长难句分析与翻译十大基本功

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长难句分析与翻译基本功





补足语是英语语法中一个较复杂的语言现象，它表示了动词通过一定媒介与各词类之间的关系，如：动词与动词、动词与分词、动词与名词、动词与形容词、动词与介词、动词与副词的关系。在阅读中补足语出现的频率也很高，是阅读中难点之一。
(1)宾语补足语与主语补足语。
??在英语中，某些及物动词不仅需要宾语，而且还要求某个词或词组来补充说明宾语，即表示宾语代表的人或物所发出的动作或所处的状态，这个词或短语称为宾语补足语。有些语法书把宾语和补足语称为复合宾语。把带有宾语补足语的句子改为被动语态，则原来的宾语和宾语补足语就相应变为主语和主语补足语。例如：
I ask you to answer the question．(to answer the question说明宾语you，不定式为宾语补足语。)
You are asked to answer the question．(to answer the question说明主语you，不定式为主语补足语。)
(2)动词不定式作补足语。
1)带to的动词不定式：这类动词有：advise，allow，ask，cause，compel，consider，en-
able，encourage，expect，force，get，leave，order，permit，persuade，promise，request，re-
quire，teach，tell，want，warn，wish，consider，believe，feel，find，image，know，say，suppose，think，report等用于被动态。seen，appear，happen，prove用于主动态。
??这类词可构成以下结构：
??．be+-ed牛to be+名词
??．be+-ed+to be+形容词
??．be+-ed+to be+分词
??．be+-ed+to be+介词短语
2)不带to的动词不定式：表示视觉、听觉和感觉的动词，如：see，watch，find，observe，notice，hear，listen to，feel，此外还有let，have，make。这种动词用于被动态时，还要带to。
??上述的视觉、听觉和感觉动词，外加smell和see可用现在分词作宾语补足语。
(3)名词作补足语。
??这类动名词有：call，name，elect，appoint，nominate，christen，crown等，。
(4)由朋引出的名词作补足语。
??这类动词有：accept，classify，consider，define，describe，know，refer to，regard，state，take等。
(5)介词短语作补足语。
??这类动词有：get，keep，make，protect，stop，set，prevent，free，put等。
补足语在句中分析与翻译的实例
1. A volt is the amount of electrical pressure required to cause a flow of 1 ampere of electricity through a conductor that has 1 ohm of resistance.
??使1安培电流通过具有1欧姆电阻的导体所需的电压量称为1伏特。 (to cause．．．through．．，“使……通过……”。介词短语through．。．resistance是宾语flow的补足语。)
2. Cigarette smoking is believed by most research workers in this field to be an important factor in the development of cancer of the lungs and cancer of the throad.
??这个领域的大多数科学工作者认为，抽烟是造成肺癌和喉癌的一个重要因素。 (to be an important factor．．．是主语smoking的补足语。)
3. It is to be emphasized that a source of electricity current is simply a device for causing electricity to move around a circuit.
??必须着重指出，电源只不过是使电流沿着电路流动的一种装置。 (it是形式主语，代替that引出的主语从句。不定式短语to move．．．是宾语electricity的补足语。)
4. Anyone who has seen a great locomotive pulling a long train realizes that heat can do work, for it is the heat from burning fuel that makes the locomotive run.
??任何人在看到巨大的火车头牵引着一长列火车时，都会认识到是热能做功，因为正是这种从燃烧的燃料中所产生的热能使火车头运动。(pulling．．．和run是locomotive的补足语。)
5. The cost of photovoltaic electricity could drop enough to make solar cells competitive with conventional sources of electrical power by the mid-1990s.
??到90年代中期，光电电力的成本将下降到足以使太阳能电池可与一般的电源相竞争的程度(competitive．．．power是宾语solar cells的补足语。)
6. The author enumerates some of the factors which make it difficult for the sociologist to
conduct experiments in the same way as his colleagues in the physical sciences.
??作者列举了某些主要原因，使社会科学家难于像他的自然科学家同事那样以同样的方式进行科学实验。(difficult是形式宾语it的补足语，it代替带有逻辑主体的不定式短语for．．．to
conduct．．．)
7. We might thus define chemical changes as those that result in the formation of new sub-
stances and involve changes in the composition of the substance.
??因而我们可以把能引起新物质的形成并能引起物质成分改变的那种变化定义为化学变化。(define sth．．．as．．，“把……定义为”。as those．．．为changes的宾语补足语。)

8. Materials such as uranium and titanium do not exist in large quantities but they possess unusual properties which make them essential for certain highly specialized uses.
??铀和钛这样一类材料并不大量存在，但它们具有非凡的特性，这使得它们成为某些特殊用途所不可缺少的材料。(essential for．．．uses是宾语them的补足语。them代替Materials。)
9. Not only can temperature and light affect the conductivity, but also the addition of impurities to semiconductors will make it change greatly.
??不仅温度和光能够影响其导电性，而且半导体中加一些杂质也会使导电性发生很大变化。(change是不带to的不定式作宾语it的补足语，讧代替the conductivity。)
10. The falling of an apple to the ground set Newton wondering why it moved towards the earth, and not upwards into the sky.
??苹果落到地上使牛顿感到奇怪，为什么苹果向着地球运动而不飞向天空呢? (wondering ．．．sky是宾语Newton的补足语。)
11. Scientists probing further and further into the secrets of nature find magnetism to be important everywhere, whether it be within the extremely small nucleus of an atom or in the vast distances of the astronomical universe.
??在不断深入探索大自然的奥秘时，科学家们发现，不论是在微小的原子核内，还是在遥远的宇宙天体中，磁力都是十分重要的。(to be important是宾语magnetism的补足语。)
12. Water is considered to be of high quality and drinkable if it has no more than 500 parts minerals, or salts, per one million parts of water.
??如果水中所含矿物质或盐分不超过5 0/000，那就被认为是高质量和可饮用的水。(to be of．．． drinkable是主语water的补足语。)
13. Such problems have stumped researchers at Yale and other schools, as they try to get computers to perform simple language translations.
??当耶鲁大学和其他学校的研究人员试图让计算机作简单的语言翻译时，他们却被这类问题难住了。(get sth．．。to do．．，“让……做……”。to perform．．．是computers的宾语补足语。)
14. We can see that, though we must keep as much dust as we can out of our houses, yet dust has a very important part to play in the work of nature.
??我们可以看到，虽然我们的住房必须尽可能地防止灰尘，然而灰尘在自然界却起着非常重要的作用。(out of．．．houses是dust的补足语。)
15. Using the same idea - having a computer guide the laser beam' s path - makes it possible to create a new generation of machine tools for the industries and factories of the future.
??利用同样的设想，即让计算机来控制激光束的光路，就有可能制成供今后工业部门和工厂使用的新一代机床。(不带to的不定式短语guide．．．path用作宾语a computer的补足语。)
16. When windmills were invented in the twelfth century, they had to be turned by hand to keep them pointing into the wind, in order to keep them working.
??在12世纪发明风车时，为了保持运转，必须用手转动风车使之迎着风向。(keep+宾语+现在分词，“保持……”，“使……继续……”。现在分词在这种结构中作宾语补足语，如本句中的pointing和working都是宾语补足语。）
代词在阅读过程中是难点之一。在英语中，为了语言的精练，避免重复，除了采用“省略”手段外，还广泛地用代词来代替上下文中已经出现过的词或提到的内容。在阅读过程中必须根据上下文的逻辑关系正确判断代词所代替的具体内容，如分析不当，往往会产生“张冠李戴”的错误。必须指出的是，在各种代词中it的用法最为复杂，it用作形式主语或形式宾语时，只有语法意义而没有词汇意义，可以说是“虚”的。但用作代词时，代替某一词或某一具体内容，可以说是“实”的。it在句中表现得“真真假假，虚虚实实”，这给阅读理解造成了很大困难，必须认真分析和辨别。
??为了语言精练，避免重复的目的，除了采用省略和代词外，还采用另一种手段——近义词(带定冠词the的近义词)来替代上文中已出现过的词，这种近义词可称为“替换词”。
??英语中常见的代词有：one(ones)，that，they，those，the former，the latter等。“的用法较为复杂，特别加以归纳。

it的用法
(1)it作无人称代词：it作无人称代词表示自然现象、气候、时间、距离等。it是形式主语没有词汇意义。如：
1)It is very cold today．(气候)
2)It is three o'clock．(时间)
3)It is along way from here．(距离)
(2)it作人称代词：it作人称代词时，用来代替上下文中提到的事或物，有时可代替整个句子的内容。
(3)his(was)+形容词十不定式(to do)，it为形式主语，不定式短语为真正主语。
(过去分词)
(4)his+{形容词}+that(what，how，whether．．．)，it为形式主语，that引导的为主语从句。
(名词)
(5)It+不及物谓语动词+that引导的主语从句。这些动词有：seem，appear，turn out，follow，happen等。
(6)It may well be that引导的主语从句。
(7)it作形式宾语：
1)某些及物动词+it+形容词十不定式；
2)某些及物动词+it+形容词+that...
在上述两种句型中，it是形式宾语，真正的宾语是不定式短语，或that引导的宾语从句。
(8)it用于强调句型：
It is(was)十被强调的成分+that(which，who)
强调句型是简单句，可以用来强调句中主语、宾语和状语，但不能强调定语和谓语。在这种句型中把his．．．that去掉，句子仍成立
代词在句中分析与翻译的实例
1．All the various transitions from one form of motion into another are governed by one ofthe fundamental laws of nature，that of the eternity of matter and its motion．
运动可以由一种形式变为另一种形式，所有运动形式的变换都取决于一个基本的自然规律，即物质及其运动永恒性的规律。(that代替one，one代替law。)

2．The author enumerate some of the factors which make it difficult for the sociologist to conduct experiments in the same way as his colleagues in the physical sciences．
作者列举了某些使社会科学家难以进行实验的因素，而在同样的情况下，他的自然科学的同事们却可以进行实验。(it为形式宾语代替真正宾语to conduct．．．。)

3．The metallurgist has recently found a metal skin for missiles and supersonic planes，one that will retain its strength at the high temperature caused by air friction．
冶金学家最近发明了一种用于导弹和超音速飞机的金属外壳，这种外壳在大气摩擦引起的高温下仍然能保持其强度。(one作同位语，代替skin。)

4．If one can scale down all dimensions to，let us say，one tenth，the average lengths of the current-paths will be reduced to one tenth．And the speed of operation will be scaled up 10 times．
如果人们能把所有尺寸缩小，比如说，减小到原来的1／10，那么电流路径的平均长度也将减小到1／10，操作速度因而就会按比例提高10倍。(one泛指人。)

5．Underground water reserves are much larger than those on the surface，but as they are unseen we tend to understimate them．
地下水的储量要比地面水大得多，但是由于看不到，所以往往低估了地下水的储量。(those代替reserves。as引导原因状语从句。them代替reserves。)

6．Here we find that the term work has been given by science a somewhat more limited meaning than that to which we have been accustomed．
这里我们发现，科学赋予“功”这个词的含义比我们所习惯的“工作”这个词的含义多少要狭窄一些。(第一个that是连词，引导宾语从句。第二个that是代词，代替work。)

7．We know that air can be compressed， and it is reasonable to suppose that the air at the surface of the earth is compressed by the weight of all the air on top of it．
我们知道空气是可以压缩的，因而我们有理由假设：地球表面的空气受到该空气层上部所有空气重量的压缩。(第一个it是形式主语，代替不定式短语to suppose...。句末的it是人称代词，代替“地球表面上的空气”。)

8．It follows from the principle of relativity that Newton’s second law of motion，although fundamental in classical mechanics，only has an approximate and by no means complete validity．
由相对论原理可知，牛顿运动第二定律尽管是古典力学中的基本原理，但只是近似的，而决不是完全正确的。(It follows from．．．that....，“由……可以得出……”。It是形式主语，代替that引出的主语从句。)
9．It was supposed that bodies fall to the ground with a speed which is proportional to their weight。This means that if bodies of 100 pounds and 1 pound are pushed over a cliff，the former falls 100 times as fast as the latter．
曾经有人设想，物体落地的速度与其重量成正比，这就意味着，如果把重100磅的物体和重l磅的物体从悬崖上推下去，前者下落速度是后者的100倍。(the former指bodies of 100 pounds，the latter指bodies of 1 pound。)

10 ．Even though the same computer might have performed the same operation millions of times in succession， it must still be told exactly how to do that operation every time it repeats it．
即使同一台计算机很可能已经连续完成同样的运算达数百万次之多，但每当它重复这一运算时都得准确地告诉它如何去完成这一运算。(句中有三个it,第一和第二个it都代替计算机，第三个it代替operation。might have performed是虚拟语气，表示对过去发生事情的猜测。every time是连词，引导时间状语从句。that在句中不是连词，是指示代词，作operation的定语。)
介词短语
介词是学习英语的难点之一，特别在阅读过程中是一个\"拦路虎\"。介词短语是构成长难句的一个重要因素。介词短语可用作定语、状语、表语和补足语。介词可与动词、名词、形容词等连用。
这里特别指出一种介词复合结构，with(without)构成的复合结构，这种复合结构的形式有：
·with+名词十分词
·with+名词+介词
·with+名词+形容词
·with+名词+动词不定式
这种结构在句中起状语、定语作用，或用来对句子或某一成分作补充说明。在这种结构中，with没有实际词意。在翻译时可把名词和其后的介词短语或形容词当作主语和表语的关系来处理；把名词和其后的分词或动词不定式当作主语和谓语关系来处理。
(一)with+名词十分词的结构
这种结构在英语中可称为\"分词复合结构\"。它在句中可作定语或状语。在科技文章中常用来对句子或某个成分作补充说明。
(1) If something is moving，with nothing touching it，it will go on forever，coasting at a uniform speed in a straight line．
正在运动的某一物体，如果没有受到任何外力触动，它将永远继续作匀速直线运动。(条件状语)
(2)The light we see，with its colors ranging from deep red to deep violet，serves us in our daily lives．
我们看到的从深红色到深紫色的光，在日常生活中为我们服务。(作非限定性定语，修饰light。)
(3)With more experimenting being doing every year，much of photosythesis will certainly be known before very long．
随着每年所进行的实验增多，可以肯定，不久将会对光合作用了解得更多。(条件状语)
(4)The article deals with microwaves，with particular attention being paid to radio location．
这篇文章是研究微波的，其中特别注意无线电定位问题。(with．．．location是分词复合结构，在句中作补充说明。)
(5) The bottom layer is solid bedrock，with its upper edges slowly decomposing，or decay-
ing，and flaking off．
底层是坚硬的基岩，它最上面的边缘在慢慢地分解、腐蚀和剥落。(非限定性定语，修饰Solidbedrock。)
(6)Ice，of relative density 0．9，floats in water with ninetenth submerged．
冰的比重为0．9，它浮在水面上时，9／10淹没在水里。(方式方法状语)

二)with+名词+介词的结构
(1)Maxwell pointed out that an object may be hot without the motion in it being visible．
麦克斯韦指出，即使看不见物体内部的分子运动，物体也可能是热的。(让步状语)
(2)Under a microscope，a cell looks like a bit of clear jelly with a thin wall round it．
在显微镜下，细胞看上去如一滴透明的胶状物体，周围有一层很薄的壁。(with．．it作定语，用来修饰jelly。)
(3)Mechanics is that branch of physical science which considers the motion of bodies，with rest as a special case of motion．
力学是自然科学的一个分支，它研究物体的运动，而把静止看成是运动的一种特殊情况。(with引出的复合结构起补充说明作用。)
(4)Carbon，with 6 protons and 6 neutrons in its nucleus，has 6 electrons．
碳有6个电子，而在其原子核内尚有6个质子和6个中子。(with 6protons．．．in．．．用来对carbon作补充说明，有非限定定语意味。)
(5) The rocket engine，with its steady roar like that of a waterfall or a thunderstorm，is an impressive symbol of the new space age．
火箭发动机以其类似于瀑布或大雷雨的持续轰鸣给人以深刻印象，成为太空新时代的象征。(with．．．roar like．．．是非限定性定语，修饰engine。)
(6)In each case the crystals，small or large，are naturally bounded by square or rectangular crystal faces of different sizes，but with each face always at right angles to each adjacent face．
在每种情况下，各个晶体不论大小都是天然地由一些正方形的或矩形的晶面作为自己的界面，这些晶面大小不一，但每一晶面总是垂直于每一相邻面。(with．．．face．．．at．．．是复合结构，作定语，修饰crystal faces。)
(三)with+名词+形容词的结构
(1)We have discussed fluorescence，which is sensitive to radiations with energies equal to or greater than those of visible photons．
我们已经讨论过荧光，荧光对等于或大于可见光光子能量的辐射是很敏感的。(with十名词+形容词的复合结构，起定语作用，修饰radiations。)
(2)In simple harmonic motion，where there is no damping，the energy of the vibrating particle changes from kinetic to potential and back，with the total energy constant．
在没有阻力的简谐运动中，振动质点的能量由动能变为势能，或由势能变为动能，但总能量不变。(with+名词+形容词的复合结构在句中有结果状语的意味。)
(3)An uncharged object contains a large number of atoms，each\"which normally contains an equal number of electrons and protons，but with some electrons temporarily free from atoms．
不带电的物体含有大量原子，每个原子通常含有等量的电子和质子，但是有一些电子暂时脱离了原子的束缚。(with+名词+形容词的复合结构，对句子起补充说明作用。)
(4) And with water present the chances of finding some sort of life on Mars are much brighter．
由于水的存在，在火星上找到某种生命的可能性的前景就光明得多了。 (with water present作原因状语。)
(四)with+名词十动词不定式的结构
(1)In outer space，with no swaddling atmosphere to diffuse it，sunlight is infinitely more powerful than on earth．
在外层空间，由于没有大气保护层对阳光的保护作用，那里的阳光要比地球上强烈得多。(swaddling\"襁褓\"，这里有\"保护\"的含义。with引出的复合结构用作原因状语。)
(2)At present，about 80 different metals are known to man．But with so many metals to choose from，the question arises：which metal shall we use?
目前，人们已知的金属大约有80种。由于有这么多的金属可供选择，于是便产生了一个问题：我们将采用哪种金属呢?(with引出的复合结构用作原因状语。)
介词短语在句中分析与翻译的实例
1．You can already buy small Video telephones，with buildn-screen and cameras，that transmit
Still images over regular telephone lines to anyone else with a Video telephone．
现在已能买到小型的电视电话机，机上装有屏幕和摄像机，可以通过平常的电话线把静止的图像传送给任何一个有电视电话的人。(with．．．cameras用作独立定语，修饰telephones。)
2．The scientific worker attempts to formulate these problems in accurate terms and to solve them in the light of all the relevant facts that can be collected by observation and experiment．
科学工作者力图精确地描述这些问题，然后根据通过观察和实验收集到的有关事实来解决这些问题。(介词短语in accurate terms作方式方法状语，说明to formulate。in the light…experiment作方式方法状语，说明to solve。)
3．The atom is analogous to a miniature solar system，with a nucleus as the\"sun''and electrons as the\"planets''revolving in orbits around the nucleus．
原子类似于一个小型太阳系，原子核可看作\"太阳\"，电子可看作是沿轨道绕着核旋转的\"行星\"。(analogous to，\"与……相似\"。with a nucleus as．．，and(with)electrons as．是with引出的复合结构，用来对solar system作补充说明。)
4．The unit of heat on the c．g．s．system is the calorie， which is established as the amount of heat required to raise one gramme of water by one degree centigrade．
热的厘米·克·秒制单位是卡，将1克水升高摄氏1度所需的热量定为1卡。(c．g．s．system
=centimeter-gramsecond system，\"厘米·克·秒制\"。介词短语on...system作定语，修饰unit。by所引导的介词短语是raise要求的，这里by表示数量增减的绝对值。例如：increase by 10％，\"增加10％\"；decrease by two orders of magnitude，\"减小两个数量级\"。)
5．Sometimes the individual crystals，with plane faces and sharp edges and comers，are visible to the naked eye，and sometimes they can be seen only under a microscope．
单晶有时用肉眼就能看得到，有时只有在显微镜下才能看得见，这种单晶有着平的晶面和锐利的棱角。(with plane faces...corners是介词短语用作独立定语，修饰crystals。)
6．Modern Japan and other Oriental countries are emerging with the irresistible urge for better standards\"living and a novel， powerful role in the world's economy．
在不可阻挡地迫切要求提高生活水平和在世界经济中发挥新的、强有力的作用的驱使下，现代的日本和其他东方国家正在崛起。(with．．economy有条件状语的意味，用来修饰emerging。)
7．Liquids，however，are highly incompressible；that is，very large pressures，of the order of thousands of tons per square inch，are required to diminish their volumes appreciably．
但是，液体是非常不易压缩的；要明显地压缩液体的体积，就需要巨大的压力，其数量级达每平方英寸几千吨。(介词短语of the order．．．inch是独立定语，修饰pressures。)
8．One suggestion has been the use of mixtures of two different types of insecticide，with the idea that one of them should eliminate the individuals resistant to the other．
有一种设想是使用两种不同类型的混合杀虫剂，其想法是如果害虫对其中之一有抗药性，那么另一种就能杀死它。(介词短语with the idea．．．the other 作two types of insecticide的定语，对它作补充说明。that引导的从句作idea的同位语。resistand to the other是形容词短语作individuals定语。)
9．The side of Mercury which is turned away from the sun remains in eternal darkness，with a temperature only a few degrees above absolute zero．
水星背向太阳的那一面，却永远处于黑暗之中，那里的温度仅比绝对零度高几度。(with
a temperature above对the side of Mercury补充说明。)
10．No distinction can be drawn between pure and applied science in terms of differences in the training or competence of workers，or in organization，or in method，or even in the immediate outcome of the work．
不能根据工作人员的训练程度和资格、组织机构、研究方法甚至研究工作的直接成果等方面的差别来划分理论科学与应用科学的界线。(between．．．science作定语，修饰distinction。In terms of．．．作状语，说明can be drawn。)

不定式短语
动词不定式是学习英语的难点之一，也是构成长句的一个重要因素。不定式有自己的宾语、状语和补足语，组成不定式短语。在分析句子时要把不定式短语看作一个整体。不定式在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补足语。 不定式短语在句中分析与翻译的实例
1. You will remember that the materials which combine to make a mixture do not completely lose their individual qualities. They do not do so because their molecules are not broken up and built into new molecules with new qualities.
你们要记住，组成?昆合物的各种物质完全没有失去它们各自的性质。它们之所以这样，是因为它们的分子并没有分解，没有形成具有新性质的新分子。(不定式短语to make a mixture 是谓语combine的结果状语。)

2. The moon's pull causes water in the oceans to be a little deeper at the point closest to the moon and also at a point farthest from the moon, on the opposite side of the earth.
月球的引力会引起近月点处和地球另一端的远月点处海洋的海水略深一些。(cause sth．To do sb，\"引起……作……\"。to be a little deeper．．．作water宾语补足语。)

3. It is also a familiar fact that a force is rettulred to slow down or stop a body which is already in motion, and that a sidewise force must be exerted on a moving body to deviate it from a straight line.
要使一个已经运动的物体慢下来或使其停止运动就需要作用力；要使该物体偏离直线运动，就需要横向作用力，这也是大家所熟悉的事实。(it是形式主语，代替that引出的两个主语从句。不定式短语to deviate．．．line是目的状语，其中it代替the moving body。)

4. Though only 107 elements have been discovered, they combine in enough different ways to make the millions and millions of different things in the world.
虽然只发现了107种元素，但是这些元素以不同的方式化合在一起就会形成世界上无数的千差万别的东西。(不定式短语to make．．．作结果状语，说明enough。)


5. Since we have already associated flow of charge or current with the existence of potential difference, it becomes of interest and importance to establish a quantitative relation between these two quantities.
因为我们已经把电荷的流动即电流与电位差的存在联系起来，因而在这两个量之间确立一种数量关系就成为重要而值得注意的问题了。(不定式短语to establish．．．quantities是主语，it是形式主语。)
6. Apart from the enormous outflow of funds from the oil-consuming countries, a more basic concern is the capability of the major exporters of crude oil to achieve a continuing production target roughly doubling output every ten years to meet the required oil demand if present trend continues.
且不谈用油国的资金大量外流，更令人担心的重要问题是：如果目前的这种趋势继续发展下去，那么主要原油出口国是否有能力每10年大致将产量翻一番以满足对石油的需求。 (a part from，\"除了，且不说\"。of．．．oil作capability的定语，不定式短语to achieve．．．continue也作定语，修饰capability。这个不定式短语中包含有：现在分词短语roughly doubling．．．continue。这个短语中又包含有不定式短语作目的状语to meet．．．continue和if引导的条件状语，这两个状语都用来修饰doubling。)

7. Television makes it possible for us to see a distant scene as a transmitter at the television stadio telecasts the scene to our receiver.
当电视台的发射机把场景播送到我们的接收机时，电视就使我们能看到远处的场景。 (it是形式宾语，真正的宾语是for us to see a distant scene。)

8. This failure of an object to regain its original size and shape as soon as the deforming force is retnoved is called elastic lag.
一旦形变力除去之后，物体不能恢复原来的大小和形状，这种现象称为弹性滞后。(failure是名词，在句中作主语。不定式短语to regain．．．shape作failure定语。)
分词短语

分词是学习英语的难点之一，也是构成长难句的一个重要因素。学习分词时要建立几个正确的概念：
(1)现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动。
例：All moving bodies have energy．(主动)
A lifted weight has energy．(被动)
(2)现在分词要与动名词分开。从词形上看，它们都是相同的，只有从它们所起的作用才能区分开。分词用作定语、状语和补足语。动名词用作主语、宾语和表语。
(3)怎样理解分词作状语时的\"伴随行为\"。
分词短语作状语时可用来对句中谓语所表示的行为或状态作进一步的说明。在这种情况下，分词所表示的行为或状态与谓语所表示的行为或状态同属于一个主体，即同一主语产生的两个不同的行为，或所处的两种不同的状态。谓语动词所表达的行为或状态为主，分词所表达的行为或状态为辅。分词的行为对谓语的行为作进一步的补充说明，使谓语的行为表达得更清楚、更具体。在时间上，分词的时态视谓语动词的时态而定：谓语动词是现在，分词时态即现在；谓语动词是过去，分词时态即过去。分词短语一般置于谓语动词之后，用逗号与句中其他成分隔开。这种\"伴随行为\"要比其他分词作状语时用得更多。\"伴随\"这一概念比较含混，不如\"补充说明\"清晰明白。例：
We can not live without air for we breathe it continually，taking it into our bodies and blowing it out again through our noses and mouths．
没有空气我们就不能生存，因为我们要不断地呼吸，把空气吸人体内，又从口鼻呼出。
for引导的状语从句中，从逻辑上看主语We有三个行为：一是breathe，谓语所表达的行为是主要行为；二是taking，三是blowing，第二、第三分词所表达的行为是次要行为，它是用来对主要行为breathe作进一步补充说明，解释。所谓\"呼吸\"，\"把空气吸人体内，又从口鼻呼出\"就是\"呼吸\"。分词作状语时的\"伴随\"作用，实际上就是对谓语动词所表达的行为作进一步\"补充说明\"，使之更明白、更清晰。
(4)分词独立结构：分词短语作状语时，它的逻辑主体就是句中的主语。
如：Lifting something，you do work．(你举起某物体时，你就是在做功。)分词Lifting的逻辑上的主体就是句中主语you。但是如果分词短语中的逻辑主体与句中主语不一致时，分词短语就要有自己的逻辑主体。这种带逻辑主体的分词短语作状语时称为\"分词独立结构\"。这种结构在句中只起状语作用。可用来表示时间、原因、条件和补充说明等。例：
Aluminium being very soft，we can press it easily into any shapes desired．
铝很软，因此，我们能很容易地把它压成所要求的任意形状。(Aluminium．．．soft不是句子，它是分词短语，分词短语中逻辑主体是Aluminium，句中的主语是we，这也是分词独立结构，在句中作原因状语。)
(5)现在分词完成时态：现在分词的完成时态表示的动作发生在句子谓语动词所表示的动作之前。完成分词短语在句中只作时间状语，通常译为：\"在……之后\"。
如：Having taking the picture，the television camera turns it into electricity．电视摄像机对一幅图像完成摄像之后，就把这一图像变成了电(信号)。
分词短语在句中分析与翻译的实例
1. Copper has less resistance than aluminium for the same size wire, but aluminium, being much lighter in weight, has less resistance per unit of weight.
对于同样粗细的电线来说，铜比铝的电阻小，但由于铝的重量很轻，所以单位重量的铝的电阻较小。(being...weight是分词短语，在句中作状语，有原因的意味。)
2. According to Einstein's theory, one pound of any element or compound of elements, if completely turned into energy by breaking up the atoms, would release the same amount of heat as the burning of 1 500 000 tons of coal.
根据爱因斯坦的理论，任何1磅元素或元素的化合物，通过原子裂变如果都能完全变为能量，那么它们所释放出的热能相当于150万吨煤燃烧时所产生的热量。(if引出的为分词短语作条件状语，条件状语的逻辑主体是one pound．．．elements。)
3. Radio telescopes have one big advantage over conventional telescopes in that they can operate in all weather conditions and can pick up signals coming from very distant stars.
射电望远镜与普通望远镜相比有一个显著的优点，即它能全天候工作，并且能接收到从遥远的星体传来的信号。
4. The tilt of the earth's axis never changes with regard to the stars, the north pole pointing always to the Pole Star, so that at two points in the earth's orbit, midway between the summer and winter positions, its axis is pointing neither towards nor away from the sun.
对恒星来说，地轴的倾斜度是永远不变的，北极总是指向北极星，所以在地球轨道的两点即夏季和冬季位置之间，地轴既不指向太阳也不背向太阳。(north pole pointing...Star是分词独立结构，起状语作用，对changes进行补充说明。)
5. We can replace temperate trees, but the tropical rain forest is the unpreatable climax of millenia of evolution, forming the most diverse assemblages of plant species and associated animal life which man will ever know.
温带森林我们可以再造，但是热带雨林却是经过数千年以上的进化形成，因而不能再造，因为它们形成了各种植物和相应的动物生活的多样性的群体。人们对此将有所认识。 (forming...life是现在分词短语作状语有\"原因\"的意味，它主要用来说明不能再造热带雨林的原因。ever用于肯定句，表示将来发生的动作，起强调作用。例：\"If you are ever in the town you must visit us．)

6. Owing to the interdependence between pure and applied science, it is easy to see that this tendency, if extended too far, carries considerable dangers for the future of science - and not only pure science, but applied science as well.
由于理论科学与应用科学是互相依存的，人们不难看出，如果这种趋势继续发展下去，那么就会给科学的未来带来相当大的危害，不仅给理论科学带来危害，对应用科学也是一样。(if引出的分词短语作条件状语，其主体是tendency。)

7. Being under industrialized, the developing countries are largely dependent on imports to supply the equipment needed to produce the raw materials they export.
由于工业不发达，发展中国家在很大程度上要依赖进口设备才能生产供出口的原料。(Being．．．在句中作原因状语。)
8. There is no method known to science today that can make it possible for us to magnify a drop of water enough to see one single atom- atoms are so very, very small.
今天的科学还不知道有什么方法能把一滴水放大到足以使我们能看到单个原子的程度，因为原子非常非常小。 (过去分词短语known．．．today和that引出的定语从句都用来修饰主语method。)
9. Nothing- education, home environment, other interests, wise discouragement- is likely to restrain the obsessed gambler and even when it is he alone who suffers the consequences, his diseases is a cruel one, resulting in a wasted, unhappy life.
教育、家庭环境、其他兴趣、明智的劝阻--任何东西都不能使赌徒们回心转意，正是他们自己饱尝苦果，这种疾病是残酷的，其后果是使他惨淡地虚度一生。 (Nothing是主语，谓语是is。破折号之间的字用来对主语nothing的说明。his．．．who是强调句型，强调主语he。resulting in\"结果\"，\"终归\"，\"导致\"，是现在分词短语，在句中作结果状语。)
10. By many careful experiments it has been found that any two different substances when rubbed together, or even when brought into close contact, become somewhat electrified.
通过多次仔细的实验已经发现，任意两个不同物体在一起摩擦时，甚至紧紧接触时，就会在某种程度上带电。(句中两个when均引出分词短语，作时间状语。)

11. It is now known that semiconductors have very few free electrons at low temperatures but that the number of these \"conduction\" electrons increase very rapidly at higher temperatures, thus reducing the resistance of the material.
现在大家都知道，在低温下半导体中几乎没有自由电子，但是在较高的温度下，这些\"传导\"的电子数迅速增加，从而降低了材料的电阻。 (h是形式主语，that引出两个主语从句，用but连接起来。thus reducing．．．material是分词短语，在句中作状语，有结果的意味。
12. In general, the forces acting on a body vary in both magnitude and direction, resulting in complicated type of nonuniformly accelerated motion, which cannot be investigated in an elementary physics course.
通常，作用在物体上的力在大小和方向上都有变化，结果产生了一种复杂的非匀加速运动，这种运动不可能在初等物理教程中加以研究。 (分词短语acting on a body作定语，修饰forces。resulting in．．．motion分词短语作状语，有结果意味。)
13. How do we get the satellite up to the required height? This is done with a series of rocket motors, each motor burning fuel so that the gases formed rush out with sufficient speed to push the rocket up.
我们怎样才能把卫星送到所要求的高度呢?这是由一系列火箭发动机来完成的。每一级发动机都燃烧燃料，以致所产生的气体能以足够的速度冲出，而将火箭推向高空。 (each motor burning．．．为分词独立结构，起补充说明作用。)
14. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the atom, which had been accepted as indivisible was shown to have a complex structure of still smaller and more elementary units, arranged in the form of a miniature solar system.
19世纪末20世纪初，曾被认为是不可分的原子，经证实是由更小、更基本的单元按微小的太阳系的模型排列起来的复杂结构。 (arranged in．．．system是分词构成的独立定语，修饰 structure。)
15. In simple words, all this means that one pound of any element, if completely converted into energy by breaking up the atoms, would release the same amount of heat as the burning of 1 500 000 tons of coal.
简而言之，这就是说，如果通过分裂原子的方法使任何1磅元素全部转换成能量，那么该能量相当于150万吨煤燃烧时所产生的热量。(if．．converted．．．为分词短语作条件状语。)