名 词 性 从 句
●主语从句
主语从句常出现在下面的三种结构中。
1.主语从句+谓语
That she will come to our party is certain.
2.It +be+形容词(名词词组、过去分词)+that从句
It is quite clear that the elephant is like a huge fan.
It is common knowledge that the whale is not a fish.
It is said that our school will be rebuilt.
在这种结构中,that引导的从句后置。而使用it作形式主语,它也可以与前面讲到的结构换用。用于该结构的形容词很多,常见的有: obvious,clear,likely,true,certain...
该结构中,由于使用了某些形容词、名词词组、过去分词,后面引导的主语从句要使用虚拟语气。关于这一点请参见《虚拟语气》一章。
另外,It is ...+ that...构成的句型有很多,请参见《It句型》。
3.It +seem(happen等不及物动词)+that从句
It seems that Mary is not coming at all.
用于该结构的不及物动词有:seem, happen, appear,matter...该结果有的可以用不定式结构转换。如上面句子可转换为:
Mary doesn't seem to be coming at all. ●宾语从句 宾语从句主要用于下面四种结构:
1.主语+谓语+that从句
The boy dreamed that he was flying to the moon.
这种结构在英语中最为普遍,用于这种结构的动词也很多:say, think, insist, wish, hope, suppose, see, believe, agree, admit, deny, expect, explain, order, command, feel, dream, suggest, hear, propose, declare, demand, imagine, wonder, know, mean, notice, prefer, request, require, report...
在believe, think, suppose等词后,连词that常省去。
在表示请求、命令、建议的等词后的宾语从句中要使用虚拟语气,请参见《虚拟语气》一章中“关于宾语从句中的虚拟语气”。
2.主语+谓语+wh-从句
We must find out who did all this.
在该结构中的宾语从句,实际上是一个特殊疑问句变化而来的。而且特别需要注意的是,宾语从句是一个陈述句语序。用于这种结构的动词常常是:see, say, tell, ask, answer, know, decide, show, find out, imagine, suggest, doubt, wonder, discover, understand, inform, advise...
3.主语+谓语+whether(if)+从句
I want to know whether(if)he will join us this afternoon.
在该结构中whether(if)引导的宾语从句,实际上是由一个一般疑问句演变而来的。意思是“是否”。宾语从句要用陈述句语序。一般说来,在宾语从句中whether与if可以互换使用。具体的要求,后面详述。
4.主语+be+表语形容词+从句
I am afraid that I can't promise you anything.
I am not sure whether(if)they are doing their best.
在该结构中,从句作形容词宾语,有的语法书认为是状语从句。用于这种结构的形容词常有:afraid, angry, amazed, anxious, glad, happy, pleased, sad, satisfied, sure, surprised, ashamed, astonished, certain, delighted, disappointed...
在口语中,特别是sure, sorry, afraid等形容词,that常省略。
“6123结构”
“6123结构”是指主句中有think,find等动词时,宾语是不定式短语、动名词短语、that引导的从句,而形容词或名词作宾补,要用形式宾语it。请看下面例句。
Lots of foreigners find it difficult to learn Chinese.
6 --- find, think, feel, believe, consider, make
1 --- it
2 --- 名词或 形容词
3 --- 不定式短语、动名词短语、that引导的从句
注意:1.主句中谓语动词除了上面的6个常用动词外还有:
regard, suppose, take, imagine...
2.that引导的从句,that不能省。
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●表语从句 表语从句主要是说明主语的内容。因此,含有表语从句的复合句中的主语通常是:
①需要有内涵的名词。如:fact, truth, explanation, problem, opinion, view等。
②what引导的主语从句。
①The fact is that he didn't finish his homework last night.
Our belief is that things will improve.
②What I want to know is which dictionary I should buy.
另外:as if(as though)也可以用于表语从句。但多是以下面形式出现。
主语+look(seem)as if+从句
It looked as if it was going to snow.
It seems as if there will be an election soon.
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●注意事项
一、关于宾语从句中否定转移问题
在某些句子结构中,按语意本应放在从句中的否定词not往往被移至主句的谓语动词中,这种现象叫做否定的转移。这种否定的转移,常出现在believe, expect, imagine, suppose, think,guess等动词中。
I don't think it will be very cold today.
I don't expect Tom has eaten all the cake.
I don't imagine they have finished the job yet.
I don't suppose that I shall be back until eight.
I don't believe that he can do it.
二、直接引语与间接引语
1.主句的谓语动词是过去时态时,将直接引语变间接引语,从句时态应用“后退一步法”。
2.务必记住常用的指示代词,时间状语,地点状语以及少数动词的变化。
3.直接引语为一般疑问句,变成间接引语后,应是宾语从句中第三种结构。
4.直接引语为特殊疑问句,变成间接引语后,应是宾语从句中第二种结构。
5.直接引语为祈使句,变成间接引语后应是句型7,不定式作宾补。
三、关于whether, if引导名词性从句的问题
1.whether引导主语从句时,既可以直接位于句首,也可以位于句末;if引导主语从句时只能用于it作形式主语的从句中。
Whether we need it is a different matter.
It is a different matter whether(if)we need it.
2.在宾语从句中,当表示“是否”时,whether与if可以互换。
3.whether引导的从句可以充当介词宾语,if则不行。
I worry about whether I hurt her feelings.
4.一般说来whether可以与or not连用,if则不行。
I have no idea whether or not he is ready.
5.whether引导的从句可以作名词的同位语,if则不行。
The question whether we need it has not been decided.
6.可能造成歧义时,用whether而不用if。
Please let me know whether you are coming.
请告诉我你是否要来。(whether引导宾语从句)
Please let me know if you are coming.
如果你要来,请告诉我。(if引导状语从句)
四、that在引导名词性从句时的省略
that引导的宾语从句,一般可以省去that,但在下面情况中不能省略。
1.在suggest, order等表示命令、请求、建议等动词后的宾语从句中,不能省。
2.在句型7中,当从句作宾语,用于“6123结构”时,that不能省。
3.由and或but所连接的两个引导的宾语从句时,第一个从句中的that可以省,第二个从句中的that不能省。
4.that引导的宾语从句,如果从句中还有其他状语从句,引导宾语从句的that不能省略。
Tell him that if he is at home, I'll call to see him.
5.that引导的主语从句,表语从句以及同位语中,that不能省略。
五、名词性从句中的what使用
what可以用于主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句。初学英语容易混淆该词与that的用法,往往出错。因此我们说,掌握好what一词的使用,是突破名词性从句的一个关键。
that引导名词性从句,它只是引导这个从句,不在从句中充当任何成分,而且没有任何意义,这一点在前面特征表中可以看到,而what则不同,它不但有意义,而且要在从句中充当成分,也就是说what引导从句在主句中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、同时what还要在从句中充当宾语、主语或表语(大多数时候是充当宾语),只要符合这两个条件,就得用what引导。
What you want is a new school-bag.
(what引导从句做主句中的主语,同时在从句中作want的宾语)
That is what I hope.
(what引导从句做主句中的表语,同时在从句中作hope的宾语)
We cannot do what you asked of us.
(what引导从句做主句中的宾语,同时在从句中作asked的宾语)
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