扫 黑 声 中 谈 黑 色
HOW \"BLACK\" IS BLACK
轰动一时的“扫黑”及“扫黄”行动,说起来都和“色”有关。今天我们也凑凑热闹来谈“黑”。本文要谈的“黑”是在中、英文里的黑色(black)以及和“黑”有关的字汇。此次警方的“一清运动”是以“扫黑”为始,我们也就从“黑色”谈起。
“黑”是中国的五色之一,所谓“五色”者指的是“青、黄、赤、白、黑”等颜色。在国人的意识形态中,“黑”究竟代表什么概念呢?从“扫黑”行动所用的“黑”字看来,其所代表者显然是与暴力及罪恶有关,指社会“恶”的一面。我们常指别人的胡说乱道为“指黑为白;颠倒是非”,闽台语则说“黑白讲”(这种说法似乎不分中外,不谋而合;英文说\"call white black\"或\"call black white\")。此处的“黑”与“白”所指的是\"right and wrong\"(是非),或\"good or bad\"(善恶)。不管如何,“黑”总是代表非,“非”即“恶”了。
“黑”代表“恶”的中文词句俯拾皆是,如:黑幕(an unprintable secret behind the scenes; the cover-up for evil deeds),黑道日(﹦凶日,an unlucky day),黑话 (the secret jargon, the argot of criminals),黑货 (stolen goods; smuggled goods ; opium),黑业 (black deeds, evil deeds),黑脸 (cunning person),黑心(black heart, evil heart; greed),黑道人物 (a gangster; an underworld figure) ,黑店(an inn which is run by thieves as a trap to steal, rob or even murder unwary travelers)等等。我们也常一竿子打落一船人地说“天下乌鸦一般黑”来暗示一群人都不是好东西。中文的“黑”是相等于英文的“black”;用作名词时,其字义为“黑,黑色;黑色颜料;黑墨水;黑人;黑衣;【靶的】中心黑点;黑斑;污点”等等。当作形容词使用时,则除了“黑的,黑色的;黑人的;黑衣的”等义之外,还用于表示“暗淡的,阴郁的,沮丧的;险恶的,邪恶的;不吉利的”等。本文的讨论范围将只限于这些表示后者的字义及其用法。
我们先来看一看“black”一词的若干例句:
He is black with anger.
(他气得脸色发青。)
He is not so black as he is painted.
(他不像所传闻的那么坏。)
He looks as black as thunder.
(他看起来一副像雷公的凶相。)
The prospects for a ban on nuclear weapons look black.
(核武限制的前途极为黯淡。)
He gave a black look at the impolite waiter in the restaurant.
(他对不礼貌的餐厅服务员狠狠地看了一眼。)
As prices have dropped lower and lower, the outlook looks black for many companies in the city.
(当价格一再下跌,对市内许多公司来说前景大为不妙。)
至于“black”用以表示“恶”的字汇也着实不少,如:black heart或black soul(黑心,心黑的人),black money(不义之财),black deeds(凶恶的行为,昧良心的事),black mark(污点,不名誉),black market(黑市),black list(黑名单),blackmail(勒索;恐吓),black sheep(败家子;害群之马),blackleg(〔尤指赌博,赛马时的〕骗子,郎中),blackguard(恶棍),Black Friday(〔耶稣基督被钉死在十字架上的〕不吉利的星期五),the black art(巫术,妖术),black tidings(坏消息),black words(不吉利的言语),black look(邪恶的嘴脸),black lie(恶意的谎话)等等。
His name is on the black list(blacklist)used by the police to round up all the gangsters.
(他被列在警方用于逮捕所有不良帮派份子的黑名单上。)
The black art is still practised among the primitive tribes in Africa.
(非洲原始部族之间,巫术仍然在用。)
During the war, we bought rice,meat and many other things on the black market.
(战争时期:我们在黑市购买米、肉及其他许多东西。)
He is regarded as the black sheep of the family.
(他被认为是个败家子。)
That blackguard gave the police officer who arrested him a black look.
(那个恶棍对逮捕他的警官怒目而视。)
He has a black heart.
(他是个黑心肠的人。)
He received a threatening letter demanding $1,000,000, and the police said it was blackmail.
(他收到要求一百万美元的恐吓信;警方说那是一件勒索。)
其他虽然与“恶”无关,但并不令人愉快的词句有:black despair(绝望),black in the face(〔因愤怒或用力而〕脸色发紫),in a black mood(情绪低落),under the black dog(不开心,忧郁着,沮丧着),black humor(〔小说或戏剧中的〕荒诞的幽默)等:
He was in black despair when he failed in the joint examination.
(当他联考不及格时,他绝望了。)
He is in a black mood today because his girl friend left him for the United States this morning.
(他今天情绪低落,因为他的女朋友今晨离开他去美国。)
The black humor is overwhelming in that novel.
(那部小说有太多荒诞的幽默。)
此外与暴力及犯罪无关,或按照字眼就可以猜得出其词义者有下列词句:
black and blue(遍体鳞伤):
He fell down the stairs and was all black and blue.
(他从楼梯跌下而青一块紫一块了。)
He was beaten black and blue.
(他被打得遍体鳞伤。)
in black and white(白纸黑字,黑白分明;是非分明):
I think it is better to have the terms and conditions of the agreement down in black and white.
(我想最好是将协议的条件写下来。)
He wants us to put down everything in black and white.
(他要我们把所有的事情写下来。)
in the black(营利,赚钱,有盈余):
The company is running in the black under the leadership of the new president.
(那家公司在新董事长领导之下正在赚钱。)
Naturally, a business must stay in the black to keep on.
(当然一个企业,必须营利才能维持。)
The company lost money for about four years, but with the new production methods, the general manager announced that the company was finally in the black.
(这家公司大约四年都有亏损,但采用新生产方法之后,总经理宣布公司终于有了盈余。)
不过“黑”也有代表“是”与“善”的一面。从前轿车一律都用黑色喷漆,并且一般政府机关公用车辆,礼车等仍然沿用黑色以示尊严。正式礼服也一直采用黑色料子;这种黑礼服包括晚礼服及黑蝴蝶颜结,称之谓“black tie”。
To attend the state dinner, black tie is required.
(要参加国宴,必须穿晚礼服。)
说也奇怪,象征正直的包公,在京剧里不也涂着黑脸出场吗?最后,英文有一句成语“the pot calls the kettle black”相等于中文的“五十步笑百步”,“半斤八两”,“龟笑鳖无尾(巴)”:
Chang San said Li Szu had cheated at the mid-term examination, but Li Szu replied that the pot was calling the kettle black.
(张三说李四在期中考试中作弊,但李四回说〔他是〕龟笑鳖无尾。)
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