2006年GRE改革样卷全分析（阅读短文篇）

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2006年GRE改革样卷全分析（阅读短文篇）

GRE2006年改革的导向来看，大大强调考察词汇在语篇中的意思，而不再考察单纯的词汇题，虽然类比反义词汇题的取消可以减少考生在准备考试中背诵大量单词的痛苦，但是从测试题的样卷看，阅读和填空题都有了一定的变化。因此，不能简单认为少准备单词了以后的GRE考试就比现行的GRE考试要来的简单。对题目进行一定的熟悉和练习，对针对培训GRE这个考试项目是十分必要的当务之急。

　　笔者将全卷分析一下测试题中的Section 2，分为阅读篇和填空篇，本文是阅读短文篇。包括样卷中出现的两篇短文及题目，值得指出的是测试的考试类型是计算机上的机考，这意味着2006年GRE改革后可能会恢复机考的形式。当然，如果继续实施目前的结合性考试的形式，那么考虑到机考和笔考之间的差异性题目类型，题目数量等细节上仍然可能会有微调。当然，也有可能保持东亚四考区目前的考试模式，这样，有一些本文中提到的阅读题型在笔考考卷上会有一些变化。

　　如下请看文章的实例：

     文章一   短文章（130words，2 questions 文章130词，文章之后有两个问题要求考生回答）

     The record industry tends to seize upon the latest youthful talent at the expense of older, more expressive artists. The celebrated jazz musicians of the last decade lack the individuality of authentic leaders: in setting craftsmanship as their highest goal, these neophytes resemble second-tier stars of the 1950’s and 1960’s, who made ideal sidemen but whose own recordings invariably lacked the ‘dark comes’ of character that separate great music from merely good. Whereas critics have historically been cast as guardians of the canon, sternly measuring new work against the timeless standards of the old, musicians now seem most interested in clinging to tradition, while critics chafe at the perceived dearth of fresh, adventurous voices.

     问题1

      The passage suggests which of the following about jazz critics today?
　　A They serve as guardians of the jazz canon
　　B They lament a perceived decline in the standards by which jazz is judged
　　C They are troubled by young musicians’ loyalty to traditional jazz
　　D They insist that craftsmanship should be the highest goal of a musician
　　E They tend to favor the latest youthful talent at the expense of older artists

　　问题类型：

　　细节问题，5选1题型

　　问题分析：

　　如何思考阅读问题发问的方向，常常成为很多考生做阅读题目时的思维瓶颈，很多考生为了提高阅读部分的得分而做了大量的泛读的材料，但是发现提高得很慢，收效甚微，这其中一个最主要的问题往往是因为泛读的材料是没有问题的。这点让很多的考生很困惑，读文章觉得都能读懂，但是一做起题目来却无法达到高正确率，觉得复习无实质性进展和提高，挫伤了复习的积极性和热情。

　　那么如何真正提高阅读的成绩呢？或者说如何比较迅速的发现究竟文章后出现的题目是在问文章哪个部分的信息呢？
　　
　　这里比较适合的是采用关键字定位法，做题目时读完题干，立即问自己几个问题：问的是谁（什么）做的事情和对谁（什么）做的事情（关注名词），什么时间什么地点做的（关注限定词），一般，这样的两个关注，可以很快地帮助定位。

　　比如这个问题，最关键的部分出现在最末尾的部分：jazz critics today，而之前的The passage suggests which of the following about则是一般细节问题的常用套话，可以说对解题没有什么作用，或者说，看与不看是没有什么区别的。
　　
　　那么critics这个最值得注意的名词，就成为了文章定位的关键词，不难发现在倒数第三行有critics出现，最后一行也有critics的身影，如此，应当把重点放在把这三行文字看懂，事实上如果你看不懂的话，看明白了文章的其他部分，这个问题仍然是无法解答的。

　　“Whereas critics have historically been cast as guardians of the canon, sternly measuring new work against the timeless standards of the old, musicians now seem most interested in clinging to tradition, while critics chafe at the perceived dearth of fresh, adventurous voices.”

　　其实这三行文字也不需要全部都看明白，有一些比较重要的关键词把握住就行了，whereas开头的句子表达的是一种转折，让步的关系，因此这道题可以通过这一点突破，转折关系总是把陈述的重点放在后面，所以musicians now seem most interested in clinging to tradition, while critics chafe at the perceived dearth of fresh, adventurous voices就是答案的最好提示：“（爵士）音乐家现在更看重传统，而评论家们则烦恼于意识到缺乏新鲜，前卫的声音了。”

　　符合这个意思的答案也就是C了。复习中练习得当，勤于思考，多关注一些文章中的关键词汇，读文章做题目能变得更加有的放矢。

　　问题2

　　In the context in which it appears, guardians most nearly means
　　A Appraisers
　　B Authors
　　C Fathers
　　D Determinants
　　E Champions

　　问题类型：

　　词汇题，五选一题型

　　问题分析：

　　就现行GRE考试的阅读题目而言，词汇题出现得并不多，词汇题目中也主要考察类比关系和反义关系，而寻找同义词或者近义词则是TOEFL阅读中常考察的题型，这里单独考察词汇题是牢牢扣紧了改革原则，考察词汇在语篇中的意思而不是单纯考察词汇意思，同时这里选择的词汇比较冷僻guardian在m-w字典上的含义是take care of one person or property而答案里的father则更是GRE 典型的熟词僻义的考察模式，没有一个考生在看到father的时候会说自己不认识的，而这里做保护和监护解的意思却很少有知道的。或者说，遍寻GRE词汇的各种参考书也很少能找到收录father这个词的，但是这是GRE考试考词汇的特点，一定要注意。勤查字典，是考试获得理想成绩的基本保证。

　　文章二 短文章 (100words 2 questions 文章100词左右，文章之后有两个问题要求考生回答)

　　Objectively, of course, the various ecosystems that sustain life on the planet proceed independently of human agency, just as they operated before the hectic ascendancy of Homo sapiens. But it is also true that it is better or worse, been substantially modified by human culture. Nor is this simply the work of the industrial centuries. It has been happening since the days of ancient Mesopotamia. It is coeval with the origin of writing and has occurred throughout our social existence. And it is this irreversibly modified world, from the polar caps to the equatorial forests, that is all the nature we have.

　　问题3：

　　Consider each of the three choices separately and select all that apply. The credited response may be one, two or all three of the choices.

　　It can be inferred from the passage that the author would agree with which of the following statement?
　　A Overtime the impact of human culture on the natural world has been largely benign.
　　B It is a mistake to think that the natural world contains many areas of pristine wilderness.
　　C The only substantial effects that human agency has had on ecosystems have been inadvertent

　　问题类型：

　　问题3是一种新型题型——不定项选择题。题目的要求是，在下面的三个选项中有一个，两个或者三个都是可能是正确的，看来这种题型的评分中全部选对，部分选对（比如三个全是正确答案而只选择了一个或者两个）的评分将会不同。当然出题人也有一定的难度调整的想法，减少了选项的数量。不定项选择如果有5个或者6个选项，这样的题目从评分角度，也有不少的困难。

　　问题分析：

　　而这样的题目类型从发问的角度而言，是既可以对文章的主旨相关内容发问，又可以从文章细节的角度出发发问，而这样，这个类型的问题就必须搜索一下全篇，找到了与给出的选项叙述不同或相反的背离的就排除，一致的则成为选择的正确答案。

　　这里，A选项说人类对自然世界的影响是largely benign，也就是基本上都是良性的。而文章中是这样写的“But it is also true that it is better or worse”也就是影响是有好也有不好的，A不能入选；B的叙述是无法找到自在的自然，而文章里这样叙述：that is all the nature we have。可见B也不正确，因此不用再比对下去，这道题选C。当然C的叙述与文章刚好匹配。

　　问题4：

　　In the context in which it appears, coeval with most nearly means
　　A Influenced by
　　B Older than
　　C Coincident with
　　D Unimpeded by
　　E Similar to

　　问题类型：

　　词汇题，寻找同义词组，五选一。

　　问题分析：

　　这个词汇题比较简单，不看文章也一样可以找到答案C，这两个结构意思相同都是表示同时发生。当然，如果词汇意思不明确，通过看上下文的提示也可以推断出来，因为该结构在文中连接两个发生事件的时间，那么这里的这个结构的意思应该是表示前后的时间是同时发生的。
　　
　　由于测试是计算机考试的界面，这里出现的词汇题并没有在题目里加行数提示，原因是计算机界面中出现这道题目的时候，文章里用醒目的黄色标记，标明了这个单词的位置，方便了考生的查找工作。

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新GRE阅读完全剖析

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时间： 2005年11月25日 15:47   作者：马焱俊   来源：上海新东方学校


　　前言

　　ETS经过成熟酝酿后，讲于2006年10月推出的新的GRE General Test。作为历史悠久的GRE一般化考试，历史55年来上也是首次发生重大变化。面对变化，中国考试应该尽早适应并且从考试考察能力转变之中解读中出调整和应对策略。本文通过详细剖些ETS官方给出的Verbal Reasoning权威样题，和广大考生分享新GRE阅读部分的变化究竟在哪里，本质上延续的根本特点是什么以及相应的备考策略以及启发。站在命题哲学的高度透视这次变化，做到知己知彼，百战不殆。

　　 总体宏观变化

　　从ETS官方网站的叙述中，最为核心的整个考试的变化趋势为如下几点：

　　• Greater emphasis on higher cognitive skills and less dependence on vocabulary
　　• More text-based materials, such as reading passages
　　• A broader selection of reading passages
　　• Emphasis on skills related to graduate work, such as complex reasoning
　　• Expansion of computer-enabled tasks (e.g., clicking on a sentence in a passage to highlight it)
　　• Two 40-minute sections rather than one 30-minute section

　　逐点分析，不难发现几乎每条都于阅读部分难度和重要性的提高分不开的。所为cognitive认知性能力，是所有阅读测试的核心，即主要依赖文章本身而非经验性的一种理解能力。不仅在能力上提出了更高要求，阅读文章本身不论从选择题材的广度，每个Section考察的篇幅数量都大大提升。在计算机新媒介的辅助下，ETS把GRE阅读注册商标般的推理也提高到新的层次进行考察。简而言之，阅读可谓成为了新GRE考试中的重中之重。

　　样题剖析

　　笔者对给出的样题中阅读部分做一个综合评述，慢慢揭开新GRE阅读的神秘面纱。在对题目做完剖析之后，总结相关的变化和值得注意的要点。

　　Questions 6 through 8 are based on the following reading passage.

　　Music critics have consistently defined James P. Johnson as a great early jazz pianist, originator of the 1920's Harlem "stride" style, and an important blues and jazz composer. In addition, however, Johnson was an innovator in classical music, composing symphonic music that incorporated American, and especially African-American, traditions.

　　Such a blend of musical elements was not entirely new: by 1924 both Milhaud and Gershwin had composed classical works that incorporated elements of jazz. Johnson, a serious musician more experienced than most classical composers with jazz, blues, spirituals, and popular music, was particularly suited to expand Milhaud's and Gershwin's experiments. In 1927 he completed his first large-scale work, the blues- and jazz-inspired Yamekraw, which included borrowings from spirituals and Johnson's own popular songs. Yamekraw, premiered successfully in Carnegie Hall, was a major achievement for Johnson, becoming his most frequently performed extended work. It demonstrated vividly the possibility of assimilating contemporary popular music into the symphonic tradition.

　　本选文难度和风格几乎和现行的GRE阅读没有太大区别。题材又谈到了黑人，尤其是爵士音乐。这种题材在95－00笔考期间也经常出现。把握住文章首段重要词汇however抓住主题。分清文中矛盾对象（创新与传统，不同音乐家间的逻辑联系），文章应该比较容易处理。

　　6. The passage states that Johnson composed all of the following EXCEPT

　　A. jazz works 　B. popular songs 　C. symphonic music 　D. spirituals　 E. blues pieces

　　此题正确答案为D。文中开始谈到Johnson作为伟大爵士音乐家，因为其创始了新的风格，其中包括了blues and jazz。而在文章末句提到了他吸收了同时代的popular music以及symphonic。注意该题的spirituals文中确实也出现过，但是措辞用的是borrow from，题干问的是compose。

　　7. Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.

　　The author suggests which of the following about most classical composers of the early 1920's?

　　A. They were strongly influenced by the musical experiments of Milhaud and Gershwin.
　　B. They had little working familiarity with such forms of American music as jazz, blues, and popular songs
　　C. They made few attempts to introduce innovations into the classical symphonic tradition

　　本题即为新GRE阅读中新酝酿推出的所谓恐怖的“多选题”。其实这种题型即为原来GRE阅读中罗马数字题的变体，只是难度进一步加大。正确答案B。--They had little working familiarity with such forms of American music as jazz, blues, and popular songs。本题从出题点分析涉及文中的比较点。最后的逻辑关系用东方阅读体系表示可以是:Johnson＝Milhaud and Gershwin<>most composers。运用取非解题思路。

　　8. The author suggests that most critics have

　　A. underrated the popularity of Yamekraw
　　B. undervalued Johnson&#39;s musical abilities
　　C. had little interest in Johnson&#39;s influence on jazz
　　D. had little regard for classical works that incorporate popular music
　　E. neglected Johnson&#39;s contribution to classical symphonic music

　　此题正确答案为E。该题题干提到的critics指引考生定位到文章首段。经过逻辑和套路熟练训练后，不难把握Music critics have consistently defined James P. Johnson as a great early jazz pianist…… however, Johnson was an innovator in classical music。类似于两个观点的对立，为结构上重要内容。

　　Questions 9 and 10 are based on the following reading passage.

　　Scholarship on political newspapers and their editors is dominated by the view that as the United States grew, the increasing influence of the press led, ultimately, to the neutral reporting from which we benefit today. Pasley considers this view oversimplified, because neutrality was not a goal of early national newspaper editing, even when editors disingenuously stated that they aimed to tell all sides of a story. Rather, the intensely partisan ideologies represented in newspapers of the early republic led to a clear demarcation between traditional and republican values. The editors responsible for the papers&#39; content — especially those with republican agendas — began to see themselves as central figures in the development of political consciousness in the United States.

　　本文为符合现行GRE考试部分文章套路分类中的广义新老观点对比型。文首观点说报纸最后的政治取向将会趋于neutral。而之后Pasley提出的观点否认了这种看法（oversimplified）。具体从早期国家报纸的党派差异论证自己观点。文章首句符合一贯GRE阅读的品味：长度达到35词的复杂难句子，为理解上的一个难点。

　　9. Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.

　　The passage suggests that Pasley would agree with which of the following statements about the political role of newspapers?

　　A. Newspapers today are in many cases much less neutral in their political reporting than is commonly held by scholars.
　　B. Newspapers in the early United States normally declared quite openly their refusal to tell all sides of most political stories. 　　　　C. The editorial policies of some early United States newspapers became a counterweight to proponents of traditional values.

　　仍然是多项选择题，要求考生自主列出ABC正确的组合。正确答案为C。A选项极具干扰度，文首谈到的一种报纸变化乃是一种未来的趋势。而A项做出了GRE阅读中很敏感的比较(than)，原文没有明确的关于现在报纸的风格比较。B项为文中让步层面内容：even when editors disingenuously stated that they aimed to tell all sides of a story，体会该叙述，与公开声明的程度不符。C项counterweight解释为平衡物，表达了文末关于一些支持republican编辑的态度。

　　10. In the context in which it appears, "disingenuously" most nearly means

　　A. insincerely 　B. guilelessly 　C. obliquely 　D. resolutely 　E. pertinaciously

　　此题即为新GRE在取消词汇部分后，做出的相应调整。把部分词汇转移到阅读部分来考察，取代之前单纯的词之间的逻辑关系，这种做法也是吸收了TOEFL阅读考察中的部分经验。disingenuously作为GRE重点词汇，为ingenuous反义（和ingenious形近）。即使考生现场不认识该单词，也可以从上下文逻辑关系得到提示。前半句because neutrality was not a goal of early national newspaper editing基本意群表达非单纯目的, 后半句even when editors disingenuously stated that they aimed to tell all sides of a story声明事务的方方面面。从之间相反关系推理，state动词的修饰可以缩小到AC选项的范围。句子本身goal与aimed to为上下句平行结构的标志。（考察的该词在文中也被加亮）

　　Questions 16 through 18 are based on the following reading passage.

　　In Raisin in the Sun, Lorraine Hansberry does not reject integration or the economic and moral promise of the American dream; rather, she remains loyal to this dream while looking, realistically, at its incomplete realization. Once we recognize this dual vision, we can accept the play&#39;s ironic nuances as deliberate social commentaries by Hansberry rather than as the "unintentional" irony that Bigsby attributes to the work. Indeed, a curiously persistent refusal to credit Hansberry with a capacity for intentional irony has led some critics to interpret the play&#39;s thematic conflicts as mere confusion, contradiction, or eclecticism. Isaacs, for example, cannot easily reconcile Hansberry&#39;s intense concern for her race with her ideal of human reconciliation. But the play&#39;s complex view of Black self-esteem and human solidarity as compatible is no more "contradictory" than Du Bois&#39;s famous, well-considered ideal of ethnic self-awareness coexisting with human unity, or Fanon&#39;s emphasis on an ideal internationalism that also accommodates national identities and roles.

　　笔者发现本文本身就是现行GRE考试阅读部分曾经考过的真题文章，全文不做一字修改。从这个意义上说，考生对于新GRE部分不用抱任何恐惧感。所有现在成熟的训练体系和阅读方法仍然是有效的，本质上的阅读文章风格没有任何变化。

　　16. The author&#39;s primary purpose in the passage is to

　　A. explain some critics&#39; refusal to consider Raisin in the Sun a deliberately ironic play
　　B. suggest that ironic nuances ally Raisin in the Sun with Du Bois&#39;s and Fanon&#39;s writings
　　C. analyze the fundamental dramatic conflicts in Raisin in the Sun
　　D. emphasize the inclusion of contradictory elements in Raisin in the Sun
　　E. affirm the thematic coherence underlying Raisin in the Sun

　　正确答案E，全文逻辑关系理解有点难度。文章为了说明LH的讽刺的才能，而不像对批评意见所说的那样some critics interpret the play&#39;s thematic conflicts as mere confusion, contradiction, or eclecticism。所以全文论证作用上应该为affirm coherence。

　　17. The author of the passage would probably consider which of the following judgments to be most similar to the reasoning of the critics described in the highlighted sentence?

　　A. The world is certainly flat; therefore, the person proposing to sail around it is unquestionably foolhardy.
　　B. Radioactivity cannot be directly perceived; therefore, a scientist could not possibly control it in a laboratory.
　　C. The painter of this picture could not intend it to be funny; therefore, its humor must result from a lack of skill.
　　D. Traditional social mores are beneficial to culture; therefore, anyone who deviates from them acts destructively.
　　E. Filmmakers who produce documentaries deal exclusively with facts; therefore, a filmmaker who reinterprets particular events is misleading us.

　　此题在原来老题中也相同出现。唯一的变化在于老题给出具体行号定位，而新GRE借助机考形式，方便考生，直接在原文highlight所需定位的句子。此题选C选项。逻辑上都是缺乏能力导致的结果而不是故意产生的预期结果。

　　18. Click on the sentence in the passage in which the author provides examples that reinforce an argument against a critical response cited earlier in the passage.

　　这种新的考题形式将在新GRE阅读中普遍出现，笔者称其为选择句子题。其实该题仍然是老题在机考形式下稍做改动而成，免去了考生按照A－E选项依次定位文章寻找的时间，而直接要求考生自主选择。答案为句子But the play&#39;s complex view of Black self-esteem and human solidarity as compatible is no more "contradictory" than Du Bois&#39;s famous, well-considered ideal of ethnic self-awareness coexisting with human unity, or Fanon&#39;s emphasis on an ideal internationalism that also accommodates national identities and roles.该题难度比原题，由于其开放型，有一定提高。离开来考虑；

　　Rain-soaked soil contains less oxygen than does drier soil. The roots of melon plants perform less efficiently under the low-oxygen conditions present in rain-soaked soil. When the efficiency of melon roots is impaired, the roots do not supply sufficient amounts of the proper nutrients for the plants to perform photosynthesis at their usual levels. It follows that melon plants have a lower-than-usual rate of photosynthesis when their roots are in rain-soaked soil. When the photosynthesis of the plants slows, sugar stored in the fruits is drawn off to supply the plants with energy. Therefore, ripe melons harvested after a prolonged period of heavy rain should be less sweet than other ripe melons.
　　
　　19. In the argument given, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

　　A. The first states the conclusion of the argument as a whole; the second provides support for that conclusion.
　　B. The first provides support for the conclusion of the argument as a whole; the second provides evidence that supports an objection to that conclusion.
　　C. The first provides support for an intermediate conclusion that supports a further conclusion stated in the argument; the second states that intermediate conclusion.
　　D. The first serves as an intermediate conclusion that supports a further conclusion stated in the argument; the second states the position that the argument as a whole opposes.
　　E. The first states the position that the argument as a whole opposes; the second supports the conclusion of the argument.

　　此题形式为曾经笔考中逻辑部分的考察重点：逻辑单题，即全文对应了一道涉及直接逻辑推理的问题。此题正确答案为C选项。两个黑体部分都不是直接结论，而是中间的支持型结论（前提和推理过程）。全文逻辑：oxygen->root efficiency->nutrient for photosynthesis-> sugar reserve-> sweet。对于这种题型，考生可能比较陌生，逻辑作用上的抽象和把握成为新GRE的特色。

　　For the past two years at FasCorp, there has been a policy to advertise any job opening to current employees and to give no job to an applicant from outside the company if a FasCorp employee applies who is qualified for the job. This policy has been strictly followed, yet even though numerous employees of FasCorp have been qualified for any given entry-level position, some entry-level jobs have been filled with people from outside the company.

　　24. If the information provided is true, which of the following must on the basis of it also be true about FasCorp during the past two years?

　　A. There have been some open jobs for which no qualified FasCorp employee applied.
　　B. Some entry-level job openings have not been advertised to FasCorp employees.
　　C. The total number of employees has increased.
　　D. FasCorp has hired some people for jobs for which they were not qualified.
　　E. All the job openings have been for entry-level jobs.

　　仍然是逻辑单题的类型。原文说如果在F公司内部有任何职位空缺并且内部员工有资格，则该职位一定给予内部员工。在这个条件约束下，结果现状是很多员工对任何entry－level职位都合适，任有部分来自公司外的员工。理解文章基础上，为了解释这些信息，可以推出有些职位空缺因为没有合适的本公司内部员工申请，才会有外人成功应聘。所以答案选A。

　　A tall tree can transport a hundred gallons of water a day from its roots deep underground to the treetop. Is this movement propelled by pulling the water from above or pushing it from below? The pull mechanism has long been favored by most scientists. First proposed in the late 1800&#39;s, the theory relies on a property of water not commonly associated with fluids: its tensile strength. Instead of making a clean break, water evaporating from treetops tugs on the remaining water molecules, with that tug extending from molecule to molecule all the way down to the roots. The tree itself does not actually push or pull; all the energy for lifting water comes from the sun&#39;s evaporative power.

　　套路非常清晰的短文章。文章首句神秘现象。设问句给出两种可能解释。余下文章篇幅主要集中在一种解释之上。

　　25. The passage is primarily concerned with

　　A. refuting a hypothesis advanced by scientists
　　B. discussing the importance of a phenomenon
　　C. presenting a possible explanation of a phenomenon
　　D. contrasting two schools of thought
　　E. discussing the origins of a theory

　　主题写作手法题型。把握住现象解释型套路，全文作用即为解释现象——C选项。干扰来自D选项。全文虽然有两种可能解释，但始终没有明确进行过对比。

　　26. Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.

　　Which of the following statements is supported by the passage?

　　A. The pull theory is not universally accepted by scientists.
　　B. The pull theory depends on one of water&#39;s physical properties.
　　C. The pull theory originated earlier than did the push theory.

　　多选题型。正确选项AB。A项对应文章The pull mechanism has long been favored by most scientists，也就说明了not universally accepted by scientists。B项为文中细节：水的张力，改写符合一贯研究的解题经验：用抽象宏观的词替代原文具体内容。C项考察了关键的推理严谨性：尽管文中说长久以来pull theory被很多人接受，但没有明确提到任何两理论时间先后比较的内容。

　　27. The passage provides information on each of the following EXCEPT

　　A. when the pull theory originated
　　B. the amount of water a tall tree can transport
　　C. the significance of water&#39;s tensile strength in the pull theory
　　D. the role of the sun in the pull theory
　　E. the mechanism underlying water&#39;s tensile strength

　　属于传统上GRE阅读中比较难细节题，无法从题干本身获得定位主题词的信息。A项文中对应时间1800，B项所提最小单位可能是水分子。C项提到的tensile strength为理论涉及的基础性原理，26题已经有所涉及。D项对应文章末句。而E选项对文中信息做了推广延伸。在tensile strength更底层的具体原理机理文中没有进一步解释。

　　Producing and using biodiesel, a fuel derived from cultivated rapeseed, causes 35 percent less air pollution per gallon than does producing and using regular diesel fuel. The government plans to reduce diesel-related air pollution over the next decade by 25 percent, so replacing regular diesel with biodiesel would seem to be the obvious solution. Unfortunately, the greatest possible production of biodiesel would amount to only one percent of all diesel fuel to be produced during the next 15 years.

　　28. The passage is structured to lead to which of the following as a conclusion?

　　A. The use of biodiesel will increase by less than one percent over the next 15 years.
　　B. During the next 15 years, the production of biodiesel will be increased as fast as it is possible to increase it.
　　C. During the next 15 years, it will be impossible, just by switching to biodiesel, to meet the government&#39;s stated goal with respect to reducing air pollution.
　　D. Fifteen years from now, the air pollution caused by the production and use of one gallon of regular diesel fuel will be far less than it currently is.
E. There will be no significant year-to-year increase in the amount of regular diesel fuel used during the next 15 years.

　　全文给出了很多细节性的数字，而解题需要对相关数字做出简单推算。可以设现在每加伦传统diesel油的污染x，现在一年需要消耗的油量y加伦。简单估算后，产量严重限制了最后biodiesel最后对减少污染的实际作用，所以正确答案为C。A选项混淆了产量和使用情况；B选项与原文末句叙述不符；D选项比较的是一加仑现在使用的diesel油与15年后污染情况；E选项比较具有迷惑性，但是核心主体为diesel，而不是文中的biodiesel。