hands of young computer users. This perception has proved to be largely false however, and the vast majority of users both young and old get connected with the Internet for the dual purposes for which it was intended—discovery and delight.
根据原文，判断下列说法True/False/Not Given
　　1) Everyone is aware of the Information Superhighway.
　　2) Using the internet costs the owner of a telephone extra money.
　　3) Internet computer connections are made by using telephone lines.
　　4) According to the author, the Information Superhighway may be the future hope of education.
　　5) The World Wide Web is a network of computerized typewriters.
　　6) The process called“hypertext”requires the use of a mouse device.
　　7) The media has often criticized the Internet because it is dangerous.
　　
　　对于大多数考生而言，快速阅读的时间非常有限。争取时间的好方法之一就是先读题目，带着题目中的信息有针对性地回到文章中去找相关的信息点。所以，在做快速阅读时，我们与其说是在读文章，不如说是在根据题目信息去文章中找相对应的信息。鉴于此，做快速阅读的一般步骤是：
　　第一步：扫描题干，迅速标出题干中的关键词。关键词可能是专有名词，含特殊含义的名词，也可能是时间、地点等；
　　第二步：迅速浏览原文。应该注意的是，浏览的目的不是为了了解文章的细节，而是要找出在题干中划出的关键词，并加上标记。切忌逐字逐句地理解原文。正确的策略应是不计较一词、一句的得失，而是从全局的角度去浏览，找出关键词即可；
　　第三步：提取原文中含有关键词的句子，并读懂该句；
　　第四步：再次阅读题干。用原文中句子的意思验证题干，做出判断。
　　以上任何步骤都无需考生进行逻辑推理，只要对比信息即可。例文中的关键词是与题目序号相匹配的答题关键词。考生可以按照上述步骤对例文进行快速阅读，正确答案为：1) F2) NG3) T4) T5) F6) T7) F
　　
　　例2仔细阅读2003年 6月CET-6 Passage One
　　
　　Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.
　　In the villages of the English countryside there are still people who remember the good old days when no one bothered to lock their doors. There simply wasn't any crime to worry about.
　　Amazingly, these happy times appear still to be with us in the world's biggest community. A new study by Dan Fanner, a gifted programmer, using an automated investigative program of his own called SATAN, shows that the owners of well over half of all World Wide Web sites have set up home without fitting locks to their doors. ①
　　SATAN can try out a variety of well-known hacking (黑客的) tricks on an Internet site without actually breaking in.② Fanner has made the program publicly available, amid much criticism.③ A person with evil intent③ could use it to hunt down③ sites that are easy to burgle③ (闯入……行窃).
　　But Fanner is very concerned about the need to alert the public to poor security and, so far, events have proved him right④. SATAN has done more to alert④ people to the risks than cause new disorder.
　　So is the Net becoming more secure? Far from it. In the early days, when you visited a Web site your browser simply looked at the content. Now the Web is full of tiny programs that automatically download when you look at a Web page, and run on your own machine. These programs could, if their authors wished, do all kinds of nasty things to your computer.
　　At the same time, the Net is increasingly populated with spiders, worms, agents and other types of automated beasts designed to penetrate the sites and seek out and classify information. All these make wonderful tools for antisocial people who want to invade weak sites and cause damage.
　　But let's look on the bright side. Given the lack of locks, the Internet is surely the world's biggest (almost) crime-free society. ⑤Maybe that is because hackers are fundamentally honest. Or that there currently isn't much to steal. Or because vandalism (恶意破坏) isn't much fun unless you have a peculiar dislike for someone.