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我们为何只重富豪排名而轻社会责任排名?

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发表于 2006-11-10 09:29:20 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
仲大军

2006年11月8日

   据美国《财富》周刊11月6日文章报道,今年全球第二届企业社会责任排名榜出来了,英国手机运营商沃达丰公司(Vodafone)超过英国石油公司(BP)排名第一。在这次排名中,欧洲企业比美国和亚洲企业更加靠前,石油企业排名下降,排名提高幅度最大的是大众公司,从第56位跳到第19位。对此西方媒体进行了大量的报道。

   相比之下来看我国,当下社会最流行的是给财富排行,给富豪评地位,社会明星和明流多是成功的大公司,大企业家,而企业的社会责任无人问津。到底是需要花费精力为企业富豪排榜,还是为企业社会责任排榜?是什么原因导致我国社会风气如此热衷于财富排名?下面让我们作一下分析。

一、重福轻社的媒体炒作原因

   我国的媒体每年都大肆报道外国媒体(如福布斯)为我国民营企业家制作的富豪榜,这种做法已经时兴了将近十年,但外国媒体从来没有为中国的企业家制作社会责任排名光荣榜。为什么外国某些媒体如此热衷于财富的评选,而忽视企业社会责任的评选?这其中有一定的原因,一是某些杂志热衷于财富这种具有新闻价值的评比,二是某些人只热衷于傍大款,而不愿做那些更费力气为平民大众服务的工作。三是当前的社会只有财富评价标准,缺少企业社会责任评价标准。

   譬如,靠为中国富人排名而出名的那个外国人胡润,如果他去做企业社会责任排名,可能要付出更多的成本,获得较少的收益。而搞富人排行榜,一是可以获得更高的收入,二是可以引起更大的社会影响,名利双收。在一个追求财富的社会,媒体和服务业与企业一样,摆脱不了挣钱的影子。这就是当下我国社会只重财富、富豪,忽视社会责任、企业责任的一个原因。

   但是,我国的企业真的不需要强调社会责任了吗?最近一则报道透露,经审计部门检查,发现我国房地产企业严重地违法作弊,隐瞒收入,偷税漏税,从而导致这一行业暴利严重,由此产生大批的亿万富翁。难道靠这种手段致富的富豪也值得排名吗?这种财富和富裕也值得社会去崇拜、跟风吗?

二、重富轻社的历史和思想原因

   当然,我国缺少企业社会责任评比和排名还有许多原因,一是在理念上整个社会对企业社会责任的认识还比较淡漠,对现代企业制度的认识还比较落后,一些从事企业理论研究的学者在观念上仍然停留在旧的和传统的公司理念里,从而不断误导着社会。

   譬如,在企业性质和目的这一点上,企业到底是仅仅为股东服务,还是为员工和社会服务?目前在我国一直有不同的看法。传统的企业理念就是为股东服务,股东利益至高无上,企业利润最大化至高无上。这种理念迎合了我国现阶段发展的需求,中国是发展中国家,是改革转制中的国家,在这一阶段我国需要效益好的企业,有国际竞争力的企业,在国家政策上,就是不遗余力地扶植企业有实力去追赶国际先进,有能力在国际市场上打拼。

   因此,在这一历史阶段,国家将全社会的工资水平和社会福利水平标准定得比较低,将劳动权利规定得更低,为的是壮大企业的国际竞争力。从国际比较看,日本在20世纪50年代到80年代这一段经济发展时期,年工资增长水平高过美国的将近一倍,在不到30年的时间里其工资水平撵上了美国。东亚四小龙国家和地区,在整个经济起飞阶段,经济增长都伴随着较高的工资增长。但我国在改革开放后的近30年里,工资水平增长缓慢,远远跟不上GDP的增长速度。这种条件与环境使企业可以较多地积累资本,使一些企业迅速发展壮大起来。

   看一下每年的富豪财富就可以知道,中国富豪的企业资产增幅迅猛。曾经有记者问我,为什么中国富豪的财富增长这么快?我国说还是国家政策造成的,中国的企业和企业家今天正处在一个从来未有的黄金发展时期。这是因为压在他们身上的社会责任很小,劳动工资水平较低,员工成本很小。由于这些原因,导致我国的资本收入大大高于劳动收入,并导致我国优秀企业的迅猛发展和资产财富的急剧膨胀。这也是我国社会贫富差距迅速拉大的重要原因。

   但这种情况是阶段性的现象,中国企业总要走上正规,总要追赶国际潮流,企业再发展,也要回报社会,反馈社会。企业规模和财富并不是企业追求的终极目标,为社会服务和均富才是企业最高的宗旨。

   但遗憾的是,当前我国许多企业家并未意识到这一点,没有意识到巨大财富的积累是靠广大劳动群体牺牲自身利益换来的,很多企业家认为自己的成功完全是靠自己的聪明智慧和艰苦努力,自己无需对社会感恩戴德,由此造成这些企业家的社会责任意识薄弱。

   特别是,中国的一些企业家在认识理念上仍然停留在封建所有制的水平上,在观点上受封建所有制思想的影响很重。这也与我国的经济体制改革有关。传统的全民所有制和公有制一旦放弃,就在一夜之间一下子退回到传统的封建所有制。

   什么是封建所有制?封建所有制的核心是老板独揽由企业员工共同所创造的财富。现在我国存在着很多无限公司,员工都是打工者,在全社会低水平工资分配制度下,所有的企业利润都归老板所有。这种形式的企业虽然从制度上说属于合法,但从法理上讲并不公平合理。老板攫取了大部分由全体员工创造出的财富,由此产生了我国越来越多的富豪。

三、重富轻社的经济和政治原因

   从大的社会环境上看,一味追求GDP的发展模式,也造成了全社会对企业社会责任的漠视。在以GDP论英雄的环境中,规模、效益成了企业的追求的首要目标。整个社会都在以规模、资产论英雄,在这种社会氛围下,必然产生财富崇拜,大企业崇拜,富豪崇拜。

   看看当下我国的媒体宣传报道,除了企业家和成功的精英人物亮相于镜头,很少看到企业员工的身影,电视台和报纸的报道中没有普通工人和农民的拦目,更缺少对工会活动和职工维权活动的报道。好象这个社会只是为了打造财富,但不知是为谁打造财富。

   当然这离不开我国经济发展阶段的特点,在改革开放后的一段时间里,我们的工作重点主要放在经济增长上,在一个以经济增长为中心的时代,必然出现GDP崇拜、财富崇拜和精英崇拜。但随着我国经济增长的不断发展和各种社会问题的不断出现,我国政府的工作重点已经转到和谐社会的发展目标上来。因此,企业的发展目标和追求目标也要进行转变。这一转变的重点是加强对普通劳动群体的关怀,增进广大劳动群体的利益,加强对环境、生态和资源的保护。

   为此,下一步要做的工作有,加强劳动权利的建设,譬如加强工会组织的作用,调整不合理的收入分配制度,关注企业员工的工作情况与生存状态,关注员工的收入与福利待遇水平。

   在这种情况下,我国理论界已经开始重新认识现代企业制度的精髓,那就是为社会公众服务,为相关利益者服务。西方国家的评比活动已经为我国传输了好的经验,中国社会应当紧跟这样的世界潮流,将发展的中心和要义转到正确的和谐发展道路上来。

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阅读材料:

黄俊钦、黄光裕兄弟受查

《财经》杂志  龙雪晴 季敏华

本刊记者于宁、苏丹丹对此文亦有贡献

2006.10.31 11:04

   黄俊钦私人所有的“新恒基系”全部资产被查封,银监会参与摸查“新恒基系”及黄光裕所控“鹏润系”的整体银行贷款和负债

 39岁的黄俊钦正面临一项针对其早年贷款的官方调查;这项调查,也涉及他名气更大、财富更丰的弟弟,37岁的黄光裕。
  今年国庆假期后,这对广东潮阳籍商人刚刚登上最新排出的“中国百富榜”,分列第二名及第20名,个人资产分别达200亿元和65亿元。在2004年和2005年,现年37岁的黄光裕更一度是榜上的“中国首富”。
  就在国庆前不久,公安部启动了对黄俊钦私人所有的“新恒基系”的立案调查,查封其全部资产;曾先后效力于黄氏兄弟的“新恒基系”最高层于星旺等人被逮捕。
  早前,银监会也参与了相关摸查;摸查目标,是“新恒基系”及黄光裕所控“鹏润系”的整体银行贷款和负债。包括黄氏兄弟在内的29人以及“两系”旗下的39家公司,被列入摸查名单。
  初步官方调查结果显示,至少有13亿元的问题贷款在鹏润和新恒基之间密切流动,最终流向境外,形迹可疑。这些资金既构成了上世纪90年代黄俊钦兄弟创业期的“第一桶金”,在2000年之后也继续支撑其扩张。
  这次立案调查的由头,与九年前发生的一起贷款案直接相关。贷款行是中国银行北京分行。就在今年国庆前夕,原北京中行行长、中国银行董事牛忠光被逮捕,黄俊钦本人也一度进入公安部监控范围。

“偷梁换柱”案

  黄俊钦兄弟在20年前共同创立了国美电器。1993年二人“分家”后,哥哥转向房地产业,建立了“新恒基系”,在京城及东北拥有数栋著名的大厦;弟弟则独自经营“鹏润系”,国美电器、鹏润地产构成其主要资产。
  如今,国美电器专卖店已遍布中国100多座城市,数量接近600家;鹏润地产也在各地频频圈地,并已在北京开发了多处大型住宅区。
  多年来,对黄俊钦兄弟巨额财富的来源向来不乏质疑。此次官方调查显示,民营的“新恒基系”和“鹏润系”在创业阶段,涉嫌以违法或严重违规方式,获得北京中行的信贷支持。
  目前可知的较早一笔问题贷款,由北京中行在1997年6月贷出,当年共贷出1.6亿元人民币及1027万美元。贷款人名义是北京静安物业发展有限公司(下称静安公司),实则由黄俊钦操控。
  静安公司由外资身份的静安物业(中国)控股有限公司(下称静安控股)和北京一家国企持有,外资持股六成,公司拥有北京市北三环东路静安中心地块。1995年前后,京城房地产景气不佳,静安地块无力动工,外方股东有意转手。
  约在1994年,实际由黄俊钦私人所有的北京新恒基房地产开发总公司(下称新恒基),挂靠在了北京首都创业集团名下,性质为集体所有制企业。
  1995年,黄俊钦等人以首创集团下属新恒基公司名义,与静安控股董事长邓南威接触,有意接盘静安控股全部股份。为维持该项目的“合资性质”,交易改由境外注册的香港捷成国际投资有限公司(下称香港捷成)接盘。当年6月,双方签约,邓南威与另一名股东梁湖南,将静安控股100%股权转让香港捷成,作价1800余万美元。捷成为黄俊钦的私人公司。
  届时,黄俊钦及新恒基手头并无资金,仅承诺先进场施工,自找建设资金。双方约定在静安中心大厦建成后,黄俊钦以相应楼宇面积折抵股价款,届时方予办理静安控股的股权过户。
  1995年下半年,静安中心破土动工,但资金很快告急,黄俊钦等人开始寻求银行贷款。1997年,黄俊钦和于星旺等人伪造静安公司执照、董事会决议及法定代表人邓南威的签名,以静安公司名义向北京中行贷款,当年贷款五笔,总计折合人民币2亿余元。贷款安排人,正是时任北京中行行长的牛忠光。
  上述贷款主要转入香港捷成账户,后者再以投资款名义注入静安公司,另有一部分转入私人账户;直到1998年底,静安公司实际大股东邓南威、梁湖南二人方才知晓。令两位股东气愤的是,银行在此涉嫌骗贷案中,在发放贷款前必须核对借贷人的一切原始证照,“而且中行明明知道我们才是静安公司的所有者。”梁湖南对《财经》说。在他们看来,上述贷款发放绝非银行工作人员的疏忽,而是北京中行与黄俊钦等人的共谋。
  自1998年底起,这两名加拿大籍华人屡屡上告;翌年,同样在北京中行内部人员协助下,黄俊钦等人将上述几笔贷款的借贷人变更为新恒基。
  大力给予方便的银行内部人士正是当时的中行北京分行行长牛忠光。

勾兑中行

  现年62岁的牛忠光已退休,历任北京中行信贷处处长、行长,中国银行总行董事,并曾于1999年负责筹办东方资产管理公司。牛忠光在金融界浸淫40年,人脉熟稔,颇有神通。
  黄俊钦是通过北京女商人雷瑛与牛忠光结识的。现年45岁的雷瑛在北京开有多家公司,与牛忠光过从甚密,后者对雷瑛的生意频频关照,这在北京中行内部是公开的秘密。今年国庆前夕,雷瑛与牛忠光相继被捕。
  1998年初,静安中心尚未竣工,黄俊钦等人故伎重演,再次采取篡改静安公司营业执照中法定代表人的手段,伪造“预售契约”,将在建中的静安中心首层、二层共计2237平方米的楼面,赠予雷瑛全资持有的香港中怡集团有限公司。
  随后,雷瑛以中怡集团名义,将上述两层楼面作价1.17亿元租赁给北京中行,租期50年,用作北京中行静安支行的营业场地。这一昂贵的租价,相当于每平方米5万余元,甚至高出当时楼价数倍。尽管静安中心远未竣工,但双方租期却始自1998年,北京中行分数笔将1.17亿元租金悉数付给中怡。事实上,中行静安支行迟至2003年才搬进静安中心办公。
  1999年下半年,静安中心落成,但黄俊钦迟迟不按约定向外方股东交付楼面。尽管静安公司股权因此不能交割,但黄俊钦事实上控制了这家公司,宛如主人身份主持楼宇的租售业务。
  直至2005年末,黄俊钦才向邓南威、梁湖南两位股东支付1500万美元,将静安控股股权过户至自己名下。
  另一方面,新恒基在开发静安中心时对北京中行欠下的近亿元贷款,也迟迟不曾归还。与此同时,黄俊钦兄弟利用与牛忠光等人的关系,以不同公司名义继续向这家银行贷款。在1997年-2001年间,上述贷款总额接近10亿元,其中4亿余元一直不曾还本付息。
  相比哥哥,黄光裕与北京中行另有一番渊源。上世纪90年代中期,尚不足30岁的黄光裕结识了北京中行年轻女职员杜鹃。杜鹃约在1999年前后辞职,之后为黄光裕打理在香港的业务,长期担任上市公司国美电器(香港交易所代码:0493)执行董事。
  杜鹃在1999年前后嫁给了黄光裕,自此与丈夫共同进退。

贷款去向

  即便在1998年牛忠光调离北京分行之后,黄光裕名下的地产项目鹏润家园,也在北京分行获得逾3亿元的按揭贷款。
  经营电器起家的黄光裕约在1996年前后涉足房地产,成立北京鹏润房地产开发有限公司,在京城开发的第一个楼盘是鹏润家园。该项目于1997年动工,资金紧缺,黄光裕一度欲将手中十余家国美电器连锁店尽数出手,以投入鹏润家园开发,但最终无果。
  1999年,鹏润家园首期竣工发售,因户型设计偏大而销售缓慢,严重影响资金回笼投入后续开发。为此,黄光裕与北京中行内部人员谋定,以挪借来的大批身份证办理虚假个人按揭贷款,从北京中行贷出3亿余元。同时,黄将鹏润家园部分后续工程转手某合作者开发经营,由后者负责偿还虚假个人按揭。之前贷出的3亿余元现金,则由黄光裕转做他用。
  当年参与贷款者,包括时任北京分行副行长李宝光、零售业务处副处长徐维联。如今,徐维联已因卷入对北京森豪公寓的虚假房贷案,于今年7月在京受审。此案尚未宣判。
  时至2001年,同样在北京中行内部人的安排下,一家担保公司连续从北京中行获取汽车贷款。至2004年,三年间累积车贷金额高达4亿元。参与调查者称,这家担保公司事实上由黄光裕控制,“从北京中行历年对黄俊钦兄弟的贷款也可以看出,兄弟二人从来都是假借其他公司的名义从北京中行贷款。”
  与鹏润家园当年制造虚假房贷相似,以车贷名义借出的4亿元现金被迅速转移。之后不久,作为贷款主体的担保公司则被转予他人,但事后的调查表明,接盘人对担保公司4亿元车贷的或有债务毫不知情。目前,其中2亿元到期车贷已经偿还,另有2亿元尚未到期,仍然挂在北京中行贷款科目下。
  黄俊钦、黄光裕兄弟早年创业期间向北京中行的违规贷款,和其后以租房形式向北京中行套取的逾亿元租金,以及之后的虚假房贷和车贷,总计达到13亿元。这些贷款构成如今北京中行案的核心案由,而资金的最终去向至今尚未调查清楚。
  参与调查者指出,对上述13亿元资金去向的调查难度颇大。因为贷款大多以看似不相关的公司名义贷出,贷款用途大多含混,其中更有大笔的无抵押贷款。这些贷款在“鹏润系”和“新恒基系”的庞大网络中频繁调转,“光是一个鹏润,就开立了上百个账户,查账就像走迷宫。”
  初步调查显示,有部分资金被打入众多证券账户,更多的资金被转出境外。“如果不进行立案调查,而是单纯查账,可能这些贷款的主体都和黄俊钦兄弟的公司无关,最终无法追究他们的责任。”知情人称,“但北京中行的某些人自然心知肚明,这些贷款的真正使用人就是黄俊钦兄弟。”
  直到2004年中国银行启动股份制改造,开始大量剥离不良贷款时,北京中行才开始落实上述问题贷款的真实债务主体。

转移债务包

  2004年6月,四大国有资产管理公司一齐参与了由央行及财政部主持的竞标,信达资产管理公司以账面资产50%的名义价格,竞得中国银行、建设银行总计2787亿元不良贷款。
  此前,在北京中行的不良资产剥离中,将黄俊钦兄弟历年来以其他公司名义贷出的部分贷款,明确至鹏润和“新恒基系”公司的名下,列为可疑类资产。这部分贷款总计4亿余元,随中国银行的整个不良资产包出售给信达,以账面资产23%计价。
  2005年,信达曾将上述4亿余元不良贷款单独打包出售。四家竞标者中,有两家公司与黄俊钦兄弟密切相关,有消息说其法定代表人均为其母亲。其中一家公司以账面资产40%的价格中标,据称中标价与标底相差无几。然而就在交易手续接近办妥之时,银监会予以否决。
  今年5月,信达再次公开招标出售北京地区不良资产包,在其中一个账面资产总计15.28亿元的资产包中,再次包含了上述4亿余元不良贷款,并在公告中直陈为“以某一从事房地产开发和商业零售业的企业集团债权为主”。这一资产包的招标,原定的提交报价日为7月26日,但最终未果;随后再启动第二次报价,至今仍无结果。
  信达当年竞得中国银行资产包,承诺三年内处置完毕,否则将从自身资本金中抵扣。因此,包括前述4亿余元不良资产包在内的中行坏账,不可能无限期搁置,而需在2007年5月底前售出。消息人士称,这4亿余元可疑类贷款既无授信,也无明确抵押物,贷款用途不详,长年不能收回,“一般人根本不敢接,能接的人只有黄俊钦兄弟自己。”
  “一旦他们以四折价顺利购回这个资产包,就等于用一个多亿抹平了四个多亿的问题贷款,不会再被追债了。”中行信贷部门一位经理人员说。
  据闻,在眼下启动的北京中行案调查中,包括了对当初将4亿余元坏账剥离的追究。个中逻辑不难理解——既然贷款的最终债务人是黄俊钦兄弟,而后者近年来已积聚了亿万财产,为何还要久欠不还区区4亿余元贷款?北京中行为何要将其作为坏账剥离?
  同样的问题,也曾令早年静安公司的外方股东感到愤懑——静安中心大厦早在1999年下半年即已建成发售,黄俊钦及其新恒基理应回笼巨额资金,为何又要长年拖欠1000余万美元的股权款?
“他们也许从来就没有多少钱。”参与调查者质疑道。

“原罪”危机

  1993年黄俊钦兄弟分家时,无论是新恒基还是国美,都远未完成资本的原始积累。
  1993年后,黄俊钦开始倾力投入房地产业,之后几年,曾在北京先后建成鹏润大厦、静安中心以及新恒基大厦;其间,时时可遇早期民营资本介入房地产开发时面临的诸多障碍,并经历着严重的资金缺血。一位曾就职国美电器高层的知情人告诉《财经》,兄弟二人在鹏润大厦建设时期发生激烈争执,一度反目。鹏润大厦系黄俊钦所建,黄光裕购买其中部分,但迟迟未向哥哥支付楼款。“他当时实在没钱,非常艰难,而黄俊钦也很缺钱。”
  约在1996年,黄光裕也开始投入房地产开发,当年启动了他平生第一个房地产项目——北京鹏润家园。自此,黄光裕的“鹏润系”开始成型,最上游是北京鹏润投资有限公司(下称鹏润投资),下设鹏润地产及国美电器。
  然而资金匮乏依旧,以至于黄光裕日后要以虚假个人按揭方式,从北京中行套取资金。这之后很长一段时间,黄光裕专注房地产业,将国美电器交给妹夫张志铭打理。未料国美电器从此蒸蒸日上,远远超越房地产,构成黄光裕的主要资产。
  国美电器在1999年走出京城,在天津、上海、河北等地建连锁店。据中国连锁经营协会数据,国美电器2001年跻身“中国连锁百强”第六名,当年底在全国拥有84家门店,销售收入逾60亿元。
在外界眼里,黄光裕兄弟的黄金时代正是始自2001年前后。这段时间,京城房地产方兴未艾,兄弟二人都不断购置地块。
  与此同时,黄光裕所有的国美电器迎来了国内电器零售业的最好时光,“2002年到2004年间,是国美电器最赚钱的时候。”国美电器一位高层回忆说。
  但最赚钱的时候或许正是最缺钱的时候,尽管早年的鹏润大厦、新恒基大厦、静安中心以及鹏润家园都已建成发售,但新的扩张——无论是房地产业的扩张,还是国美电器自身的扩张,都需要更多的资金。
“我们发现,黄俊钦兄弟从北京中行贷出的10多亿元资金,绝大多数已陆续通过建成的房地产项目回笼,但他们还是长期不还。”参与调查者指出,“这些资金大量转出境外,很可能被用于炒股和炒期货,或用作其他投资。”
  2000年前后,处于最有钱也是最缺钱时期的黄光裕开始筹划境外上市。“最初目的就是为了融资,同时可以操作二级市场。因为投入房地产需要大量的资金,而民营企业其实很难获得银行贷款。”一位国美高层说。
  黄俊钦兄弟早年勾结牛忠光等人牟取银行贷款,或为中国部分民营企业家的一种“原罪”模式。在上世纪90年代国内金融秩序远未建立健全、同时民营企业发展路径也远未规范明确之时,这种模式印着时代的印记。
  如今,历史的一页已然翻过,早年的银企勾结模式在新时代也越来越难以复制和延续,被公认既聪明又富魄力的黄光裕开始转而谋求境外融资。他在2000年末最终锁定买壳上市,“壳”目标是香港上市公司京华自动化(香港交易所代码:0493)。
  这之后发生的故事广为外界乐道——借壳上市最终成为黄光裕个人财富的放大器。2001年之后的黄光裕,正以中国乃至世界级富豪的姿态冉冉上升;他那位绝少出现在公众视线里的哥哥,也在悄然扩张着自己的资产。
  时至今日,尚难确认公安部正在展开的立案调查会否最终触及黄光裕,也难以判断早年创业期的违规或违法贷款究竟是何情节,留下了多大的债务亏空,最终会给“新恒基系”和“鹏润系”造成怎样的负面影响。但无论如何,黄俊钦兄弟都面临紧要关头。
  没有人知道,二人近年来急遽膨胀的“财富王国”是否真的足够强大,足以应对正在发生的“原罪”危机。

美国《幸福》杂志文章

Most 'accountable' company Vodafone

Accountability score*: 72
Global 500 rank: 66
Sector: Computers and electronics
Region: Europe

   Vodafone moved from No. 3 to No. 1 this year, overtaking last year's leader BP. While Vodafone, Europe's largest cellular telecom company, doesn't have the environmental or even political challenges that a big oil company does, it does a superb job of questioning shareholders, employees, customers, and outside experts about how its services and infrastructure impedes - or might be able to help - economic development. That has resulted in programs like Mpesa, a pilot project that helps Africans do banking with their mobile phones. Vodafone has also changed the way it builds networks to give emergency health-care workers better access, and helps screen mobile video content for users with kids.

Separating smart from great

Embedding accountability into business practices isn't easy.

By Simon Zadek, Fortune

October 23 2006: 9:53 AM EDT

  (Fortune Magazine) -- How could BP (Charts) and Ford (Charts), two global sustainability icons, have messed up so badly? The British oil company, widely acknowledged for its leadership in advancing public debate on climate  change, was responsible earlier this year for the worst oil spill on Alaska's North Slope, and the American automaker, which has been campaigning for greener cars and factories, has seen its market share and profits erode because it hasn't made vehicles relevant to customers in a carbon-costly world.

  What these two cases show is that embedding accountability models into the heart of a business is tougher than most of us imagined. Comprehensive accountability - that is, accountability to stakeholders representing social and environmental interests as well as economic ones - requires companies to align their vision, strategies and innovation not only with today's competitive markets but also with the social and environmental conditions that will shape the markets of tomorrow.

Yet notions about how to do this are just the start. They then need to be put into practice, which is what the Accountability Rating seeks to measure.

Ford, while able to imagine the future, got stuck making yesterday's cars. The company's precipitous loss of market share and lack of real leadership in bringing carbon-light vehicles to market demonstrate just how out of touch William Ford Jr.'s vision was with ground-level performance.

Such was the case with the sustainability icons of another era: the overextended and underperforming Ben & Jerry's, now surviving courtesy of Unilever, and the Body Shop, swallowed up by L'Or閍l, once its ideological foe.

BP's acquisition strategy during the 1990s took it from being a second-class oil company to a first-class energy company. The \"Beyond Petroleum\" vision is, undoubtedly, core to its long-term strategy. But BP finds itself struggling with the far tougher execution challenge of integrating its acquisitions and delivering more efficient processes and outcomes.

It's worth keeping these examples in mind when considering such recent converts to sustainability as Wal-Mart's Lee Scott, GE's Jeff Immelt, or Richard Branson, who has pledged to plow $3 billion of Virgin's profits into combating climate change. Certainly these companies have understood that their markets are undergoing fundamental change because of social and environmental factors.

A decade ago topics like climate change, marketing to the bottom of the pyramid or obesity would have drawn blank looks from all but the most prescient of executives. Today no corporate social responsibility report is without mention of one or all of them. But from the examples of BP and Ford we can learn that the initial insight and reconfiguration of strategy is only the beginning.

One clue as to what may increase a company's chances of making its strategic vision operational is contained in this year's Accountability Rating: How companies approach third-party assurance remains a significant differentiator. Companies that score high in this category by taking steps to have independent auditors monitor their performance tend to score higher across the board.

The spread of such practices among the 64 companies in this year's ratings is worth considering more systematically, as it allows one to spot winning and losing characteristics and to group companies into four clusters:

Rearview gazers

These are companies that remain opaque about their nonfinancial performance and typically score below 15. Given the breadth and depth of the debate on sustainability issues, one may conclude that these companies have decided that more money can be made in the shorter term by ignoring what many - including their competitors - agree are critical drivers of tomorrow's markets.

The most striking example is Berkshire Hathaway (Charts), where the publicly available information doesn't provide even a hint that the company takes into account its social and environmental impacts on stakeholders. Another is PEMEX, the Mexican oil company, which doesn't reflect at all in public on its obvious sustainability issues.

Reluctant incrementalists

These are companies with an average score of 35 that are cautiously addressing nonfinancial issues by demonstrating accountability to a small number of stakeholder groups such as customers, employees, governments and shareholders. But they are unlikely to be innovators in the development of tomorrow's markets. A good example is Exxon Mobil (Charts), which does not even recognize as legitimate stakeholder representatives the many civil-society organizations that have criticized its behavior.

Engaged learners

These are companies showing average scores of about 50 that are repositioning themselves as potential leaders. They are actively engaging with stakeholders, not only for reputation management but also to understand the world around them. They believe stakeholders are an asset and appreciate that getting them to play ball requires embracing their concerns.

But companies in this group often fail to undertake a comprehensive impact assessment. Allianz, for example, is discussing microfinance schemes as part of its contribution to society, as well as the likely implications of climate change on its business. Both are commendable. But at the same time Allianz (Charts) doesn't adequately consider the social and environmental impact of its mainstream products, services and investment decisions.

Strategic leaders

These are companies scoring 60 or higher that are actively shaping societal expectations regarding their sectors, thereby creating tomorrow's markets and setting themselves up to profit from them. They have understood that to create what IBM chief executive Sam Palmisano has called a \"globally integrated enterprise\" requires that strategic learning and innovation take place throughout the company. To achieve this, these companies are pioneering new approaches to drive learning and innovation, supported by appropriate governance, systems, structures and incentives.

At Shell, this process is institutionalized at the highest level, with sustainable development being the explicit responsibility of the CEO, who is chairman of the company's sustainable-development committee. This has resulted in a comprehensive consideration of most of the major sustainability issues currently facing Shell's industry. And the importance given to these issues has trickled down in the form of well-developed management systems.

But gaps still remain in the stakeholder-engagement practices of many companies in this group, an area where further development is bound to unlock more potential by creating healthier relationships with key actors shaping the business environment.

Smart companies make a big splash, but great companies develop comprehensive accountability practices to drive sustainable performance. They stumble at times but are more likely to get back on their feet. Identifying the great ones is a competitive sport among management gurus. The Accountability Rating, with its focus on how companies deal with the social and environmental factors that will become embedded in future markets, offers a unique quantitative approach to identifying great companies.

SIMON ZADEK is chief executive of AccountAbility. He can be reached at simon@accountability21.net.

--------------------------------------------

Top 11 most \"accountable\" companies
Beyond the bottom line
Saying no to corruption
Next: See 2006 FORTUNE Global 500

Beyond the bottom line

Our second annual ranking of Global 500 companies.

By Telis Demos, Fortune reporter

October 23 2006: 10:36 AM EDT

(Fortune Magazine) -- About one in every ten dollars of assets under management in the U.S. - an estimated $2.3 trillion out of $24 trillion - is being invested in companies that rate highly on some measure of social responsibility. That's a $2.3 trillion wager that socially responsible companies will outperform companies that don't engage a wide array of stakeholders, from shareholders and customers to employees and activists, in an ongoing conversation about what can be done better.
Which is why Fortune, for the second year in a row, is ranking the world's largest companies according to how well they conform to socially responsible business practices.

The survey, once again conducted by AccountAbility (a London think tank on corporate accountability) and CSRnetwork (a British for-profit consultancy), measures six criteria, ranging from stakeholder engagement to performance management, at the top 50 companies on Fortune's Global 500 list. Fourteen other large companies were included so that there were at least ten in each of five industry sectors.

Many of the highest-ranking companies are not what you'd think of as do-gooders. Oil giants BP (Charts) and Shell (Charts) are No. 2 and No. 3, respectively, and four of the top ten on the list are utilities. That's because the rankings don't measure performance outcomes such as CO2 emissions. Instead, they look at management practices: Does a company have procedures for listening to critics? Are its executives and board members accountable? Has it hired an external verifier?

This year the top-ranked company is Britain's Vodafone (Charts), the world's largest mobile-phone operator, edging out last year's leader, BP. \"What we've tried to do is embed CSR,\" says Charlotte Grezo, the company's director for corporate responsibility.

\"The senior managers at Vodafone know it's really, really important.\" That has helped put good ideas into practice, Grezo says, pointing to the Mpesa program in Kenya, which enables people to do banking with their mobile phones. Vodafone has also made its networks more accessible to emergency workers and added a content-filtering system because customers said they were worried about their kids.

There were four newcomers in the top ten this year - French water companies Suez (No. 5) and Veolia (No. 8), Italian utility Enel (No. 6), and British banking and insurance company HBOS (No. 9). That's partly explained by changes in methodology: Companies that did well last year had to keep improving - further developing management systems or engaging with a broader array of stakeholders - to maintain their ranking.

The ratings this year also penalized companies that didn't address nonfinancial issues at the core of their business. A bank that switches to more energy-efficient light bulbs may be doing good, but that doesn't deal with the consequences of lending to a controversial client.

Oil companies as a group rated lower this year. The ten companies in the petroleum-refining sector had an overall rating of 30, down from 45 last year, making it the only one of the five sectors that fell. Adding newcomer PDVSA to the group didn't help: Venezuela's state oil company had a score of only ten.

Once again, European companies outperformed their counterparts in the U.S. and Asia. The top 11 companies on the list are headquartered in Europe, where corporate social responsibility is the lingua franca and CSR reporting is required for a company to list on some stock exchanges. The top U.S. company is General Motors (Charts) (No. 12); it moved ahead of Ford (Charts), which dropped ten places to No. 16.

The most improved company this year was Volkswagen, which jumped from No. 56 to No. 19 after releasing its first comprehensive CSR report. Another big improver was Home Depot (No. 52). Its score doubled, in part because it now publishes a Web report on the nonfinancial impacts of its business, such as how the wood it sells affects forests in North America and the Amazon. That may sound like tree hugging, but managing the risks to your company's most important product is smart business too.

Top 11 most \"accountable\" companies
Separating smart from great
Saying no to corruption
Next: See 2006 FORTUNE Global 500
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