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[[考试与证书]] 英语四六级的训练

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发表于 2006-6-11 20:16:19 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
在许多同学看来,写作是六级考试中最难对付的部分。在半小时内用中文写出一篇好文章来都不容易,就更不要说用英语了。写作也是我们在平时的英语学习中练习得最少的。大家似乎都更习惯从四个选项中挑出一个来填空,而不是进行“原创”。我却认为写作比起阅读和词汇要简单和有趣得多,因为它是主观命凰可以自由发挥,不用顺着出题人的意图去理解文字也不用看花两眼去辨析那些“长得太像”的单词,而且更能体现一个人的英语驾驭能力。

   当然,要想写作的过程变得简单有趣也不是件容易的事。写作是对词汇、语句、逻辑思维等的综合运用,要写好一篇150字的英语短文,平时需打下扎实的基础才行。在复习六级的过程中,大多数同学都是以背单词开始的,在考前一个月左右开始做真题。由于做完一篇真题要花不少时间,很多同学不会去写作文(我也是如此),这就使练习写作的时间少之又少。那么如何在有限的时间内做到方方面面都有所兼顾呢?这就需要用“拆分式”(个人杜撰)的复习方法了。文章是一个整体,如何能拆分?这里指的是在平时的学习中,比如说复习词汇或阅读,包括听力,都不忘做词汇和语句的积累以及语感的培养,把写作基本功练习的时间拆分融入到各个部分的学习中去。要擅于在枯燥的“词海”与“题海”中发现精彩的词汇与句子来为自己的写作奠定基础。
一、词汇

一、词汇。词汇是构筑语言的基石。相信很多同学都有这种感觉,背了很多单词,但是到要写东西的时候,用的还是最简单的词汇,甚至不知道如何去组合一篇文章。这其中有一个记忆的方法问题。关于词汇记忆,流行的方法有很多。捷径是没有的,但是好的方法确实可以让我们事半功倍。俄的做法是一边背单词一边做词汇题。在做词汇题的过程中你自然会发现自己一些习惯的用词错误,错误留下的印象往往比较深,这样可以在写作中避免,也可以提高用词的精确度和优美度。好的词汇和句子留心用红笔勾出,以便自己再次复习和查阅。勤快的同学可以准备一个本子专门记录好的用语。例如:

  1)In American universities,classes are often arranged in more flexible _______and many jobs on campus are reserved for students.

  A.scale  B.patterns  C.grades  D.ranks

  

The answer is B.其意思是在美国,课程以十分灵活的形式安排,校园里有许多事留给学生去做。我觉得在写校园生活的作文中,这是一个很好的参照范例,对比中国的校园则不是这个样子,顺便谈出自己的感想。

  2)The _____runner can run 2 miles in fifteen minutes.

  A.common  B.usual  C.average  D.general

The answer is C.这几个单词都有“普通”的意思,容易用错。“common”一般指现象的平常,比如说Taking the college English Test Band 6 is quite common today on campus.Do you ever think why?“average”是指“平常的,普通的,平均的”,比如在谈及现在的大学学费时,可以说:It’s a sum of money that an average family can't afford.“general”强调的是少有例

外,有大多数的意思,如果让你写一本书的介绍,你可以说:The book is intended for the general readers ,not for the specialists.“usual”相对来说比较容易,在此不举例了。通过这样的比较,一方面可以加深对词义的理解,另一方面在我们自己写作文时可以避免类似的错误。不失为一个一举两得的好办法。



二、阅读。一般考生在复习时做的最多的我想是阅读。中国有句古语:读书破万卷,下笔如有神。所以说做大量的阅读练习对写作的提高是最有帮助的了。在阅读过程中获得的信息可以丰富写作的素材,更有很多名言警句等着你去发现去“漂亮”(名词动用)你的句子。阅读的时间要保持连贯,最好根据个人习惯有所安排,不要挤在一个时间段内做,也不要把时间间隔得太长。阅读是提高英语水平最基本也是最重要的途径,当你的阅读量积累到一定的程度,启然会由量变到质变使你的英语水平上一个档次。这是我大一时一个英语老师告诉我的,我一直铭记在心。除了平时上课时的精读,平时我也看一些英语读物。你尽可以挑你喜欢看的,茶余饭后翻看一下,当做消遣。很多英语故事是很有趣的,可以积累日后写作的相关背景知识,也可以在不知不觉中make you speak and write like a native。

   其实每次做题时都有四篇阅读可供练习,不要对完了答案就算了。好句子和段落不能放过,大声读一两遍,留些印象在脑子里,对写作会有帮助的。我经常看的东西有《21世纪》报,那里边的一些文章和学生生活很贴近,没准就碰上了考试要写的题材。还有我最喜欢的一本小说是《Daddy Long Legs》,里面所写的大学生活一定会让你在其中发现自己的影子,而且用语幽默。下面就是其中的一些精彩段落,你会发现阅读中真有无穷宝藏!

1)   It isn’t the big troubles in life that require character. Anybody can rise to a crisis and face a crushing tragedy with courage, but to meet the petty hazards of the day with a laugh I really think that requires spirit.

2)   College is a very satisfying sort of life; the books and study and regular classes keep you alive mentally, and then when your mind gets fired, you have the gymnasium and outdoor athletics, and always plenty of congenial friends who are thinking about the things you are.

3)   Not to be forever regretting the past, or anticipating the future; but to get the most that you can out of this very instant.

4)   Most people don’ t live; they just race. They are trying to reach some goal far away on the horizon, and in the heat of the going they get so breathless, and panting that they lose all sight of the beautiful, tranquil country they are passing through; and then the first thing they know, they are old and worn out, and it doesn’t make any difference whether they have reached the goal or not.

   除了做英语阅读外,由于六级考试作文内容涉及科技、社会、文化等方方面面,所以平时也要多积累这些方面的知识,多读书看报。



三、听力。其实听力是我最喜欢的了,尤其是纯正的美式口语。我这里讲的可不仅是听力磁带哟,那比较程序化,且内容多枯燥。还是原版电影听得比较过瘾,比如说《Forrest Gump》,我想大家对其中最有名的那句life is like a box of chocolates,you never know what you gonna get记忆犹新。适当地引用一些电影中的精彩对白或口语,会使你的文章与众不同。如果你能很好地将电影中的故事作为事例写进作文中,不仅十分生动而且会让评卷老师感觉到你对英语学习的浓厚兴趣,不知不觉会提高印象分。当然前提是你能巧妙地运用听到的故事。下面就是一篇我看过的比较好的范文:

                   On Fate

    Some people say that we can’ t choose our fate, just like we can’t choose our parents. Fate is fair to everyone and it is clear about what is right or wrong, who is honest or crafty, who is diligent or indolent. As long as a parson works and tries, he will surely get what he deserves.

However, others claim that we can do the best with what God gives us although we can’ t change our fate. There is a famous dialogue about fate between Forrest and his mother in a movie “Forrest Gump”. When Forrest asks his mother what his fate is, Mrs. Gump answers, “you gonna have to figure it out for yourself. I was destined to be your momma, I did the best I could. Life is like a box of chocolates, you never know what you gonna get.” Forrest was born a person with low IQ, that is to say, he is destined to be stupid. But God gives him persever-ance, will and a good mother. Finally he does do the best with what God gives him and becomes a football stardom, Vietnam hew and shrimp tycoon. He learns to deal with not only the prejudice, hate, hope, fears and dreams of human nature but also life and death.

In my opinion, the story of Forrest Gump does happen in real life. Though my life is designed by fate, maybe I should make full use of what I possess to achieve a better result.So believe that Cod helps those help themselves.

不过有一点我觉得不足的是,这篇文章中全都是以电影故事为例,缺少了一些说服力。需要突出的应该是阿甘的那种精神,故事本身是否完全真实倒是次要的。还有就是在利用从听力中学来的语言时要切记不要直接用到书面语中。像上面那段中的gonna就是典型的口头用语,作为引用语是可以的,如果直接使用就会被当成是错误的。



四、背诵。上面提到的都是六级要考试的内容,为了有效利用时间,我将写作基本功的练习融于这些题型的准备之中。这不是偷懒,因为其中每个部分你要真正获得写作的锻炼都是要付出努力的。背诵就是在以上这些环节的准备中不可缺少的方法。有很多同学都是在考前背好多篇不同类型的范文,这的确是一个很有效的方法。但如果没有平时的积累,是不会只背几篇东西就自然能“下笔如有神“的。在这里我要说明的一点是,我本人其实是很讨厌为考试而学习的,所以也就厌恶为考试而背诵。但是就单纯提高写作水平而言,背诵确实是必要的。所以在平常的语言学习中,我都会去记忆一些内容有价值、语句优美的句子或段落,这对于培养语感也是很有用的,尤其是一些谚语,真是又精辟又实用。要说明一下的是,在很多作文指导书中都会介绍不少谚语和俗语,以致于考试作文中千篇一律的都会出现:No pains,no gains.Better late than never.我要说的是,大家在平常的学习中应该去多留心一些新颖的段句,找到一些可以与众不同的,点缀在你文章中,会是精彩的亮点。下面是我最喜欢的一部分句子。

   1)One ship drives east;another drives west,by the selfsame gale that blows. It’s the set of the sail and not the gale that determines the way she goes. Or again; the heights by great men reached and kept, were not attained by sudden flight, but they, while their companions slept, were toiling upward in the night.

2)   In doing we learn.

3)   The voice of one man is the voice of no one!

4)   Wise men learn by other men’s mistakes; fools by their own.

5)   Good company on the road is the shortest cut.

6)   To read without reflecting is like eating without digesting.

7)   One of these days is none of these days.

8)   Actions speak louder than words.

9)   Knowing something of everything and everything of something.

   10) Life is not a bed of roses.



五、练笔。写作这东西光动口不动手是不行的,即便我讲了很多节省时间的方法,要想在考试中取得高分而又不动手练习那是不可能的。练笔的方法也有很多,一开始你可以选取你喜欢的题目随意写,然后照着真题的题目去练习。根据个人情况,5~10篇的写作是必要的。我通常的做法是写summery,即阅读后的摘要。这样可以很快地运用到新学的词汇与语句,也可以提炼自己的观点,提高表达能力。我也偶尔会用英语写日记。当然我也会写命题作文。以下就是本人比较喜欢,老师评价也较高的一篇:

            Should People Be Always Honest?

    Should people be always honest? The answer, I think, is absolutely YES. But here “honest” doesn’t only mean“telling the truth”, I think that’s far from enough. Honesty is a virtue.  When we say that someone is honest, we mean that he or she is fair and sincere, free of deceit. So, what I want to say is that people should be honest all the time but if he or she tells a lie for good purpose, I don’t call that dishonesty.

The reason I should say so is because of such a story. It happened in a small town. An old lady led a lonely life in a lonely house. She had no relatives except a poor lawyer as her friend. This old lady liked writing very much. She was eager to have her novel published but of course she could not afford the cost. Though the lawyer was also lack of money he still promised to help her. The old lady continued to write until she was dying.  And before she was dead, she finally got her published book, and died with a smile. The book fell from her hand to the ground.  Wind blew it open, and the pages in it were all blank! You know, the old lady had very poor eyesight and she was nearly deaf. She used her old typewriter to do the job but no one could recognize what she wrote. But the poor lawyer fulfilled her dream. It was cheating. Yes, I know that, but, I still think he is honest, he is far more honest than those who can tell beautiful lies but mean nothing at all.

So, try to be honest, try not to tell a lie. But if that lie can save a life, comfort a heart, just do it. I don’t think that’s dishonest because you still have an honest heart!

  老师给我的评语是:Very touching,very convincing! I like your writing style very much:easy,flexible,and attractive!

   当然这只是一篇习作,并不符合考试的要求,但是我在写作中体会到了表达的乐趣。这种乐趣使我即使面对考试作文也不会头疼和心慌,更不会不知道从何下笔。这都是和平时的积累和训练分不开的。要补充一点的是,在你做练笔的时候,每写完一篇习作最好找一个老师给你看一下或和同学交换一下意见。因为光是写而不做总结是无法提高的。所以最好是找老师或同学看一看,这样才能改正错误,真正提高写作水平。

总之,对于写作,基本功的训练是必要且重要的,要应用适当的方法,持之以恒地学习。只有整个写作水平提高了,在面对考试作文时才不会不知所云。在平时的英语学习中,要善于总结自己的不足和吸取优秀文章中的好词汇、好句子,并练出自己的语言风格。不要把学习的过程看成一个为考试而准备的过程,其实英语的学习是可以十分有趣的

技巧

二、关于考试一考试作文的写作技巧与注意事项



   基本功的训练和考分的提高是个水涨船高的过程。如果把平时的英语训练比做是做“自选动作”的话,那么针对考试我们还要做一套“规定动作”,即完全是根据考试作文的要求而进行的练习。为此,我们需要知道的是:六级作文的评分标准是什么(这好比是要先知道比赛规则)?通常会考什么类型的作文?怎么写?又如何才能写好呢?针对这些问题,我把我以下要写的内容分为这几个部分:评分标准和作文的重要性,这几年的常考题型和范围,六级作文总的写法,拿高分的一些小技巧以及我的个人心得和体会。Are you ready?,Let's go!
评分标准

(—)评分标准和作文的重要性。



考试作文和平时练习的作文有所不同。因为毕竟是考试所以有个标准化的问题以便于评分,不能像平时练笔那般随意。作文在六级考试中居于十分重要的地位。从1997年6月起,考试委员会在计算成绩时正式实施“作文最低分”的规定,对写作提出了更高的要求。其计算方法是将作文分的最低分定为6分,如果作文分为0,即使总分及格了也按59分处理,作文分在0—6分之间,其最后得分为:原计算总分-6+实得作文分。比如说你的总分原为63分,实得作文分为2,那么最后得分是63—6+2=59分。由于作文分数太低使原本可以通过的考试变成要再考一年,实在是件很令人遗憾的事。这足见英语教学工作者对写作的重视,也使我们在平时的学习中要注重实际英语能力的培养和提高。

六级考试作文采取总体评分的方法,阅卷老师根据文章的总体印象给分及奖励分,从文章的内容和语言两个方面进行综合评判。这些都是我们在考前所要了解的考试要求,以便在考试中规范写作。
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