|
连词错误
说到连词,好多考生对此一知半解。因为连词的种类非常多,有并列连词(连接并列句),如and, but, or等;有从属连词(引导复合句),而从属连词引导的从句又可分为三类:名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句。尤其应注意的是有些连词可引导不止一种从句,具有多重功能,这往往是学习的难点,也是易混点。
(1)并列连词
并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。如:and, but, or, nor, so, yet, for, as well as, both...and, not only...but also, either...or, neither...nor等等。
例1:In sum, culture reflects both the ideas we share or everything we make. (2004-06-第4处错误)
这道题的错误非常明显,应该把or改成and,both...and是个固定搭配。
例2:For example, they dreamed of buying houses and starting families. But there was a tremendous boom in home building. (2003-09-第8处错误)
连词误用。根据上下文判断,人们有了买房和组建家庭的愿望,才引起了后句的结果,这里不应是转折关系,宜将But改成And或So。
(2)从属连词
A. 名词性从句
名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组,它在复合句中能充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等成分,因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能,名词性从句又可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
例1:Instead, patients can take that is called a multi-drug therapy. This... (2005-01-第3处错误)
此句中应把that改为what。What引导名词性宾语从句,表示“……的东西”,“what is called a multi-drug therapy”表示“被称作多种药物疗法的东西”,即“所谓的多种药物疗法”。此句中需要这样一个关系代词,它既能连接主句和宾语从句,又能在宾语从句中担当主语,因而只能用what。
例2:...environment. There’s also convincing evidence which dyslexia is largely inherited. (2006-06-第5处错误)
同位语从句是对与之同位的名词中心词作进一步解释,能接同位语从句的常见名词有: idea, fact, news, belief, hope, evidence, opinion, problem, truth, answer, proposal, theory, decision, discovery, thought, understanding等,关联词多用that。考生注意不要把同位语从句与定语从句弄混。同位语从句与定语从句的区别在于:定语从句是对先行词加以修饰、限制,而同位语从句是说明名词中心词的具体内容;that在定语从句中充当成分,为关系代词,而在同位语从句中不做任何成分,仅起连接作用。
以上句中“There’s also convincing evidence”后为同位语从句,因为“dyslexia is largely inherited”是个完整句子,不缺成分。这里应该把which改成that。
B. 定语从句
这一类错误主要涉及关系词的误用。定语从句在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰词即为先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。定语从句中关系代词包括that, which, who, whom等;关系副词包括when, where, why等。关系词一方面指代定语从句所修饰的名词或代词,一方面又在定语从句中担当句子成分。
例:...the myth of the city as a promised land, that attracts immigrants from rural poverty... (2002-06-第8处错误)
此句中的that应改为which,这里which引导的是非限制性定语从句,指代前面的the myth。定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明确;非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。
需要注意的是,关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。
C. 状语从句
根据所表达的意义,状语从句可以分为时间状语从句、地点状语从句、方式状语从句、比较状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、让步状语从句等等。作为主句的一个组成部分,状语从句可以放在句首、句中或句末。
例1:This alliance guarantees that all leprosy patients, even they are poor, have a right to the most modern treatment. (2005-01-第6处错误)
此句中that引导的宾语从句里还包含着从句,“all leprosy patients have a right to the most modern treatment”是主句,“they are poor”是从句,根据句子想要表达的意思,这里应该是even if 或者even though引导的让步状语从句,表示“即使”。That引导的从句的意思是:所有的麻风病人都有权利得到最先进的治疗,即使他们很穷。所以应该在even后加if/though。
例2:There are backward towns on the edge of Bombay or Brasilia, just as though there were on the edge of seventeenth-century London or early nineteenth-century Paris. (2002-06-第3处错误)
Just as 表示“正如”,引导方式状语从句,而as though的意思是“好像”,根据上下文要表达的意思,应该把though去掉。本句意为:现在的孟买和巴西利亚周边有一些落后的城镇,正如17世纪的伦敦和19世纪初的巴黎周边也有一些落后的城镇一样。
介词错误
这是改错题中最常见的一种错误,考题不会出得特别难,做对这类题目的关键是平常的积累,尤其是对一些动词词组搭配的记忆。
例1:According to the survey, “reading is on the decline on every region, within every ethnic group, and at every educational level.” (2006-12-新-第1处错误)
这道题比较简单,跟region相搭配的显然不是on,应该是in。
例2:Your culture supplies you by broad, standardized, ready-made answers for dealing with each of these situations. (2004-06-第10处错误)
这是个搭配错误,supply常见的两个搭配是:supply sb. with sth.或者supply sth. to sb.,所以应该把by改成with。 |
|