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众所周知,GRE考试中Verbal Ability Test是关键,而句子填空是语文能力测试的第一项,上场后第一枪的重要性自不待言。句子填空考的是整体语言逻辑,如果想做好,就必须对整个句子的语境有深刻的理解,能够很快确定句子的思维“节点”。所谓的“节点”,就是题目中用来表示前后逻辑关系的关键信息,反映空格与已知信息的对应关系。
下面,我们就分析一下GRE填空当中最常见“节点”以及它所体现的解题方法:
并列关系同义词解法
并列关系最典型的一个连接词便是“and”。此外,indeed,just as,also,almost,even,similarly,correspondingly,accordingly,in the same way 等亦属并列关系。解题时只需将相应的中心线索定位,找出一个同义词的选项即可。
例 1:
Human senses are designed to _____ specific stimuli, and after a focus is achieved, other sensory data is ____.
(a) look for ... heightened
(b) respond to ... insulated
(c) concentrate on ... discounted
(d) favor ... added up
(e) create ... born
〖解答〗
先处理空格①。第一分句与第二分句之间以and连接,第二分句的 after 一词更表明第二句是在复述第一句中人类感官是如何对外部刺激“achieve a focus”的,故可将 focus 以一动词形式(加接一个适当的介词on)移入空格①,则求得(c)concentrate on为正确答案。(b) respond to相对来说有一点儿的关联,但不及(c)来得具体有针对性。空格②:作为动词,它与focus,同时也与concentrate on构成反义词。既然注意力已全部汇集于某些特定的刺激或感觉数据,则其他的感觉数据便不再获得注意力的全神贯注,故求得(c)discounted(不信,漠视,不予考虑)为正确答案。
〖译文〗
人类的诸般感官旨在全神贯注于明确具体的刺激物,一旦注意力之凝聚得以形成,其余的感官数据皆忽略不计。
例2:
Quentin was an enigma to the rest of us: smiling and relating amusing anecdotes one moment; sneering and hurling malicious barbs the next; philosophical and ______ one day; hail-fellow-well-met and outgoing the next; unfeeling and flinty sometimes; warmly ______ and giving at other times.
(a) pragmatic ... withdrawn
(b) depressed ... distant
(c) introspective ... sympathetic
(d) thoughtful ... hostile
(e) taciturn ... loquacious
〖解答〗
本题两处空格均以and连接。空格①应与此前的philosophical构成语义上的近似,则(c)introspective和(d) thoughtful俱佳。空格②应与其后的(warmly giving)构成同(近)义,则(c)sympathetic为正确答案,(d) hostile可予以排除。
〖译文〗
对于所有我们这些人来说,昆廷实在是一个不解之谜:一会儿满脸笑容可掬且津津乐道于种种逗人的轶事趣闻;一会儿却又冷嘲热讽,极尽恶意讥笑之能事;今朝像哲人似的耽于冥想自省,他日则摆出一副“嗨! 哥儿们,碰到你真高兴”的随意不拘;时而冷漠无情,不为所动,时而又富于怜悯之心,热情地付出一切。
对立关系反义词解法
凡是出现but,yet,however,nevertheless,although,(even) though,while,whereas, notwithstanding,despite,in spite of,in contrast (to),on the contrary,on the other hand,whatever,otherwise,ironically,paradoxically,curiously,surprisingly 等带有转折逆转含义的题目,则代入空格的正确选项必与中心线索构成语义对立的反义词关系。
例 1:
It is true that seeds of some plants have ______ after two hundred years of dormancy, but reports that viable seeds have been found in ancient tombs such as pyramids are entirely ______.
(a) received ... empirical
(b) germinated ... unfounded
(c) endured ... irrelevant
(d) erupted ... reasonable
(e) proliferated ... substantiated
〖解答〗
先处理空格②:题内“It is true that...”代表了第一种说法,“but reports that...”代表了与第一种说法相反的情形。既然前者是“确凿可信的”(true), 则后者应是“虚妄谬误的”,与true一词构成反义。(d) reasonable 和 (e) substantiated (具体化的,被证实了的)构成的是同义关系,可先予排除。(a) empirical (经验主义的)无针对性。(c) irrelevant 意为“不相关联的”,它并不就意味着“谬误的”。惟 (b) unfounded (没有根据的,无稽之谈的)为正确。在空格①处,所代入的动词用以描述 “seeds” 的某种情况,可将第二句中再涉及seeds这一概念时所用的viable一词以动词形式直接代入,则求得同义的(b)germinated一词。
〖译文〗
某些植物的种子在经历了200多年的休眠状态之后依然能发芽,这一情形完全属实,但是,在诸如金字塔一类的古代坟墓中能寻找到尚能存活发芽的种子,这种传闻纯属无稽之谈。
例 2:
Even though some genetic mutations may be useful under certain circumstances, most are unconditionally ______ in all existing environments. |
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