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井兰柱 《实用业务英语》课程 Unit 1, 8
Practical Professional English
Unit One Part 1 Practical Reading
Preface to Air Pollution Control Equipment
I. Learning of the new words, phrases and expressions
1. extraction n. [1] U. C. 拔出，提取，抽出，摘出，摘录，精选
[2] U. 血统，家世
e.g. an American of Italian extraction 意大利裔美国人
extract vt. [1] (文语) 把（东西）拔出，抽出（[from+名]从…）
e.g. have a tooth extracted 把一颗牙拔掉
extract a book from the bottom of a suitcase
从皮箱底部抽出一本书
[2]（从某人）得到（情报、金钱等）（from+名/代）
e.g. How did you extract the information from him?
[3] (从书中)选取，摘录，（文句）[from+名]
e.g. She extracted some sentences from the novel.
[4] 抽出，榨取（成分等）（[from+名]从…）
e.g. We can extract oil from various seeds.
n. [1] U. C. 抽出物，精髓（[of+名]…的）
beef extract 浓缩牛肉汁
[2] C. (从书中的) 摘录；选粹 [from+名]
2. absorbent n. U. C. 吸收剂
adj. 能吸收的，有吸收力的
absorb vt.[1] 吸收，吸取（液体、声音、光线等）；吸收，理解（知识等）
e.g. Black cloth absorbs light.
absorb knowledge
[2] 使全神贯注，使专心，使神往；吸引（某人注意）（常用被动语态）。
[absorb+名]; [be absorbed in +名]
The task absorbed all his energies.
He was absorbed in the book.
[3] 合并（公司等）；吞并。
3. disperse vt. vi.使…散开，驱散，解散； 使…分散，散开；消散
e.g. The riot police dispersed the demonstrators.
dispersal n. C. 驱散；解散；散布
dispersion n. U.（光等的）分散
4. absorber n.吸收器
5. absorber n.吸附器
6.in (out of) contact with: 和……有（没有、脱离）接触，有（没有、失去）联系
e.g. Have you been in contact with him recently?
I have been out of contact with him for a long time.
I’ve been trying to get in contact with you since yesterday.
keep in contact with: 与保持联系。
make contact vi.（想办法）联络（[with+名]与人）
contact vt. （用电话、传话等）联络（人），与…接触
e.g. How can I contact you?
7.turn out (to be):[1] vi. 产生（…的）结果，结果弄清楚（是…），原来（是…）（[+副/+形]；[+to do/+(that)…]）
e.g. Everything turned out well.
The rumor turned out (to be) true.
It turned out (that0 two travelers had been killed.
[2] vt.（可分开用）关[熄灭]（煤气、电灯、油灯等）
[3] vt.（可分开用）生产（产品），出产
e.g. The factory can turn out 1000 cars a day.
8 be confronted with:面临，面对，碰上
9. due to:介词 由于…，由于…原因[理由]，
e.g. The game was postponed due to rain.
due to: 归因于,应归功于，应归咎于…（+名）（不置于名词前）
e.g. Her world-wide fame is due to his support.
The accident is due to your careless driving.
due to: (尊敬、感谢等)应给的，应得的（[to+名] 对人）（不置于名词前）
e.g. respect due to old people
The parent’s care is due to their children.
due: adj. （不置于名词前）（债款等）应该付给的，应当付的；（票据等）到期的；期满的
e.g. The balance due (to) us from you is 300$.
(AE: to can be omitted)
the amount due to him
The bill is due on June 1.
He didn’t pay the rent when it was due.
II. Difficult sentences in the text:
1. (Para.1) It was at the Indian Institute… where the first named author got …, who turned out to be…
(1) This is a cleft/emphatic sentence(强调句) with a relative clause introduced by who.
(2) According to Quirk et al (A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language, p1387):… wh-forms are rare in cleft sentence in comparison with that and zero. Although whose is allowed in cleft sentences (It’s Uncle Bill whose address I lost), whom and which are only marginally possible, and it is virtually impossible to use whom or which preceded by a preposition. Thus:
It was the dog to which I gave the water
Can be read only as a sentence containing a postmodifying relative clause(compare She was the woman to whom I gave the water), and not as a cleft sentence. Characteristic intonation is also different.
It was the DOG I gave the WATER to(cleft sentence)
It/That was the dog I gave the WATER to.(SVC sentence, where C is the italicized noun phrase incorporating a relative clause)
From the above we could see that the typical cleft sentence pattern which is used to emphasize an adverbial is It is/was… that, and not It is/was… where/when. The last sentence in this passage is also a cleft sentence introduced by It is…that.
2. (Para.2) This book is addressed primarily to…engaged in the design…
…addressed to here means directed to, aimed at.
Here be engaged in… means be specialized in, modifying…engineers.
e.g. The scientists are engaged in the design of the new system.
3. (Para.2) But it will certainly be helpful to chemists and physicists confronted with the solution of…
Confronted with… is a past participial clause modifying the nouns chemists and physicists.
e.g. I am confronted with the task of designing the bridge.
4.(Para2) Furthermore, it is intended as a textbook for…
It is intended (as…) for a person or a purpose means it is planned or made (as something) for the person or the purpose.
e.g. The book is intended as a handbook for frequent reference.
5. (Para.3) The goal of this book is the presentation of knowledge on design and operation of equipment applicable to the abatement of…
Applicable to…is an adjective phrase modifying the antecedent equipment.
Applicable to a particular situation or a person means be relevant and useful to the situation or the person and could be translated as 适用于.
e.g. The following special regulations are applicable to overseas students.
6. (Para.4) A short review of the development of environmental consciousness and of legal actions… is presented.
This sentence has a very long subject, but a short predicate(is presented), which is of typical scientific style, especially common in science abstracts. For details see Unit 9, Science Abstracts. However, an English sentence has its semantic and structural end-weight, i.e. the ending part of a sentence should be longer and bear the semantic focus. That’s why this sentence could be rewritten as: A short review is presented of the development…, thus forming an unusual kind of postmodifier which is separated from its antecedent by the predicate.
7. (Para.4) The appropriate technology was…, when legislation imposed severe restrictions on harmful emissions.
Impose…on…: If you impose something on people, you use your authority to force people to accept it.
e.g. She was a harsh mother and imposed severe discipline on her children.
Here imposed severe restrictions on harmful emissions means harmful emissions are severely restricted.
8. (Para.6) Special mention deserves Dr. Ing. R. Spilger, who relieved me of much…
The normal order of the sentence should be Dr. Ing. R. Spilger deserves special mention,…
who relieved me of much of the daily routine work: If someone or something relieves you of an unpleasant feeling of difficulty, they cause you to no longer have it.
e.g. The news relieved him of some of his embarrassment.
III. Language points
1. arise: to come into being
e.g. Resentment can arise between two men who want the same job.
Accidents can arise from carelessness.
2. deliver: (1) to give ( a lecture or a course)
e.g. The congressman delivers his speech tomorrow.
(2) to take something to somebody’s house or office
e.g. He delivered newspapers as a boy.
(3) to hand over, give over
e.g. I delivered the checks to the bank.
3. in contact with: 和……有接触（联系）
e.g. We must keep in contact with the masses.
There I came in(to) contact with the finest craftsman I have ever met.
4. turn out: to happen to be in the end 结果，原来（是）
e.g. I am afraid things weren’t going to turn out smooth for you.
He made many glowing promises of reform, but nothing turned out right.
It has turned out that the method doesn’t work.
5. be engaged in; to be specialized in/busy with从事…，忙于…
e.g. It is a long and hard struggle we are engaged in.
He was busily engaged in writing letters.
At that time, he was engaged in a very violent argument with someone.
6. be confronted with/by: to face boldly 面临，面对，正视
e.g. November was here, and we were confronted with a long winter before us.
As he entered the room, he was confronted by a scene of disorder.
7. intend for: to mean to be 以…为对象/目标，打算给（某人），适合
e.g. The parcel did not reach the man for whom it was intended.
His son is intended for the medical profession.
8. applicable to: suitable for
e.g. Yesterday’s solutions are not always applicable to today’s problems.
Your criticisms are not applicable to the subject.
Newton’s third lam of motion is applicable to this example.
9. due (to)(1) adj. owed owing as a debt or right; proper/suitable/enough; supposed to be
e.g. Great deal of money is due to you.
Our particular thanks are due to you.
The next train to London is duo here at 4 o’clock.
I am due to an increase in pay soon.
(2) prep. because of
e.g. Due to repairs, the garage will be closed next Saturday.
10. invest: to use money to make more money; to use time or energy in trying to make it a success
e.g. Many businessmen are investing in farming.
They have failed to invest in job creation in the cities.
Everyone should invest some time in community service.
11. impose on: to force acceptance on ……把……强加于……
e.g. Don’t try to impose your wishes on others.
Occupation does not give them the right to impose their will on us.
The present trouble was imposed on him.
12. disperse: (cause to) scatter in different directions or spread over a wide area
e.g. After school, children dispersed them homes.
The wind dispersed the smoke.
Most of the pieces have dispersed.
13. relieve ……of ……: to take from (someone)(something heavy to carry or hard to do); or dismiss (someone)from (a position)
e.g. Dr. Ing. R. Spilger relieved me of much of the daily routine work.
He was relieved of his duties.
So I asked to be relieved of my job and returned to London.
Let me relieve you of the case; it looks terribly heavy.
14. figure: (1) a drawing or a diagram that is used to explain or illustrate the information that is being given and with its first letter capitalized
e.g. Figure 10 shows the place where the body was found.
The original design was modified, as is shown in Figure/Fig.4.
(2) any of the number signs from 0 to 9 (数码，数字)
e.g. Write the number in words and in figures.
A six-figure number could give you some idea of the size.
(3) a particular amount expressed as a number, especially one that is given as a statistic in a piece of information
e.g. Recent government figures show that there are 135000 families with four or five children.
The figure of 1983 was as low as 23 per cent.
15. Words likely to get confused:
(1) arise/rise/raise/arouse
arise: to come into being; happen; appear 出现，发生
e.g. Difficulties will arise as we do the work.
A strong wind arouse and blew our boat into the rocks.
rise: to go up, get up 上升，升起
e.g. The sun rises in the east.
Food costs rose sharply.
raise: to lift, push or move upward 举起，使升高
e.g. She raised her finger to her lips as sign for silence.
The carpenter raised the shelf above the reach of children.
arouse: to cause to wake/to become active 唤醒，唤起，引起
e.g. We aroused him from his sound sleep.
His unusual behavior naturally aroused suspicion.
(2) due/owing/thanks to
As due is an adjective, it seems that due to should really be used only with nouns.
e.g. His absence was due to the storm.
His mistake is due to his carelessness.
Losses due to friction occur in every machine and in every organization.
But educated speakers are now beginning to use due to with verbs, thus treating due to like owing to or because of
e.g. He arrived late due to/owing to the storm.
Due to/Owing to a traffic hold-up, I missed my fight.
Thanks to means something is the cause of something else.
e.g. Thanks to him I began to learn to trust my feelings.
Thanks to John we arrived three hours late.
IV. Exercises
Complete the exercises after learning the text and study the expressions in exercise 9.
Part B Preface to The Singapore Worker—A Profile
I. Learning of the new words, phrases and expressions
1.derive [1] vt. (由…)得到…, 引出. [derive+名+ (from+名)]
e.g. He derives great pleasure from traveling abroad.
He derives much pleasure from his books.
He derives great satisfaction from her coin collection.
[2] vi. 起源(于…), (从…)衍生. [derive+ (from+名)]
e.g. A lot of English words derive from Latin.
be derived from: vt. 起源于…
e.g. Some technical terms are derived from Greek.
derivation n. [1] U.引出,诱导
[2] U.C.起源,由来;词源
[3] U.{语言}衍生
derivative adj. 衍生的,不具备独创性的.
n. C. 衍生物; {语言}衍生词.
2. now that: 现在已经…,既然已…,如今…
e.g. Now that I’ve seen how he lives, I know why he needs so much money.
3. be consistent with: （不置于名词前）（与…）一致;符合.
e.g. His story is not consistent with the facts.
consistently adv. 一贯地,始终不变地;没有矛盾地.
II. Difficult language points in the text:
1. A Profile in the Title means a short description of something or someone in a newspaper or magazine or on television or radio and could be translated as面面观.
2. (Para.1) Economic competition among nations is expected… especially now that the countries…
Now that is used as a conjunction and often translated as既然;由于;尽管. You can use now that or now when you are talking about the effect of a year an event or a change.
e.g. Now that they have taken matters into their hands, the pace of events has quickened.
Now that she has found him, she will not let him go.
3. (Para.3) Singapore, being a small country, is not expected to excel in the area of product technology.
Excel in/at…:means be good at…
e.g. He excels at sports. (see Language Points.)
4. (Para.3) Besides, as pointed out by Professor …, the economic advantages…
In as pointed out by…, “it is” is left out and the as-clause should be read “as it is pointed out by Professor…”, where it refers to the whole following main clause.
5. (Para.3) Thus, in order to obtain the sustained economic advantages which… it is necessary for Singapore to nurture a well-trained workforce…
Here sustained means long-time-continued and nurture means encourage the development or success of…(see Language Points.)
6. (Para.4) First, it sets out to present… based on the profit-maximizing behavior of the employer (or government) and the earnings-maximizing behavior of the worker (or citizen).
[1] Set out to do something means start trying to do something.
e.g. They had failed in what they had set out to do.
[2] Profit-maximizing and earnings-maximizing are compound words of object-verb structure, which are often used in EST (English for Science and Technology). Other examples: power-building, cost-reducing, fuel-saving, etc.
[3] The employer and the worker are both in the singular number to show the whole class of people, that is, all the employers and all the workers, and therefore could be translated as雇主阶层和工人/雇员阶层.
7. (Para.5) The following points should also be noted:
[1] Singaporean emigrants to the US: Preposition to (not in or of) should be used with emigrant and the whole phrase should be translated as美国的新加坡居民. US(A) always takes the definite article when used as the name of a country.
[2] The employed the unemployed are used as collective nouns to mean people with or without a job.
[3] The English word for “退休者”is the retired or retiree, and not the retiring or retirer.
[4]Empirical analysis is an analysis based on experience, often on statistics and could be translated as经验性分析，统计分析.
[5] The National University of Singapore Census Survey is the formal way the Census Survey of/by the National University of Singapore.
[6] Nevertheless, the analysis of the behavior of retirees has been retained for interest. Here retained for interest means retained for those who are interested in it.
8. (Para.6 and 7) Finally, the book puts forward the case that labor market imbalances both at the global and the structural levels are…
This is consistent with our perception that a well-trained workforce…
[1] Each of the above two sentences has an appositive clause introduced by that, whose function is to give a specific explanation of what the case is and what the perception is.
[2] at the global and the structural levels: at the global level means looked at as a whole; at the structural levels means looked at from different particular levels.
[3] … disclosed that his Administration plans to expand tertiary student environment… Here Administration means Government; a tertiary student is a university student.
9. (Para.8) We would like to thank the Centre… for providing…, the Lianhe Zaobao for providing…, and Goh Mou Lih for his excellent research assistance.
This sentence contains five for-phrases, but only three of them are linked to the use of the verb thank.
III. Translation
process technology 工艺技术/加工技术
product technology 产品技术
heavy investment 大量（资金）的投入，大量投资
product development 产品开发
well-trained workforce 训练有素的劳动力大军
employment status 就业状况
profit-maximizing behavior 以赚取最大利益为目的的行为
earnings- maximizing behavior 以获取最大收益为目的的行为
empirical analysis 经验性分析，统计分析
both at the global and the structural level
无论是在整体上还是在层次结构上
built-in labor market adjustment mechanism 内在的劳务市场调节机制
public sector 政府资助的企业部门
foreign labor 外国劳工
social security 社会保障
incomes policy 所得税政策
employment service 就业服务
IV. Language Points
1. superior/superiority
superior: higher in position or better in quality
e.g. I secretly feel superior to him.
He thinks he is superior to us because his father is an important man.
Antonym: inferior
e.g. Tom, aged sixteen, felt inferior to lads of his own age.
superiority: the state of being superior
e.g. It affords visible proof of the master’s superiority.
Quite often, his sense of superiority makes him deride her opinions.
2. excel(as, at, in): fml to be good at (usu. in a stated way): do or be better than
e.g. It is in this area of running that women excel.
She excels as a teacher of dancing.
Cf. excellent and excellence
3. sustain:
[1] to keep up; maintain for period of time
e.g. The problem was how to sustain public interest.
They do not have enough money to sustain a strike.
[2] to give energy and strength
e.g. They have nothing to sustain themselves all day except two cups of coffee.
Hopes alone sustained him in his misery.
4. nurture:
[1] to give care and food to
e.g. It is mother’s duty to nurture her children.
[2] to train, educate and develop
e.g. Nurture your mind with good reading.
Scientists nurtured in this university are now working all over the country.
5. context:
[1] the words, sentences, or text that come before and after a word, sentence, or text and help to make its meaning clear
e.g. Try and guess what is means from the context.
Context is so important when you are translating.
[2] the general information about the time, place, and situation in which one event or idea occurred, which one needs to know in order to understand it fully
e.g. We need to place the place the present events in some kind of historical context.
The writer always provides a context that makes his characters believable.
6. set out: to start trying to do something
e.g. He set out to impress the company with his cleverness.
The detectives set out to establish a motive for the crime.
They set out to break the world record.
7. assess:
[1] to consider or make a judgment about a person, a situation, etc.
e.g. They meet monthly to assess the current situation.
You need time to settle in and assess your surroundings.
[2] to calculate or estimate the value of (property) or the amount of (income) for tax purposes
e.g. She looked the house over and assessed its rough market value.
Get your tax assessed separately from your husband’s.
8. maximize: to increase to the greatest possible size
e.g. The company’s main objective is to maximize profits.
We need a strategy that would maximize the use of the country’s existing airports.
Antonym: minimize
e.g. Our aim must be to minimize the risks.
I have no wish to minimize his role or his achievement.
You can minimize the dangers of driving by taking care to obey all the rules of the road.
Cf. maximum (adj. & n.)
e.g. The rocket usually reaches its maximum height of 80000 feet in about ten minutes.
They enlarged the window so that the maximum amount of light could shine into the room.
The service in this army is limited to a maximum of six months.
The sound has reached its maximum.
Antonym: minimum (adj. & n.)
e.g. They are going to raise the minimum level of taxation.
I only had the minimum qualifications, but luck was with me.
He is someone who likes doing the minimum.
Practice each day for a minimum for twenty minutes.
9. in relation to: concerning, with regard to
e.g. Prices seem high in relation to wages.
What did you say in relation to what happened yesterday?
You should learn to spend in relation to your income.
10. in particular: especially
e.g. My mind had several plans, and one particular seemed good and feasible.
You should avoid eating fat met, pork in particular.
Many adult students, in particular, have an immediate need for spoken-language skills.
11. mobile: movable; able to move or be moved; not fixed in one position
e.g. She is much more mobile now that she’s bought a car.
Many workers aren’t mobile; if they move to new employment they have difficulties in moving their families.
Cf. mobility
e.g. The army is in need of many more vehicles to increase its mobility.
With the airplane, people achieved a physical mobility never before dreamed of.
12. enhance: to increase (good things such as value, power or beauty)
e.g. The moonlight enhanced the beauty of the scene.
It would enhance his standing in the community.
13. perceive: to (come to) have knowledge of (something) through one of the scenes(esp. sight) or through the mind; see
e.g. They failed to perceive that this was what I objected to.
I cannot perceive any difference between these two coins.
Cf. perceive & conceive
perceive(=notice, become conscious of) something that already exists
e.g. I perceived an ant in my beer.
conceive(= form in mind) a completely new idea
e.g. He conceived a bold plan of escape.
perception:
e.g. He was scared by the quickness of her perception.
It didn’t mean anything to me, except a vague perception that it didn’t sound good.
14. crucial: of deciding importance
e.g. Success or failure here would be crucial to his future prospects.
It was a crucial issue to women.
V. Exercises: Ask the students to complete Ex.11 and Ex. 12 after learning the text. Ex.13~14 should be done in class. Ask some students to do the exercises in turn and check them.
Applied Writing: Application Letter
I. General Introduction
A letter of application is essentially a sales letter. An applicant is marketing his/her skills, abilities, and knowledge. The immediate purpose of an application letter is to get the attention of the person who screens and hires job applicants. The applicant’s ultimate goal is to obtain a job interview.
The successful application letter does three things: Catches the reader’s favorable attention, convinces the reader that you are qualified for the consideration, and requests an interview. It should be concisely written. A letter of application should provide the following information:
1. State a specific job title.
2. Point out your source of information about the job.
3. Summarize your qualifications for the job, specifically education, work experience, and activities showing leadership skills.
4. Refer the reader to your resume.
5. Ask for an interview, stating where you can be reached and when you will be available for an interview.
In writing an application letter, it’s necessary to use plain white paper of high quality, with a matching envelope.
II. Constituent parts of an application letter
A letter of application usually consists of the following six standard or compulsory parts:
1. Heading or letterhead (Sender’s address and date of the letter)
The sender’s address is written on the top right-hand side of the paper. The date is written below the sender’s address, sometimes separated from it by a space.
Acceptable expressions of dates:
1) 11th January(,) 2000 2) 11 January(,) 2000 3) January 11(,) 2000
Unacceptable expressions of dates:
11.1.2000 (which means 11th January 2000 in the UK but 1st November 2000 in the USA)
2. Inside (or receiver’s) address
This is written below the sender’s address and on the opposite side of the page.
Order of the inside address:
Name of the person and/or company receiving the letter
Name of house or building
Number of the building and name of street or road
Name of town or city and postcode
Name of the country
Punctuation:
If the punctuation is used, each line of the address is followed by a comma except the last line.
3. Salutations
Dear Sir—to a man whose name you do not know
Dear Sirs—to a company
Dear Madam—to a woman, whether single or married, whose name you don’t know
Dear Sir or Madam—to a person of whom you don’t know both the name and the sex
If you do know the name of the person you are writing to, the form of the salutation would be: Dear+ courtesy title+ the person’s surname:
Dear Mr. Smith
(Dear Mr. J. Smith or Dear Mr. John Smith are not generally used.)
Note: 1) The comma after the salutation is optional (Dear Sir, or Dear Sir).
2) In the USA a letter to a company usually opens with “Gentlemen:” instead of “Dear Sirs,”
4. The body of the letter
This may be indented(首行缩进式)，as in Specimen of Unit 1, or blocked (齐头式)，which is a matter of choice. But whichever style you use, you must be consistent and use that style all through the letter.
5. Complimentary close
If the letter begins with Dear Sir, Dear Sirs, Dear Madam, Dear Sir or Madam, it will close with yours faithfully. If the letter begins with (Dear +) the receiver’s name, e.g. Dear David, Dear Mr. Smith, it will close with Yours sincerely, which is less formal and often used between acquaintances or friends. Yours sincerely/faithfully could also be Sincerely/Faithfully yours, which is less common than Yours sincerely/faithfully. Your sincerely/faithfully
Notes: (1) The comma after the complimentary close is optional (yours faithfully, or Yours faithfully).
(2) Americans tend to close even formal letters with Yours truly/Truly yours/Yours sincerely or simply Truly instead of Yours faithfully.
6. Signature
Always type your name after your handwritten signature. Even though you may think your signature is easy to read.
V. Exercises: Ask the students to do the exercises and check the answers. Ask the students to write an application letter as homework. Ask the students to read aloud the dialogues and then complete the listening part.
Unit Eight Part One Practical Reading
Passage A: The Space Program: Is It Worth It?
I. Learning of the new, phrases and expressions.
1. space:
[1] When it is used to mean the area without boundaries or limits that lies beyond our planet’s atmosphere(太空) or the whole area without boundaries or limits in which everything exists(空间), no article can be used with it.
e.g. We all exist at a particular point in space and time
Human beings are now able to travel through space to the moon.
The missile soared out of the atmosphere into space.
I don’t think he saw me: he was just looking into space.
[2]A space:
1)a gap or empty place in sth solid or crowded缝隙
e.g. He had spaces between his teeth.
The door has spaces at the top and bottom.
2)a gap between words and sequences of letters or numbers空格
e.g. Leave two spaces after a full stop.
The word THE takes three spaces.
3)a space or area that is blank or is available for people to use or fill位子
e.g. There are two spaces on the morning plane to Tokyo.
There is no official space for this information on the form.
We have half an hour looking for a parking space.
[3]A space of time: a period of time.一段时间
e.g. He should arrive in a very short space of time.
It happened three times in the space of five months.
2.Point:
[1]see/take someone’s point: understand理解
e.g. I see your point.
I take your point about needing new recordings.
[2]get the point: understand what people have been trying to show, prove, or explain
e.g. Do you get the point?
I didn’t even have to speak and she got the point.
[3]besides the point: not relevant to the subject离题
e.g. That’s beside the point.
In art as a whole the notion of taste is beside the point.
[4]to the point: relevant to the subject扼要
e.g. Her words were precise and to the point.
His letters are intelligible and to the point.
[5]make/prove a point: prove that sth is true证明
e.g. To prove his point, Mr. Higgerson gave me the letter.
Would you make your point clearer?
[6]make a point of(doing sth)or make it a point to(do sth):do sth in a very deliberate way, especially other people will notice your behavior决心做,坚持做
e.g. You make a point of forgetting everything I have said.
I make a special point of being social.
I make it a point to look as healthy and attractive as I can.
3.mission:
[1]an important task that you are give to do, especially one that involves traveling to another country任务
e.g. They sent me on a mission there at the end of the war.
He has repeatedly been on confidential missions to Berlin.
[2]the sending of military aircraft to carry out a particular task or sending a rocket into space飞行任务
e.g. In the next few years Foster flew four hundred missions.
A Soyuz 49 mission was launched with a two-man crew.
[3]a group of people who have been sent to a foreign country to carry out an official task代表团
e.g. He became head of the Ugandan Mission there.
Mr. Kaul was head of the economic mission at the International Conference of Civil Servants.
4.moderate:
[1] adj. of middle degree/power/rate/size/etc.; not extreme中等的
e.g. It’s a large house, but the garden is of moderate size.
The teacher thinks that his pupil has only moderate ability.
He holds moderate political opinions.
[2] v. to make or become less in force/degree/rate/etc.; reduce减少,缓和
e.g. The wind was strong all day, but it moderated after sunset.
He should moderate his language when children are present.
[3] v. host a meeting主持
e.g. She was invited to moderate a TV program.
The panel discussion was moderated by the classroom professor.
5.explore:
[1]go to somewhere you have never been before in order to find out what it is like or look for oil or minerals勘探
e.g. Every part of the island has been explored.
Between the wars, he explored three continents by canoe.
The off shore area was explored for oil.
[2]examine carefully探究
e.g. Stop the tape and explore the implications of what you’ve heard.
With widespread hands he explored the grass around him.
Stop the tape and explore the implications of what you’ve heard.
6.bread and butter
[1]n. the activity or work of a person or an organization that provides their main source of income主要来源,生计
e.g. Comedies are the bread and butter of the local theater.
It’s their living, it’s their bread and butter.
[2] a. the most basic and important in relation to a particular subject主要的
e.g. People vote only on immediate, bread-and-butter issues.
This was just the bread-and-butter work for which he couldn’t spare creative energy.
II. Difficult language points in the text:
1. It is the first time that a spacecraft has been successfully landed back on earth after a space voyage…
In the patterns It is the first time that…a perfect tense form should be used in the V of the ‘that-clause’. Whether present or past perfect tense is used depends on the tense form of the verb be in the it-clause.
e.g. It was the first time that he had done this kind of job.
It is the first time that I have learnt to drive a car.
Similar use can be found in the first paragraph: This mission marked the first time a spaceship had been sent out into space and …Here that is omitted after the first time. As the verb in the main clause takes the past tense (marked), the verb form in the dependent clause takes the past perfect tense(had been sent).
2. (Para.4) I believe that the space program is one of the most important programs the United States has and that we ought to spend even more money on it than is being spent right now.
This complicated sentence is made up five clauses: I believe is the main clause, two that-clauses are object clauses; the United States has is a relative clause with that/which omitted and modifies programs. In the second that-clause, than is being…is a comparative clause, in which the money is omitted after than.
3. (Para.6)First of all, I want to make it clear that I am not against the space program.
Here it serves as the antecedent referring to the that-clause that follows.
4. (Para.12)I think a country always has to look to the future in order to be great and to stay great.
[1]Look to:
A. think about sth that will happen in the future with a particular emotion and care展望,向往
B: look to someone/sth for help/advice:求助于,寻求
e.g. We should look to the economists for advice on how to overcome inflation.
C: look to sth: make sure that it is in good condition当心,留意
e.g. You should look to your health.
[2]Stay great is a V+SC(Subject Complement)structure,
stay: link verb ;
great: Subject Complement
Stay great: keep/remain strong and great.
e.g. The sun burns hot in the sky.
5.(Para.13)…who don’t have a place to live…
Here to live: is the postmodifier of place. Note that we say we have a place to live, but we have to say we have a room to live in.
III. Translation
panel discussion 小组讨论，（电视台等的）公开讨论会
space shuttle, the Columbia 哥伦比亚号航天飞机
a tremendous advance 巨大的进步
moderate a discussion 主持讨论
be excited about the space shuttle 为航天飞机感到振奋
a space voyage 宇宙航行
from the scientists’ point of view 从科学家的观点来看
hear from someone 听取某人的意见
be in favor of the space program 赞成航天计划
investment in the future 对未来的投资
benefit from the space program 收益于太空计划/项目
social welfare 社会福利
basic essential of life 基本生活需要
choose between A and B 在A与B之间作出选择
meet people’s immediate needs 满足人们的目前需要
be against…in theory 理论上反对…
look good on TV 电视上好看
in many important ways 在许多重要方面
do experiments 做实验
the earth’s gravity 地球引力
a system of defense in space 空间防御计划
protect…from foreign attack 保卫…免遭外来攻击
medical and health services 医疗保健服务/设施
programs for the elderly 养老计划/项目
day-care centers 日托中心
collect solar energy 聚集太阳能
set an example for… 为…树立榜样
give priority to social programs 优先考虑/发展社会（福利）项目
long-range benefits 长远的好处
invest heavily in the space program 在航天项目上大量投资
live on something nourishing 靠有营养的食物生存
disagreement over the program 就项目问题的分歧
share views with… 与…交换观点
food for thought 值得思考的东西
IV. Framework and patterns
1. Patterns used in debating:
[1]. To express one’s own viewpoints:
It is a fact that…
There is no doubt that…
I believe that…
One of the main arguments in favour of…is that…
One of the main arguments against…is that…
One of the strongest evidences for…is that…
The first thing we have to consider is…
There is enough (sufficient, much, convincing)evidence showing (supporting, indicating to, show, to support to, indicate, in favor of the opinion)that…
There are many examples to show…
It won’t be difficult to prove that…
The above story illustrates that…
[2]. To express agreement:
I (completely)agree with…when he says/writes that…
I think…is right when he writes/says that…
…certainly is right when he writes/says that…
…may be correct in saying that…
[3]. To express disagreement or opposition
I disagree/don’t agree with…when he says/writes that…
The great weakness of the argument lies in/is that…
The assumption rests on the fallacy that…
But you are talking about maybes in the future. I am talking about now.
You are talking about pie in the sky.
I don’t agree.
You are still talking about possibilities…
Meanwhile, we have people who don’t …/can’t…
People have to live on sth more nourishing than hope.
[4]. To introduce the opposing viewpoints:
There are some critics of…who believe/claim/argue that…
The main argument against…is that…
One of the main objections to…is that…
[5]. To cite statistical data:
The table ( chart , graph , graphic , figure ) shows ( presents , summarizes ) data for/about…
All these statistics clearly show (strongly prove, point to the fact, seem to suggest) that…
The results (findings, data, statistics) cited above prove (support, bear out, confirm, lead to) the conclusion that…
The above finding (statistics, data)can interpreted as follows(viewed in terms of…, approached from a different angle):
[6]. To express advantages and disadvantages:
…has /have certain (some, many)advantages over (compared with)…
Another (A third) advantage of…lies in (is, seems to be) that…
These are some advantages (disadvantages) in…
Some of the advantages (disadvantages) are as follows:
It is clear that there are both advantages and disadvantages in (concerning, regarding)…
[7]. To give reasons and draw a conclusion:
The reasons for…are as follows
The reason why…can be traced to…
There are several reasons for(why)…
Therefore we can state ( say, conclude, draw the conclusion)that…
The conclusion is that…
Thus (Therefore, In view of these factors, Based on these considerations), we can reach(draw, make, arrive at)the following conclusion:
Having considered (analyzed, reviewed) the issue (matter, problem, method, suggestion) from both sides, we can now draw the conclusion that…
Weighing the arguments on both sides, we are inclined to conclude that…
With the strengths and weakness of the opposing arguments apparent, we can therefore reach(arrive at) a balanced conclusion like this…
2. Patterns for debating selected from this passage
[1]. To moderate or host a discussion:
Let me begin by saying that…
Today we are going to hear two different points of view on…
Let’s hear from someone who is strongly in favour of/against…
Would you please begin?
Would you like to answer that question?
Please tell us your position briefly.
Then we will discuss the points of difference between you.
However, there are differences of opinion about…
I want to thank both of you for the interesting points you have made.
Thank you both again for sharing your views with us.
I am sure you have given us all a great deal of food for thought.
[2]. To express one’s own viewpoints:
First of all, I want to make it clear that I am not against…
If we could have both ,I would be very happy.
If we have to choose, I am in favor of ….
I am not against(the space program in theory )
I think we all benefit from…in many important ways
The space shuttle proves that…
Let me just say again that I think that…
V. Exercises:
Ask the students to do exercises one and two after reading through the text. Complete exercises 3~6 and 8 in the class. Exercises 7 and 10 should be done as homework after class. Ask the students to prepare exercise 9 after class and carry out a panel discussion in class.
Applied Writing: Sales Contract
I. Learning of words, phrases and expressions:
1. nominate v. appoint to office提名,指定,推荐
e.g. The prime Minister nominated him Ambassador to France.
The president nominated me as his representative at the meeting.
nomination right of )nominating 提名(权)
e.g. Who will get the nomination for President?
He has a good chance of winning the nomination.
2.trim v. make evenly balanced by arranging the position of cargo, passengers, etc.平衡,平仓
e.g. The crew trimmed the sails of the ship to achieve greater speed.
The loaders trimmed the load of the truck so it wouldn’t be top-heavy.
3. stow v. pack, esp. carefully and closely装,载(尤指仔细而紧密地).
e.g. They stowed the potatoes in a cool dark place.
The workers had to stow the cargo in the ship’s holds before 9:30 am.
stow away: put sth in a safe place
e.g. She stowed it away in a drawer.
stow away from: keep away from
e.g. Stow these away from fire.
4. alien/foreign
alien: differing in nature or character不同性质的,异己的,相反的
e.g. This style is alien from genuine English.
Cheating is alien to my nature.
foreign: coming or introduced from outside外来的,来自外部的
e.g. I feel there is a foreign body in my left eye.
II. Detailed study of the contract
1. Framework:
销售合同的基本框架和内容:
合同编号;
签约时间和地点;
合同开头语;
签约双方公司的名称;
商品的名称;
商品规格;
商品数量;
质量要求;
商品价格;
发货时间;
商品包装;
付款条件;
保险、处罚、索赔及仲裁等;
双方签字代表的姓名和职务.
2. Patterns:
[1].组成合同内容的句式、词语和表达法:
词语和表达法:
hereinafter called Seller/Party A
hereinafter called Buyer/Party B
the under-mentioned goods
subject to the terms and conditions
stipulated below
commodity
specifications
quantity
unit price
total value
time of shipment
packing
insurance
payment
remarks
合同开头语常见的句式:
The China National Cereals, Oils and Foodstuffs Import and Export Corporation, hereinafter called the Seller, agrees to sell and STJ Co.Ltd., hereinafter called Buyer, agrees to buy the under-mentioned goods subject to the terms and conditions stipulated below.
The Xinda Company, Dalian China as one side(hereinafter referred to as seller) and F.Lynch and Lowe Ltd.( hereinafter referred to as buyer) on the other side, after friendly negotiations by authorized representatives of both sides, have entered into contract with terms and conditions as follows.
This contract was signed this fifth day of January, 1999 by and between Mr. ______of Supersonic Ltd.( hereinafter referred to as seller) and Mr. _____of China Liaoning Import and Export Corporation( hereinafter referred to as buyer),whereby the Seller has agreed to sell and the Buyer has agreed to buy________( hereinafter referred to as Contracted Products) conforming the quality, specification and quantity of contracted products with the following terms and conditions.
This contract is made between the Buyer and the Seller, whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and the Seller agrees to sell the commodities mentioned below according to the following terms and conditions.
表示支付条款的句式:
Payment shall be made by telegraphic transfer/mail transfer/credit letter/sight draft/60 day draft.
Payment shall be effected through the Bank of China, Beijing, to Daiwa Bank, Osaka.
Party A shall pay Party B for the transfer of all the technical documentation.
The Buyer shall open an irrevocable letter of credit through the Bank of China, Dalian in favor of the Seller.
The Contract Price shall be paid buy the Buyer in three installments.
[2]. Additional Words and Phrases Used in Sales Contract:
Terms of payment 支付条款
Guarantee, claim and penalty 保证，索赔和处罚
Force majeure 不可抗力
Legal address 法定地址
Exclusion from seller’s supply 不计列卖方供货
Itemized price list （分项）详列价目表
Irrevocable letter of guarantee 不可撤消的保证函
Appendix to the present contract 本合同附录
Specified/shown in Appendix 1 见附录1说明
As stipulated in the contract 按合同规定
Telegraphic transfer 电汇
Mail transfer 信汇
For the buyer’s account 由买方结帐
Under the present contract 根据本合同
The total gross/net weight 总毛重/净重
Metric ton 公吨
Shipping/destination port 装运港/目的港
At buyers option 由买方任选/决定
Packing and marking 包装和商标
Be packed in wooden cases 装木箱
Protect from moisture, rain, rust, corrosion and shock
防潮，防雨，防锈，防腐并防震
Consignor and consignee 发货人和收货人
All taxes, customs, duties and other dues
所有税款，关税，商品税和其他应交税款
In the performance of the contract 执行本合同中
Settle through friendly consultations 通过友好协商解决
Summit to arbitration for settlement 报请仲裁解决
Arbitration award 仲裁裁定书
III. Exercises: Do exercises11 and 12 together. Finish Ex. 13 in turn. Finish Ex. 14~18 together.
IV. Listening Part:
Listen to each part and check the answers.
V. Communicative speaking:
1. Learn sample dialogues and phrases
2. Let students make dialogues about making a phone call |
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发表于 2006-8-22 14:10:08