三种合同法英译版本逐条比较！

cibs2006

严重声明：本文属本人原创！版权所有，可转载，但要注明出处与作者！

三种合同法英译版本逐条比较――――第一条（一）

第一条 为了保护合同当事人的合法权益，维护社会经济秩序，促进社会主义现代化建设，制定本法。

Article 1
This Law is enacted in order to protect the lawful rights and interests of the contracting parties, to maintain social and economic order, and to promote the process of socialist modernization.

Article 1. Purpose. This Law is formulated in order to protect the lawful rights and interests of contract parties, to safeguard social and economic order, and to promote socialist modernization.

Article 1 This Law is formulated with a view to protecting the lawful rights and interests of the parties to contracts, maintaining the social economic order and promoting the progress of the socialist modernization drive.

一、有关 “enact”和“formulate”以及“in order to”和“with a view to”的选择。

Article 1
This Law is enacted in order to protect the lawful rights and interests of the contracting parties, to maintain social and economic order, and to promote the process of socialist modernization.

Article 1. Purpose. This Law is formulated in order to protect  the lawful rights and interests of contract parties, to safeguard social and economic order, and to promote socialist modernization.

Article 1 This Law is formulated with a view to protecting the lawful rights and interests of the parties to contracts, maintaining the social economic order and promoting the progress of the socialist modernization drive.


1．Enact 和formulate
Enact时常用来表示制定法律。其英语释义为：“To decree; to establish by legal and authoritative act; to make into a law; especially, to perform the legislative act with reference to (a bill) which gives it the validity of law.”

Formulate在我国多部法律中被用来表示制定法律。其英语释义为：To reduce to, or express in a formula; to put in a clear and definite form of statement or expression.
用Google搜索“enact a law”得10，800，000个结果，并大多为外国网站资料。搜集”formulate a law”得9，990，000个结果，并以中国网站居多。

某专家的观点：
关于formulate和enact的区别：
例：
为了发展对外贸易，维护对外贸易秩序，促进社会主义市场经济的健康发展，制定本法。
原译：
This Law is formulated with a view to developing the foreign trade, maintaining the foreign trade order and promoting a healthy development of the socialist market economy.
“制定”译为formulated不十分准确。目前国内法律文件中，凡提及“制定法律”一般用此词，各文件相互参照，似乎formulate已成为惯用法。根据《牛津现代高级英文辞典》定义，formulate意为express clearly and exactly，即明确表达，比如formulate one’s thoughts / a doctrine（明确表达思想或宗旨）。法律英语中表示“制定法律”，应用动词enact。按上述辞典定义，enact意为make (a law)；decree, ordain（制定（法律），颁令，规定）。比如，“制定法律”应译为enact a law，“制定条文”是enact clauses；其名词enactment，也有“制定，规定，颁布，通过，法令，法规”等意。比如，enactment of law（制定法律，法的制定）。为顾及习惯用法并按照英文法律文件的语言特点，采用同义词连用，此句可改为：
This Law is formulated and enacted in order to develop the foreign trade, maintain the foreign trade order and promote a healthy development of the socialist market economy.

本人观点：
我昨日踱步至中法图书店专门在Black法律字典里查找enact和formulate两词。竟然发现该字典里只有enact的释义并无formualte的释义。可见formulate并非一个法律专业性很强的词汇。且本人在近日学习何家弘的法律英语时所读材料中多处谈及制定法律均用enact并无formulate之踪影。至于同义词连用，我个人意见是画蛇添足。因此我力挺用enact为最佳！

2.in order to 和 with a view to

In order to: for the purpose of doing something
With a view to to doing sth: because you are planning to do sth in the future
---------------------------Longman Dictionary of Comtemporary English (The Living Dictionary)
In order to do sth: a formal expression meaning to do sth
With a view to doing sth: if you do sth with a view to doing sth else, you do it because you are planning to do sth else later and this will help you to achieve it.
------------------------Longmang Language Activator

本人观点：
可见in order to 可以用在主动和被动语态中，而with a view to 则多用于主动语态中。即主语是人时两者都可用，而主语非人时多用in order to.我个人认为这两个短语均表示to do sth，因此何不换作to do sth.这样既可以表达意思，又可以不起分歧。何乐而不为呢？

Just my personal idea for your reference!

特附合同法三种英译版本供大家下载并学习研究！

jintanfayuan

sofa?谢谢搂住阿

littlekid

搜索发现重合，请楼主说明，是否首发？

cibs2006

引用第2楼littlekid于2006-10-24 20:11发表的“”:
搜索发现重合，请楼主说明，是否首发？

我发的帖子是原创但非在该论坛首发。我是在E学论坛，行业英语中的法律英语论坛中首发，曾在葵花法律论坛中转载。还在自己名为“绿水人家”的搜狐博客中发表。但绝对是原创，并非抄袭！我在该论坛和其他两个论坛的用户名均为cibs2006.
特此澄清！

youxiaoyu

楼主的学习方法值得借鉴，至于“本人观点”，可以供参考吧。

cibs2006

严重声明：本文属本人原创！版权所有，可转载，但要注明出处与作者！

二．有关“contracting parties”, “contract parties”以及 “parties to contracts”的选择

Article 1
This Law is enacted in order to protect the lawful rights and interests of the contracting parties, to maintain social and economic order, and to promote the process of socialist modernization.

Article 1. Purpose. This Law is formulated in order to protect the lawful rights and interests of contract parties, to safeguard social and economic order, and to promote socialist modernization.

Article 1 This Law is formulated with a view to protecting the lawful rights and interests of the parties to contracts, maintaining the social economic order and promoting the progress of the socialist modernization drive.

1．以下是北约关于各成员国军事力量的地位的协议，如此正式的协议之中用contracting parties.
Agreement
Between the Parties to the North Atlantic Treaty
Regarding the Status of Their Forces
…
This Agreement shall apply to the authorities of political sub-divisions of the Contracting Parties, within their territories to which the Agreement applies or extends in accordance with Article XX, as it applies to the central authorities of those Contracting Parties, provided, however, that property owned by political sub-divisions shall not be considered to be property owned by a Contracting Party within the meaning of Article VIII.
...
http://www.nato.int/docu/basictxt/b510619a.htm

以下是联合国粮食和农业组织（FAQ）1951年通过的《世界植物保护公约》，其中用contracting parties.

INTERNATIONAL PLANT PROTECTION CONVENTION
...
The FAO Conference at its Twentieth Session (November 1979) approved a revised text of the Convention, which incorporated amendments, proposed at a Government Consultation held in Rome in November 1976, with modifications subsequently recommended by the FAO Committee on Agriculture, at its Fifth Session in April 1979, on the proposal of an Ad Hoc Consultative Group. In accordance with Article（条） XIII, paragraph（款） 4 of the Convention, the revised text came into force with respect to all contracting parties as from the thirtieth day after acceptance by two-thirds of the Contracting Parties, i.e. 4 April 1991.
…
http://www.fao.org/Legal/TREATIES/004s-e.htm

以下是联合国国际货物销售合同公约中的节选，其中用contracting states.
United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods
…
CHAPTER 1. SPHERE OF APPLICATION
Article 1
(1) This Convention applies to contracts of sale of goods between parties whose places of business are in different States:
(a) when the States are Contracting States; or
(b) when the rules of private international law lead to the application of the law of a Contracting State
…

2．马尔代夫在其合同法中“合同的解除条款”中用parties to a contract
The Law of Contract 1191 of Maldives Islans
Discharge of Contract/19 (a) 中用 the parties to a contract

http://www.southtravels.com/asia/maldives/contract.html

以下句中用party to a contract.
A person who is not a party to a contract cannot claim the benefit of it although the contract was entered into with the object of benefiting that third party.

A person can be party to the agreement, but not provide consideration,

合同法基础（Essential Contract Law）, Marnah Suff, Second Edition, 武汉大学出版社，2004年5月，第133－134页。

3．然而contract parties在Google 里搜到的几乎都是contract 和parties 分开的结果，有一处也只是出现在一个建房合同中。以下是链接网址：
http://craftsman-book.com/produc ... E_Bonus_BLDCON2.PDF

欧洲南方天文台的一个有关仪器检测的合同条款中用contract parties.以下是链接网址：

http://www.eso.org/gen-fac/adm/c ... ntract%20parties%22

本人观点：
英语中直接用名词修饰名词的情况较少，且都出现在名词无动词词性，无法用动名词形式来作修饰语或口语等非正式场合。然而contract有动词词性。
Contract: v  to sign a contract in which you agree formally that you will do something or someone will do something for you
--------------Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English(The Living Dictionary)

因此“合同当事人”用contracting parties更符合英语语法。而且合同法中的“合同当事人”也即“签约的双方当事人”。“签约”有动态的感觉用contracting更合适。
再则从以上列举可以看出正式的公约、协议、合同几乎都用“contracting parties”.概因为法律语言在乎其准确性，而contracting从语法角度来看更准确！

至于parties to contract不能说绝对不能用于正式公约、协议、合同、法律。但其大多用于有关合同或合同法的讲述之中。本人在合同法的多本教材中（包括影印原版）看到过parties to contract.

当然contract parties也有人用，但很少，更何谈用于正式的法律条文中。

总的来说，本人支持合同法中用contracting parties.

Just my personal idea for your reference!

kxwei

谢谢，不错的思路

vfdat

支持，有比较才有鉴别

neold

高手！谢谢楼主找来的这么多资料和精彩的注解！请继续。

但关于“合同当事人”的译法不敢苟同：
Contracting parties和parties to contracts都是正解，但用法还是有区别的。
对于一份公约/合同来说，其中提到签署该公约/合同的当事人时可以使用Contracting parties，指签署本公约/合同的当事人；但是对于法律来说，其中提到的parties不是“法”本身的当事人，而是“合同”的当事人，因此说parties to contracts似乎更为妥当（如马尔代夫的合同法）。

不揣浅薄，提出一点个人的感觉，请楼主批评。

665665

好啊，楼主的精神值得我们学习。学习就要原创，就要探索！

judge99

支持你，鄙视下载不回帖的人，也鄙视那些要威望才能下载的人