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一、事实细节题
1. 命题规律
1) 列举处常考
列举处指的是 First,...,Second ,...,Third,..., 等并列关系词出现的部分。要求考生从列举出的内容中 , 选出符合题干要求的答案项。列举方式有时不用数字排序 , 而是采取句式排比的方式进行。
2) 举例与打比方的地方常考
为了使自己的观点更具有说服力 , 更加明确 ,作者常以具体的例子来佐证。这些例子或比喻常会成为考点。因此考生应对那些引出这些例子或比喻的标志词加以注意。这类词很多 , 常见的有 as,such ,for example,for instance，a case，in point 等。
3)( 指示 ) 代词出现处常考
这类考题 ,常用来考查考生是否真正理解上下文之间的句际关系和意义。
4) 引用人物论断处常考
作者为正确表达自己观点或使论点更有依据 , 常会引用某些权威人士的论断或采纳其重要发现等。命题者常在此处作文章。
5) 特殊标点符号后的内容常考
由于特殊标点符号后的内容常是对前面内容的进一步解释和说明 , 因此命题者常对标点符号后的内容进行提问。具体说 , 特殊标点符号包括 (1) 破折号 ( 表解释 ),(2) 括号 ( 表解释 ),(3) 冒号 ( 表解释 ),(4) 引号 ( 表引用 ) 。
2. 答题技巧
1) 若针对举例子、引用名人言论、特殊符号 ( 如冒号、引号、破折号 ) 后内容出题 , 考生可只读例子、名人言论、符号前后句内容 , 然后与选项对号入座。
例 (‘ 99 年 1 月第 2 篇 )
President Coolide’s statgnent,\"The business of America is b11sines, “still point to an important truth today –that business institution have more prestige(威望)in American society than any other kind of organization,including the government
Q:The statement \"The business of America is business”probably means”__”.
[A]the business institution in America are concerned with commerce
[B]business problems are of great importance to the American governmenthinmis
[C]business is of primary concern to Americans
[D]Aameric is a great power in world business
正确答案是 [C] 。根据引号及其内容很快找到原文相关部分 ,其后的破折号必是对该句的解释。因此考生不必在原文所引内容的两个busine为何意上绞尽脑、汁 , 只须理解破折号后内容 , 其意思是 : 美国商业机构在美国社 会中享有的威望比包括政府在内的其他所有机构都要高。这个意思与选项 [C] 中的 \"pdmzy ∞ ncm\"( 头等大事 ) 相对应 , 故选 [C] 。
2) 如果题目只是针对某一段的内容提间 , 考生可只看该段内容即可答题 , 而不必等到把文章全看完才做 , 以防到交卷时 , 因时间不足胡乱猜一个。
例 ('94 年 1 月第 2 篇 )
Fatherhood is going to have a different meaning and bring forth a different response from every man who hears these words-Some feel when they receive the news,while others worry ,wondering whether they will be good fathezs.Although there some men who like children and may have had considerable experience with them,others do not particularly care for children and spend little time with them. Many fathers and mothers have been planning and looking forward to children for some time.For other couples,pregnancy( 怀孕 )was an accident that both husband and wife have accepted willingly or unwillingly.
Q:In the second paragraph,the auther___.
[A]criticzes fathers for not taking enough responsibilities in bringing up their children
[B]excuses the American writer for ignoring the difficulties of being a father
[C]surpports the idea that the chief role of a father is to earn money for the family
[D] complaim about the lack of social programs to help husbands adjust themselves to being a father
答案是 [A] 。根据问题 , 我们很快返回原文第二段 , 即上面节选 -段。在没有上下文的情况下 , 阅读该段文字后 , 我们发现其中一句 \"Although there are...,others don't particularly care for children and spend little time with them\"( 尽管 ….., 其他父亲并不特别喜爱孩子 , 而且陪孩子的时间也不长 ) 与 [A] 项含义 \" 批评父亲在养育孩子方面 并没有尽到应有责任 \" 相对应 , 因而轻松选择 [A] 项为答案。
3) 选项中照抄或似乎照抄原文的一般不是答案项 , 而同义词替换的选项一般是答案。
例 ('97 年 6 月第 3 篇 )
Injuries and deaths were relatively less in Los Angeles because the quake occurred at 4:31a.m.on a holiday when traffic was light on the city's highways. In addition, changes made to the constructions codes in Los Angeles during the last 2O years have strengthened the city’s buildings and highways, making them more resistant to earthquake .
Q: One reason why the loss of lives in the Los Angeles earthquake was comparatively low is that____
[A]new computers had been installed in the buildings
[B]it occurred in the residential rather than on the highways
[C]large numbers of Los Angeles residents had gone for a holiday
[D]improvements had been made in the construction of buildings and highways
答案是[D].在四个选项中[C项和[D]都与原文有关.但[C]达似乎照抄原文”the quake occurred…on a holiday”,但实际上是对原文的曲解.原文中并没有说大多Los Angeles的居民们外出度假了,只是说了当时的交通情况.而选项[D]中的improvement 是对”change made to the construction codes”的解释，是change在该文中的同义替换词，因此[D]是正确答案。
4}选项中表达意义较具体,或肤浅地表达了字面意思的，一般不是答案项,而概括性的、抽象的、含义深刻的是答案项。
例 1(2000 年 1 月第 1 篇 )
Is it worth it?Two things experts consider when judging any risk are:1)How likely the event is;and2)How bad the consequences are if the event occurs. Experts think an asteroid big enough to destroy lots of life might srike Earth once every 500,OOO years.
Q:What do scientists say about the collision of an asteroid with Earth?
[A]It is very unlikely but the danger exists.
[B]Such a collision might occur every 25 years.
[C]Collidons d smaller asteroids with Earth occur more often than expected.
[D]It's still ear1y to say whether such a collision might occur.
答案是 [A] 。依据节选文中最后一句可知虽然小行星每 50 万年才撞击地球一次 , 但此事总是有可能发生的。在四个选项中 , 只有 [A] 项 \" 小行星与地球碰撞的可能性不大 , 但这种危险是存在的 \" 最具概括性。因此 [A] 项正确。
例 2('99 年 6 月第 2 篇 )
Perhaps the PR industry might take a lesson from Ted Turner of CNN (Cable News Network).Turner recently an- nounced that the word \"foreign\"would no longer be used on CNN news broadcasts 也 .According to Turner,globalGmmud-cations have made the nations of the world so interdependant that there is no longer any such thing as foreign.
Q:What lesmn might the PR industry take from Ted Tuner of CNN?
[A]American PR companies should be more internationally-minded.
[B]The American imn PR industry should develop global communications technologies .
[C]Pmple working in PR should be more fluent in foreign languages.
[D]People involved in PR should avoid using the word \"foreign\".
答案是 [A] 。四个选项中 ,[B] 项和 [C] 项因在文中未涉及而被排除 ,[D] 项为强干扰项 , 是对原文第二句肤浅的字面理解 , 不正确 , 而 [A] 项对句子内涵正确诠释 , 是对原文 , 尤其是最后一句的抽象、概括的理解 , 因而正确。
5) 选项内容与其他三项有较大差别的 , 可能为答案。
例 ('96 年 6 月第 3 篇 )
Most our patients( 注 : 指上文中提到的 terminally iil patients)welcomed another human being with whom they could talk openly,honestly,and frankly about their trouble.Many of them shared with us their tremendous need to be informed,to be kept up-to-date on their medical condition and to be told when the end was near.
Q:The need of a dying patient for company shows____.
[A]his desire for communication with other people
[B]his fear of approaching death
[c]his pessimistic attitude towards his condition
[D]his reluctance to part with his family
答案是 [A] 。若学生时间不充分 , 在紧急状态下 , 对四个选项进行对比后可发现选项 [A] 内容与众不同 , 其他三 项均表明了对死亡来临时悲观的心情 , 如恐惧、悲观、不情愿等 , 只有 [A] 表明了渴望与他人交流的意愿。当然若时 间充分可对原文相关部分进行分析 , 以选文第一句为例 , 其意为 : 多数病人想与他人坦诚地谈谈自己的麻烦和困 惑。由此可见 , 这是一种对交流的渴望 , 因而选 [A] 。
6) 答案项中有绝对语气词的一般不是正确答案。这些语气词有 :must,always,never,the most ,al1,merely,on- ly,have to,any,no,completely,none,hardly 等 , 而选项中含有不十分肯定的语气词一般是正确答案项。这些语气词 有 could,may,often,should,usually,might,most(大多数),more or less,relatively,be likely to,possible,whether or,not necessarily等。
例（2000年6月第3篇）
Primary among the arguments against uniforms is their lack of variety and the consequent loss of individuality experienced by people who must wear them.
Q:According to the passage,people wearing uniforms___.
[A]are usually helped [B]have little or no individual freedom
[C]tend to lose their individuality [D]enjoy greater popularity |
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发表于 2007-11-4 00:21:53