麻烦的复数名词
● 陈清霖
最近读了一则读者之声,英文写得很好,用字也很贴切;但是其中有个小错误,就是把复数的名词误以为单数,结果动词也不对应了。
现在把这句话录下:
“Another option is to prevent pneumonia in susceptible individuals by vaccination against the pneumococcal bacteria, which is a common cause of pneumonia.”
英语的“bacteria”(细菌)是个复数名词,单数是“ bacterium”。既然如此,后头形容词分句里的动词应该是“which are”才是。
这个错误的根源,就是复数名词“bacteria”引起的;这类麻烦的复数名词就是本文的主题。
大家知道,英语名词有单数和复数之分。通常名词后头有“-s” 或“-es”的是复数,但是不是所有的名词都如此。许多外来词,特别是技术专有名词,是多彩多姿的,其复数形式并不加“-s”或“ -es”。下面便是些常见的例子:
㈠外来词及其原有的复数形式,如:
① agendum: agenda; ② datum: data; ③ analysis: analyses; ④ criterion: criteria; ⑤ phenomenon: phenomena; ⑥ basis: bases.
㈡外来词原有的复数或英语复数,如:
① curriculum: curricula/ curriculums; ② formula: formulae/ formulas; ③ index: indices/ indexes; ④ terminus: termini/ terminuses。
㈢有些名词只有复数而没有单数,如:
① scissors; ② spectacles; ③ trousers; ④ pants; ⑤ measles; ⑥ mumps; ⑦ annals; ⑧ assets。
㈣有些名词形式是复数,但是含义是单数,如:
linguistics, economics, news, the Philippines.
㈤有些名词形式是单数,但常当复数用,如:
people, police, cattle, vermin
㈥有少数复数名词,既可当复数用,又可当少数用,如下列句子所示:
① The quickest means of travel is by plane.
② What Tom has just done is a means to an end.
③ What are the important means of transport in Singapore?
④ There are ways and means of solving a problem.
㈦有些名词,单数是个意思,复数又是个意思,如:
① a. paper(一种原料,即纸)`
b. papers(报纸、文件)
② a. work(工作)
b. works(工厂、作品)
㈧有些名词,单数有两个意思,复数只有一个意思,如:
① a. people(人们、种族)
b. peoples(种族)
② a. light(光明、电灯)
b. lights(电灯)
③ a. practice(练习、风俗习惯)
b. practices(风俗习惯)
上述这些名词,虽然有些麻烦,但是它们数目不多,只要留意些,就不会有什么问题。
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