TOEFL必看

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TOEFL复习笔记（语法笔记）

总叙：
1． 句子结构（句法）及书面表达（书面语） （1题1分）
2． 在语法改错中：alike-like　another-other　do-make　special-
especially
3． 情态动词，在TOEFL考试中永远不错。
…are could… √
虚拟语气，在TOEFL中永远不考。
具体词汇：
first在改错中划线，永远不错。
The first sb to do sth　第一个做…的人
purpose: The purpose of sth is to do sth　做…的目的
语法题的考试比重：
句子结构考填空（15条）
词法考改错（25条）

填空部分：
a） 先找句子分段点（即连词、分词、介词和标点），将句子分成几段，选择要
读的那部分，即只关注与空格相关的部分。
1. 连词与标点：eg：《语法》P192 10
分词与标点：eg：《语法》P192 15
介词与标点：eg：《语法》P192 11
2. 句子：简单句　s+v.
复合句 主语+从句录 （任何句子只看一半）
并列句（分句+分句） sentence;sentence.（只看一半）
sentence and/or/but sentence.（只看一半）
b） 简化句子　(eg:《语法》P192 1)
简化原则：1、ad、冠词、数词随时可以划掉不看
2、修饰n.的a.或者分词随时划掉不看
3、prep短语随时划掉不看
4、做状语的分词短语（位于句首或句尾），随时划掉不看
5、与空格无关的句子划掉不看
c） 分析句子结构、判断空格中所缺句子成分
捷径：可直接套用固定句型与结构（eg:《语法》P192 8）

倒装句型：倒装部分的首字为助动词或系动词。
1．句子成分　主、谓、宾、定、状、补、同谓
状：修饰谓语
定、补、同谓→主、宾
d） 区分4个选项，结合句意与语感确定选项，确定答案
思路：句子→简单句→主干→判断缺少成分→选择答案
2．状语：prep状语　状从　独立结构、n.+doing、n.+done　inf　doing/done
分词
3．固定结构 《语法》P192 12
4． 固定结构 《语法》P192 12
…forms…,___,required elements.
即：sub,插入语,v+obj.　 插入语：定从或者省略定从
定从省略：在定从中，sub+系动词，可以同时省略，即which be / who be /
that be可省

√插入结构的答案标准形式
1． 定语从句或者省略定从
2． n.作主语同谓语
3． a.短语/分词短语/介词短语
eg：a)Bill Clinton,(who is省)the former president of the U.S.A,loves
L.
《语法》P193 12
c)Pandas,(which are省)native to China,are loved by the people all
over the world.
(形容词短语)

4． 填空的固定结构与句型
a）主句专一结构：（《讲义》P6 1 2）
任何句子只有一个主语，句子间必须有连词连接
eg：句子，句子。X（此结构误）
句子；句子。√
TOEFL语法中之考陈述句，任何从句均正常语气。
b）谓语专一结构：（《讲义》P6 2 4）
任何句子只有一个谓语，谓语间必须有两次连接
eg：主谓…谓….　X
主谓…，谓…. X
c）平行结构：（《讲义》）P6 5 6）（新题 P59 3 4）
A and/or B
A,B,and/or B
各元素必须一致
Sentence 1, sentence 2, sentence 3 and sentence 4. √ （排比句）
d）宾语从句结构：（《讲义》P6 7 8　《讲义》P21 91.8.10）
indicate、state等动词后面第一反应为that引导的宾语从句，即：
sub+Vt+that+clause，所以indicate、state等Vt后面第一反应是找that。
e）what结构：（《讲义》P7 9 10）

1．缩合连接代词
what= the thing that/all that　 thing由句意决定（《讲义》P7 9 10）
2．What在前后句中必须同时做成分
what= the thing that
3．n.+what X　what前面永远不要先行词
4．prep.+what+完整句(s.+v.+o.) X　
→which
5． What is now √ (新题 9710.13)　可有可无的插入语
6． what little（不可数） what few（可数） (新题 98.10.14)　what
little = the little sth that　what few = the few sth that

7． what引导的句子等于一个名词，且可以作sub或者obj，或表语
what+v = the thing (that+v)

8． what 90%以上的出题方式：
prep___v.：介词与谓语间用what （讲义 P7 9）
Vt___v.：及物动词与谓语间用what（讲义 P7 10）
f） prep+which结构：（讲义 P7 11 12）
1．S+vt+n.+which+vt+o. (which做主语)
主句
+s+vt（which做宾语）
√ which+不完整句
2．S+Vt+n.+prep.+which+s.+v.+o
主句 完整句
√prep+which+完整句（句子+prep+which+句子）
连接两句子
√句子___句子。*可优先选择prep+which或in that

定于从句与同位语的区别：
1．定从：sub+vt+n+that/which+不完整句
关系代词
同位语：sub+vt+n+that+完整句
连接ad.
2．定从的先行词是任何词，同位语的先行词只有：见《讲义》P23 94.8.6
3．定从与n的关系是修饰关系，同位语与n的关系是说明名词内容。
g） in that结构：（讲义13 14）
in that= because 因为　 in that：连词+原因状语
但是in that不位于句首，句子+in that+句子，但是because可以位于句首。
答案中只要有in that,一定是选项。

h） 同位语从句：（讲义15-19）
同位语：主语同位语/宾语同位语→ n.
说明或者解释主语/宾语的某一属性/特性
1．主语同位语的三种位置：
1）主语同位语：主+谓+宾：n, sub+v+o 位于句首的孤立n，只能是同位语
eg：A famous GRE expert,Micheal Yu is a good teacher.
解题方法：由主语同位语找主语（讲义P7 15）
2）主同：主，n. ，v+obj　（讲义 P7 17）
主，主同，谓宾
3）主同+主+谓+宾（没逗号）
eg：The teacher Feanklin has taught TOEFL for three years.
2．宾语同位语的两种位置：
1） 主 谓 宾，宾同：s+v+o , n　位于句尾的孤立n，只能是同位语 （讲义
P7 18 19）
ad+同位语（n）√
eg：Once a famous seaport, Shanghai is become a large city.
2） 主谓宾+宾同（不用逗号） （逗号可有可无）
eg：新题：P275 9

i） adj的并列结构：(讲义 P7 20 21)
an old red car √　an old,red car √　a red,old car√
a red old car X　
当几个a.排成一列修饰同一个n.时，a.间不并列，则有明确的顺序。当几个a排
成一列修饰同一个n.时，a.间并列，则没有明确的顺序。逗号连接两个a.，并且
并列。

j） 比较级结构：（讲义P7 22-25）
Franklin plays tennis than LQX.（省略性）√
LQX does.（对称性）√
does LQX.（倒装性）√
1） 对称性：在比较结构中，比较对象一定要对等。
√eg：The climate of Alaska is much coller than that of Texas.
在比较结构中优先考虑选择that / those / the one，而不选it / them，因为
that / those / the one是泛指，it / them是特指。　（讲义 P7 24 25）
*比较对象一定要泛指。
China has a long history than Japan. 不用its
2） 省略性：(讲义P7 24 25)　
在比较结构中，相同的谓语可以省略，尤其是be动词带省
eg：He is a little old than I (am).
3） 倒装性：在比较结构中，than后面可以倒装也可以不倒装，但考试中是倒装
形式。（讲义 P7 23）

k）定语从句的省略结构：(讲义 26 27)
1． 如果that / which在定从中作obj，可以省略.
sub+vt+n+(which / that)+sub+vt
→s+vt+n+s+v
　s+vt+n1+n2+vt
*当做题时，若发现两个名词在一起，但是似乎连不上，则一定省略that /
which，则动词为vt，做谓语。
2． 定从的特殊省略（新题 P92 13）
the way (in which) + 句子
the reason (why that)+句子　　　　　　　 均为完整句
the time (that / when)+句子
I do remember the first time (that省) I ever heard the sweatest voice
in the world.
By the time省that+句子，句子。
3．定从的主系省略（主+系可同时省）
即：which be , who be , that be可同时省 （讲义P7 17）
*在新题中难题常与which be的省略有关（新题 P196 15）
l）状语从句的省略结构：（讲义 P8 28 29）
Although (it is)native to Europe, svo.
Although (she was) affluted by…svo.
Even though (it is) costly,svo.

省略条件：
1） 特定的状语从句引导词：although　though　even though　when　while　
if　as
2） 从句为主系表结构
3） 从句主语与主句主语一致。
Alought (主+系)+表，主谓宾。

省略方式：
a） 可以同时省略主+系→连词+表语（a. 分词 svo）
b） 主系必须同时省
c） Alough / Thouth / While / If / As / When +（系表）+a./分词，svo
√ 一定是答案
m）doing结构：（讲义 30 31）
doing现在分词→ a./ad.作定于/状语
动名词→ n. 作主语/宾语
eg：1）Stranving troop have to surrender.
现在分词修饰n.，翻译为“…的”
2）Transforming faw materials into useful products is called
maufacturing.　 （Transforming：动名词）
具有动词特征的n做主语或者宾语，但同时又可接宾语，动名词与n为动宾关系，
中心词为v-ing，翻译为“…的行为”。
3）Starving troops is forbidden,　 sharving是主语，单数，谓语动词用is
不用are

*在TOEFL中：
____n.(pl.)+v.(sing)，一般空格内优先选doing （讲义 31）
n）make结构：（讲义31 32）
make+obj+宾补　obj：n/代词　宾补：n./adj.
1） make+n1+n2　make the boy president (班长)
2） make+n./代词+a. (新题 P78 11)
make it unique　it:真宾语
3）make it possible to do　it：形式宾语　（讲义 33）
that +句子
4）make sth possible　 sht:短宾语　 possible宾补
　 make possible sth　 sth长宾语　 possible宾补　（新题 32）
o）the more…the more结构　

标准句式：the more sub+v1 the more sub+v2
！）对称性：结构中的n.前必须有限定词
the more the +n1 the more the +n2
2）省略性：结构中相同的谓语可省，尤其是be动词可省
3）倒装性：The more svo , the more svo .是一个复合句。
条件状从 主句
因此从句不能倒装，而主句（第二个the more）可倒装。

p）表结果的伴随状语从句结构： （讲义 36 37）
svo,doing….伴随状语
表结果：thus / thereby → svo,thus / thereby +doing…
*thus / thereby 后不一定加doing
*as f ar / long / early　 as　出现即为答案/
many / much

q）adj短语做后置定语结构：（讲义 38 39）　*==等价于定从的省略
a door (close to the window)　省略which be
a distance (equal to twice)
n1+(a.+prep+n2) adj短语
foods (high in fat) √
leaves (rich in suger) √
n1+which be（比较级+than+n2） 相当于从句的省略
a temperature (highter than 50C)

r）adj最高级的省略结构： （讲义 40　41）
the most improtant of all books
the most elaborate of all birdnests
the+a.最高级+单数n. X +of　　　复数n. 一样错
*单数n.必须省略，则the+a.最高级+of+n.(pl.)
n.(可代替)→ ad. X / v.过去时X　
　 a. n.(sing) of √　　 *the a.原级 of+ the restfulof X
the poor of √

s）不规则动词的过去式作谓语结构：（讲义 42　43）
She set　 set-set-set
It cost　　cost-cost-cost
It spread　spread-spread-spread

t）规则动词的过去分词作后置定语结构 （讲义 44-46）
46条：Automatons programmed… 非谓语，整个句子少谓语
lack　a. be lack of　
vi. be lack in
vt. Sub+lack+obj
*如何判断n+v-ed是谓语还是非谓语？
eg：n+called　call-called-called
We called him Bush.　主动，过去式，谓语
He was called Bush.　被动，过去分词，谓语
…a boy called Bush? 被动，过去分词，后置定语
根据主/被动确定，主动语态为过去式，被动语态为过去分词，被动式中有be即
是非谓语。
*n+v-ed，先从逻辑上判断名词与动词过去式的关系，主动为过去式，是谓语，
考试时留下，被动是过去分词，没有be，则是后置定语，考试时划掉不看。

u）逻辑主语结构： （讲义 47-50）
1） Doing…,svo.
Done…,svo.
动作的发出者/承受者为逻辑主语，*位于句首做状语的分词短语的逻辑主语，也
就是句子的主语。（47）
2） n1+doing…,n2vo.
n1+doing…,n2vo.
分词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致，即为独立主格结构，在n1前可加with /
without
3）(n2)prep+n1,svo.　　　　　（讲义 49 / 新题 P104 10）
　 前后主谓要一致
4）Alough +doing…,svo.
If+done…,svo.
位于句首，做状语的分词短语显然可以加状语从句引导词alough　though　
even though　if　as　when　while
eg：When traveling in New York, Tom met many intrersting people..
5）To do…,svo.　 Inf的逻辑主语与句子主语可一致也可不一致：
eg：To made stereo effects, two recordings are made the some
performances.
6）Alough to do…,svo. X
If to do…,svo. X
位于句首做状语的inf前不可加状语引导词。
*when to do,句子。X
句子，when to do. X
在TOEFL中，when to do一般不选。

v）宾补法则：（讲义 51-54）
We appointed him +CEO. (CEO：宾补)
主　　谓 宾　　宾补　　　　 （主动）
He was appointed +CES.
主　　谓　　　　　　 主补 （被动）
主动为宾补，被动为主补。
补语：使句子完整。
宾补：某些vt接obj后，句意不完整，必须加一个n或者adj，所加的n.或者adj，
即为宾补，分词也可以。这些vt为：appoint, elect, consider, name, call,
make.
1） elect：主动：sb/sth elect sb sth.
被动：sb be elect a)+职位
+to+机构
c)+to+the office of+职务
2） consider：在TOEFL中，从不说consider as
主动：sb / sth consider n1+(to be)+n2/a.宾补
被动：n1+be considered+to be+n2/a.主补
*consider+n1+n2在考试中优先选择。
3）name 主动：sb/sth name sb sth
被动：sb be named sth
4）宾语后置：（宾语太长）
make sth possible = make possible sth
bring sth to sb / sw = bring to sb /sw sth
bring sth together = bring together sth
bring sth to light揭示…，发现… = bring to light sth

w）it结构　（讲义55-57）
*___ n. (新题P183 15 / 讲义 57)
答案一般选sub+谓语，优先选择there be,一定不选it is /they’re，it is不
位于句首：It is a book. X一般TOEFL中考：
1） 强调句型
It’s / was +被强调部分+that / who +其余部分　
被强调部分+其余部分=句子。
a） 可强调主语、宾语、状语，但是不可鄙强调定语、谓语。
b） 强调人时，that / who均可，其余均用that
c） 后面句子为过去时态，用was，其余用is
*___ who…,___that…　(讲义 55)
优先选择it is / was +ڤ
2） 形式主/宾语
it+be+adj/分词+ to do　　　　　　　 it：形式主语
that clause
eg：It is easy to pass TOEFL.
It was once believed that+句子
形式宾语：s+vi+it+adj. / 分词+ to do / that clause.　It:形式主语
sub+make+it+possible+to do / that

x）which引导定从的三种形式：
1） sub+vt+n+which+sv2 / v2o　*which不一定指最接近的n. (j讲义 P9 58)
2） s.+vt+n.+[prep+which]+svo. (讲义 59)　
*prep+which+vo X → prep+which+svo √
3）SVO, 数/n. +of which + VO
主语 谓语
对部分进行解释
*　　　 all
both
SVO， each　　　　　 _____ VO.
either
five
five persent
three quater 这类题一定选of which.

y）倒装结构：一般考1~2条，在第13~15之间 （讲义 62-67）　
原则：只有主句才可以倒装，答案的首字母一定为系动词。
1． 否定ad位于句首，引起倒装：not only, not until, haedly, scarcely,
seldom, rarely, no sooner…than　
1） not until + 时间 + 主谓倒装，not until + 句子+主谓倒装
2） only+状语位于句首
only +ad.　 eg: recently
prep.短短语　 eg: in recently years
从句　 eg: when clause
only一个词本身不倒装
3） 形容词短语/分词短语位于句首，引起倒装
adj+prep+n.+系动词+n.
表语 系 主
*typical of　 characteristic of
分词短语+prep+n.+系动词+n.
表语 系　　主
　*coinciding with + n
4） so位于句首　（so…that…）
sub+be+so+a.+that clause
so+a.+be+sub+that clause
5） 表示地点范围的介词短语位于句首，谓语动词为系动词，一定引起倒装
In…（表语）+系动词+主，主同。　 （新题 P144 14）
*在倒装句型答案中不能出现there
*常考介词要倒装：among　between　in　at　beneath
常考的系动词：be　lie　exist　remain　rest
6） 在比较级结构中，than后面可以倒装，也可以不倒装。
7） as位于句中：
eg: Jerry is a good teacher, as are his family.　as在句中
Jerry is a good teacher. So are his family.　so在句首

z）双谓语结构： （讲义 72-76）
___ v1(从句谓) + …… + v2(主句谓)
结构特征：两个谓语直接在一起，第一反应应为主语从句。
即：主从引导词+sv1o+v2o
1． 主语从句引导词+主语从句　V1+…+V2 （90%）
2． Doing+宾从引导词+宾从主语+v1+…+v2　
3． N.+of+what+v1+…+v2

二十七、双宾语结构： （讲义 77　新题 P196 13）
1． gain　win　earn
sth gain / win / earn+sb+sth
2． tell persudade
sb tell sb that+句子
sb persuade sb that+句子
3．give　grant　 (新题 P130 12)
sth give sth sth
sth/sb grant sb/sth sth
4．Appoint　hame　call　elect　consider　make
*v2+n1+n2 优先选择

二十八、讲义 68-71
1． Like / unlike + n , svo.
2． Pioneer in 只考被动
3． What to do　 what不要obj
How +句子　 how要有obj
What one says.
How one says it.
What to do.　(what is pron)
How to do it　(how is ad)
注：在讲义上P21 91.5.8加：which, whereas
*在空格前为完整句，空格后为名词，95%以上的空格是定语从句
S+Vt+n.+定语从句（95%）


改错部分：
a.改错题做题要点：
1． 语法与句意并重，一定要通读全句
2． 一边读句意，一边思考划线部分的语法知识点是否正确

b.改错题出题方向：
一、名词：
A、名词做定语的单复数问题：
1． 名词做定语，即n1修饰n2, n1必须为单数。（讲义 P1 10）
a twenty-four hour period √
例外：a greetings card　√
a savings bank √
a communucations satellite √
a sports car √
a sales girl √
a systems engineering √

2． many woman修饰名词，单复数与后面的名词的单复数一致，比如：women
boxers （讲义P1 11）

3． the highset scientific lab X　a chemical lab X　a mathmatics(n.)
professor √ a biological textbook X 当表示某一学科的教授、学生、教科
书、实验室、系等教学要素，应该用名词修饰，而不是用形容词。eg: a
physics student　
the scientific and technical field (用形容词因为field不是教学要素)
B、限定词与名词单复数：（讲义P1 4）
1． some / any / all 单复数均可，可数不可数均可
如：some kind 某一种　 some kinds 某些种
some time　some money
any of the books / some of the books →any / some作代词
Would you like some coffee?(想要得到肯定的回答)
2． Many + pl
Much +/Λ /　　　　 （见讲义P1 3）
As much as 2,000 kms. √ 永远作单数
As many as 50 precent of the income. X　　　 precent /Λ /
As much as 50 precent of the income. √
2000 kms is a long distance. √
many are…
by many…　　many也可以作prep (讲义P1 13)
3．few / a few　可数，肯定　　　 （讲义P1 2）
　 little / a little 不可数，否定
　 （a）few +n.s
4．each / every 单数，可数
eg　each ten boys √
each major styles X
each major style √
5．数词 / several + pl.
five aircraft √　 several settings √
several + n.s　
6．one of+pl　（讲义P1 7）
among+pl　 (讲义P1 11)
7．first / only / simple 单/复数均可
the first school　第一所学校
the first schools 第一批学校
the only university 唯一的大学
the only university 唯一的几所大学
single: a single +n.(sing) / no single +n.(sing)
也可pl: two single rooms
8．another+sing （复数也可以，但不多）
other + pl （单数也可以，但不多）
anyother +sing
another two boys　 other part　t
the other+sing / pl
any other state = any of the other states
9． Hundred / thousand / million数量词=数词+量词
five thousands pieces X → five thousand piece　（five:数词 thousand
量词）
一亿本书：hundred millions books X
hundreds million books X
hundreds millions books X
(a) hundred millions books √

数　　　 量　
10．a number of + pl + v(pl)　 （讲义P1 8 9）
the number of +pl+v(sing)
11．Various / diverse / numerous +pl.
C、可数与不可数名词：
1． 常考的可数n.　（讲义 P23 5）
a chance discovery 一个偶然发现
population:人口数/Λ /　各地的人口数/c/　人群/c/：a sample population
make great efforts to do
color effects
a clue 一条线索
an amount of + /Λ /

2． 常考的不可数名词：　(讲义 P10 1)
a. 流体：air smoke oil water…
b. 总称名词：poetry foliage…　[集合名词：family people police…+are]
c. 抽象名词：wisdom knowledge information…
d. 自然现象：sunlight darkness weather rain…[但是：a heavy rain 前有
adj.，raindrop雨滴，可数]
e. 颗粒装物体：rice salt parder（颗粒）…
f. 疾病：measles mumps diaheties…
g. 学科：讲义 P10 2　statistics:统计学，不可数；统计数据，可数

3． 常考的不规则单复数： （讲义P10 3 4）
*tooth划线，这个答案一定错。
foot-foot 单复数一样：步兵　　　horse-horse:单复数一样：骑兵

4． 常考的单复数同形的名词：（讲义P11 4）：
*a mean这答案一定错。

5． 单复数名词意义有差异：
mean：中庸，均值-means：方法，手段，财富
water：水-waters：水域（water加s一定不错）
part：部分-parts：部分，才能　other part:其他部分，以免歧义。
good：好-goods：货物
force：；力，力量-forces：武装部队
custom：风俗习惯-customs风俗习惯，海关
spectacle：光景-spectacles：眼镜
arm：手臂-arms：武器

6． 既可数又不可数的名词：（讲义P21 91.1.21.n.c.&u.）
rock：大块岩石，可数；小的岩石，不可数
suger：方糖，可数；沙糖，不可数
area：面积，不可数；地区、区域，可数
collection：由同种物品构成，不可数；由不同种物品构成，可数
eg: his art collection　/Λ /　 his three collections of short
stories /c/
time：时间，不可数；此数、倍数，可数
*当不可数表示种类的时候，就是可数的。
可数/不可数的区别：有无可数的概念，抽象（不可数）还是具体（可数）
advertising　/Λ /
advertisement /c/
the meaning of life　/Λ /　生命的意义
their lives /c/　 他们的生命

二、冠词 （讲义P1 12-23）
A、不定冠词 （a与an划线80%错）
1． a与an的混用：（讲义12） 发音而非字母
a university　a unit　a unique　an undergradute　an understanding　an
atom　an emotion　an electrical lamp　an hour　an honest boy　an herb
　a yawn

2． a与pl.n.的连用
出题方式：a/an+adj+pl.n
an outstanding boys X　an outstanding boy √

3． 不定冠词的遗漏：（讲义 14）
①固定词组中a的遗漏
a set of　a serics of　a piece of　a variety of　a group of　a wealth
of　a wide range of　a collection of
②单数可数名词，前面必须有限定词
It is book. X
It is good book. X
It is very good book. X
It is a very good book.√
限定词：冠词a an the　人称代词his her…　指示代词that this…　所有格
Tom’s…　不定代词any some…
I have times.√
规律：⑴v+单数可数名词 X
…is still practical medium…X
…is still a practical medium…√
…operated sewing machines
…hired women
form grid X→…form grids/a grid
⑵prep+sing./c/　X （讲义 16）
…the manufacture of automobiles
…of hamid areas
…in poor neighbouhoods
…through falling raindrops
例外：all cells differ widely in function“在功能方面”，不可数。
in color　in science等
*in+sing.n.表示在某一方面，某一领域，某一行业
in stage：在舞台这个领域
part of = a part of （讲义 P1 17）
在考试中，part划线，永远对
⑶（a /the）founder of
表示职位、身份、亲属关系的名词可以单独使用
…is chief of　
Little Bush,son of George Bush,is running for the office of
president.
⑷固定词组的名词可以单独使用
in response to　in honor of…都对
⑸(新题 P58 29)
表示各类的名词后所接的名词，可以单独使用，不用加定冠词或变复数。
type of　 sort of　kind of

B、定冠词
1． 表“独一无二”的事物前加the
the Sun.　the Moon　(the)earth　The Summer Palace

2． 叙述词：只有做前置定语修饰名词，才必须加the
the first university
陷阱：①Utah ranks first among… 不是前置定语
　　　　rank first among词组
②A is second only to B.　A仅次于B。

3． 最高级：只有做前置定语，才加the（新题P67 29）
the most handsome teacher
Pandas are most plantiful in China, 做定语，不用定冠词。
陷阱：most的非最高级不一定要加the.(讲义 23)

4． 表示“开始”“结束”一定加the　（讲义 19）

5． 表示“人体”“普通人”加the （新题 95.8.40）
人体：the human body
普通人：the average person , the common person

6． 城市名、洲名、国家名不加the　(国家的联合名词除外，如USA)
in Paris = in the cith of Paris
in Texas= in the city of Texas

7． 河流、湖泊、海洋，前加the　
the Changjiang River　winds from the Atlantic Ocean

8． Nature
1） 若是指在自然界 in nature 不加the
2） 特指…of nature 本质的，发自内心的
faith of nature　nature考试时一定不加the　

9． 一般气体前不加the (除非有特定范围)
the nitroger X　the nitroger of the box √
学科前面不加the　
the astronomy X　
元素前面不加the　
the copper X　the matal copper √铜牌，间接加可以

10．history
1） 泛指“在历史上” in history，不加the　
2） 特指“某种历史“，in the history of Suzhou University

11．most的用法
①代词，“大多数”
most of +n.(必须特指) 单数
复数
不可数
most of the mammals 这些哺乳动物的大多数
most前不用定冠词，但是名词前必须用定冠词。
②adj.“大多数的”
most+n.（泛指） 复数 / 单数
most mammals 大多数的哺乳动物
most 及名词前都不用定冠词。
③ad.修饰形容词或者副词的最高级，加the
the most beautiful girl 最漂亮的女孩
④ad.修饰形容词或者副词，表示very
a most beautiful girl = a very beautiful girl
most often = very often
eg 1. _a__William’s books.(特指)
a. most of
b. most　
2. _b__ ballet dancers.(特指)
a. All of
b. All
all of 与all和most og、most用法相似。
⑤most & mostly区别
the mostly intense of … X
…be composed most of water …X　
most: adj. / pron / ad
mostly: ad. 大多数的，修饰prep/ v
mostly：adj修饰名词，ad修饰形容词和副词

12．乐器前加定冠词（但中国乐器不加，洋鬼子的乐器才要加）
play the violin
play erhu(二胡)


三、代词：（讲义 P2 24-32）
TOEFL中，代词的错误率非常高
1． 代词间五种形式的混淆
主格he↔宾格him←反身代词 himself
↕　　 ↨　　　　　↑　　　
所有格his　　 名词.self　　　　 (箭头为改错方向)
①名词前应该使用所有格（新题 P92 27）
eg　Who style X → whose style
make she debut X → make her debut
②反身代词（改为宾格）
反身代词必须与所在句子主语一致 （讲义 24）
eg　 He killed him.　(他杀)宾格与主语不一致
He killed himself.(自杀)反身代词与主语一致
③双宾语结构、名词前不一定是所有格
eg　 His studies is genentics won him prices. √ 双宾语
④self自我、本我，n. → 出现在哲学中，self划线永远错。

2． 代词的单复数的混用 （讲义 25）
it→them　its→theirs　that→those　he→them　one→those　himself→
themslves

3． them & those, it & the one的区别（讲义 27）
them与it特指，they与the one泛指

4． 代词的性别的混用　（讲义 28）

5． 代词的人与物的混用 it / he…

6． 关系代词的混用：
a． who代人，that代人/物，which代物。*一般考点为who / which（讲义
30）
b． who代人，主格；whom代人，宾格；whose代人/物，所有格。*一般考点为
who/whose（讲义 31）

7． 从句引导词（讲义 19 36）
①从句引导词：代词性：在从句中做成分，代词+不完整句
who / whom / that / which / how many
形容词：whose / how much / how many　*在句中不做成分，ad+完整句
ad.：if / because / why / when…
that即是代词性，也是副词性引导词
*that的用法：
a）that ⑴关系代词用于定从，在从句中做主语或者宾语。
…n.+that+不完整句
⑵连接副词，用于主从，宾从，表从和同位语从句。在从句中不做成分
…that+完整句
b）that省略 ⑴在定从中，that做主语可以省略。That+be可以省略。
⑵在宾从中，某些及物动词后可省：say/
see/know /here /think /believe /betold /understand / propose / hear
②prep+which+不完整句 X
prep+what+完整句X
when+n（孤立）X
n+what X
whose +v. X
where+v. X
③状语从句引导词+完整句
④介词+which+完整句
　连接副词（that）+完整句
⑤如果先行词中有序数词、最高级、不定代词、only中，只用that不用which

8． 从句：从句是主句的一个句子成分，从句=从句引导词+句子，从句引导词表
明从句的位置。
㈠主语从句：从句是主句的一个主语
sub clause+v+obj
从句引导词+句子+v+obj → 标准形式
That TOEFL is a piece of cake is known to all.
㈡宾语从句：从句是主语的宾语
主语+谓语+从句
sub+vt+从句引导词+句子→ 标准形式
We known that TOEFL is a piece of cake.
㈢表语从句：从句是主句的一个表语
主+系+表
sub+系动词+从句引导词+句子→ 标准形式
The fact is that TOEFL is a piece of cake.
㈣状语从句：从句是主句的一个状语
状语。Svo.
从句引导词+句子，句子.→ 标准形式
*引导词决定句子的性质,如if是条件从句,when是时间从句等.
㈤同位语从句：从句是主语的同位语
主语+谓语+宾语+从句　 完整句
sub+vt+obj(n.)+从句引导词（ad）+句子→ 标准形式（宾同）
We know the fact that TOEFL is a piece of cake.
㈥定语从句：从句是主句的一个定语（以宾语定语为例）
s+v+n+从句引导词（代词）+不完整句→ 标准相识
We know the fact that is not known to Jerry.

四、介词（讲义33-43）
1、through / throughout
through 穿过（某一具体物体）：through the earth
通过（某一具体方式）：through x-ray analysis
throughout +时间：贯穿　throughout his lifetime/their existense
+地点：遍布　throughout the world =all over the world = all across
the world

2、between / among
the distance between the stars / trees. √
distance表示两者的距离
among the two separate realms. X
among三个/三个以上之间

3．In / inside / into → 动态的，强调动作、过程
air into a house X→ air in a house　
shot arrows inside the sky X → shot arrows into the sky
in/inside表示静态的，强调的状态
into commerve X → in commerve

4．In / for / since （与时态有关）
in：时刻点　in 1979 过去时
时间段　in recent years （完成时）/ in two days（将来时）
for：介词+一段时间：for three years （完成时，过去时）
　　 连词： 自从，因为
并列连词：不位于句首，句子，for+句子
since：介词+时刻点：since 1954（完成时）“自从”
连词：自从
因为（常考）+原因状语从句 since+句子，句子
副词：与完成时连用，表从过去的某个时间或某个事件至今
与过去时连用=ago
Tom died many years since… √

5．of考法：多余、遗漏、误用：A common use with gold is…X with→ of
prep → of , of → prep.
With强调某种工具的使用，of强调所有关系

6．by　be done by 被动语态的标志
by doing通过…方才…
作品by作者 / 电影by导演 / 研究by研究人员

7． 固定搭配（3-4个）


五、动词（讲义44-73）
㈠谓语动词
1． 主谓一致（与插入语无关）
1主谓的分隔原则：主谓之间可以用定语从句或者省略的定语从句分隔。
s1→vo

2定语从句中的主谓一致：…n1+that+v
…,one of +n(pl)+that+v(sing) / v(pl) 通常
…,the only one+n.(pl)+that+v(sing)
…,n1 of n2 +that+v(由动词发出者决定)

3随前一致：
n. + together with　　　　　　 n2+v与n1&n2一致
as well as
including
along with
with / of
accompanied with / by

4就近原则：n1 or n2　　　　　　 +v（就近原则）
either n1 or n2
neither n1 nor n2
eg: He or we are…　　　Is he or we…?

5可数n1 and 可数n2+v(pl)
不可数n1 and 不可数n2+v(pl)
例外：war and peace is…　war and peace是一个整体
表示一个整体的两个名词例外，类似的还有：law and order　bread and
butter　black and white　
To love and to be loved is …
A lawyer and a teacher are…
A lawyer and teacher is …

6随后原则：not A but B / not only A but also B+v.(与B一致)

7百分比结构：most , half , rest , some , majority , one+persent
of+n1+v.（由n1决定）
数词与谓动无关

8倒装结构的主谓一致：
a）There be +n　由名词决定动词
b）Among , between等介词位于句首引起倒装结构：
Among / Between …+系动词+n. （由名词决定动词）

9The+adj的主谓一致：
a）当表示“一类人”，则+v(pl)
The rich are always ridiculous,
b）当表示某一抽象概念时，则+v(sing)
The good is always attractive.
10To do/doing/主从+v(sing)
*More than one+n(sing)+v(sing)
many a +n.(sing)+v(sing)
a day or two +v(sing)
news不可数，抽象　economics不可数，学科　mumps不可数　species由句意决
定　draughts不可数，跳棋

2． 谓语动词的时态与语态：
时态：一般现在时，一般过去时，现在完成时
prep(in/for/since)→时间→时态→动词形式

　　　　　 矛盾（考点）
语态问题：：只考陈述句，情态动词在TOEFL中永远对，嘘拟语气在TOEFL中也不
太考。
*89-96年的虚拟语气共考过4次：（新题 P91 10 P65 10）
sub+insist / require +that +s+v
sub+make +it+impertive that+sub+v
主被动语态是TOEFL中的重点：句意，by，动词用法。（讲义P3 61）在TOEFL中
have done by一定错

3． 常考的谓语动词：（讲义 58）
①常考主动态的动词：prove: vt+obj / vi+to be +n. / adj.
eg: My advice proved to be wrong. √ (主动表被动)
prove / seem / occur / take place / rank / range / weigh / measure /
date(date back to)…都是主动表被动
②常考被动态动词：（讲义 59）
*locat在TOEFL中常考被动
eg: Bats can locat the obstacles. “确立…位置”
　 My school is located near a river.“位于”
*concerned　be ~ with
compose　be ~ of　
compared　be ~ to / with　在TOEFL中to/with一样
noted　be ~ for　
based　be ~ on
known　be ~ for / as / to　
eg: Li Ao is known for his books.
　 Li Ao is know as a writer.
　 Li Ao is know to us.
　decicated　be ~ to do 被用于…、被题词… / to doing 致力于…事业中
　credited　be ~ with（因）（被认为）导致了…/有利于…（果）
for　
to （果）归功于…，归因于…（因）
called　be ~ …
③主动=被动的词：
hatc=be hatched　feed on=be fed on　face=be faced with　
need/want/require　need doing=need to be done’
④情感动词：（讲义 60）
please　annoy　move　surprise　都有“使…”的意思
please:主动：be ~ing （物）使人高兴的
sht be ~ing
被动：be ~ed　（人）被使得高兴
sb be ~ed
move: Franklin is so moved.
The story is so moving.

㈡非谓语动词
1．现在分词与过去分词的区别：
主动　被动→后置定语/状语→90%
进行　完成→前置定语 →10%
动作　状态→不考
eg: the boiled water 开水
　 the boiling point 沸点

2．现在分词与过去分词的用法：
⑴可以位于句首/句末做状语，正确与否取决于主被动
句首：Doing…, svo. 主动　　　（讲义 66）
Done…, svo. 被动
句末：svo, doing… 主动　　（讲义 65）
svo,done… 被动

⑵可以位于名词后，做后置定语修饰名词，且等同于定语从句。正确与否取决于
主被动
n+doing… 主动 （讲义 58）　… people claming to… 主动
n+done… 被动 （讲义 58）　… reports received … 被动
eg: the sites occupied by early human… 被动
*常考的+doing的动词：
mean　enjoy　finish　mind　celebrate　forgive　tolerate　suggest　
advocate　quit　delay　avoid　escape　spend　be capable of　play a key
　role in　keep/prevent from　have difficulty in　have trouble/a hard
time/a problem in

3．关于不定式的省略用法：
⑴help to do = help do
help sb to do = help sb do
⑵使役动词：let　make　have　bid后的inf必须省to
let sb do　make sb do　have sb do　have sth done　bid sb do sth吩咐…
做…
⑶感官动词：see　watch　notice　heat后的inf必须省to
see sb do sth　see sb doing　
be seen to do/be seen doing 被动

4． Inf固定用法：
⑴做某事的“第一人”：the first sb to do　
⑵（讲义 68）表“允许”“迫使”的动词后接inf
allow sb to do　permit sb to do　force sb to do　cause sb to do　
enable sb to do　
allow the fruite to ripen
allow the ripening of the fruit
⑶表示“倾向”的形容词或动词后接inf
tend to do　attempt to do　be more likely to do/that　be inclmed to do
　be intended to do　be liable/apt to do易于…
⑷表“目的”的名词后接inf做表语
the + purpose / goal / aim / objective / intention / reason /
function+of sth is to do sth
⑸与接不定式的动词或者形容词，同词跟的名词后也接不定式
able to do → ability / enable to do　
decide to do → decision to do　
attempt (v.) to do → attempt(n) to do　
（讲义 71）
be ambitious to do sth → ambition to do sth
try to do → make afforts to do sth

5． Inf的其它形式：
1）将来式：
主动：be to do　
被动：be to be done　
eg: China is to be one of the most important countries in the new
century.
* to be done & done的区别：
the surface to be glaued 表将来
the surface glwed 表完成
2）完成式：
主动：to have done　
被动：to have been done
表示不定式的动作发生在谓语前
eg: I am glad to see you again.　动作同时发生
I am glad to have seen his sons yesterday.　am glad表示现在的动作 to
have seen表示昨天的动作
3）The problem is easy to solve.
The problem is difficult to carry out.
在easy　difficult　hard　simple等形容词后的不定式主动表示被动


六、形容词的比较级与最高级：（讲义 P4 74-81）
考点：形容词的词性混用，两个近义形容词的混用（small pressure→low
pressure）(讲义P22 92.5.36)，原级、比价级和最高级的混用，词序问题。
1．形容词的比较级与最高级形式上的重复：
eg: more sreater X
most easiest X
lesser…than X
2．形容词比较级与最高级的混用：
⑴more… of all +n(pl)/in the world/among…
这里的more错，more→most

⑵most…than X → more…than
eg: Pennsylvania has the more institutions of higher learning than
any other state.

⑶常考的修饰比价级的词：
a little　a bit　slightly　far (more)　much (more)　still (more than)
　a lot (more than)
eg: be much abundant in…X → very
so much close to …X → very
much&very：much修饰比较级，very修饰原级，不可以互换
very/much…be　　 much attracted by…√

⑷形容词原级与比较级的混用：
adj原级…than X → adj.比较级
less+原级…+than
as+原级+as　同级比较

⑸the most often X → most / very often
　more conect X
　more perfect X
绝对/极限形容词或者副词，没有比较级、最高级，如：round　vertail　othen
　perfect　unique　empty　wrong　absolutely等
例外：the most perfect √ 表示极其完美之意，由口语引入到书面语

⑹倍数表达法：
a 倍数+as+a.原级+as
Tom is three times as old as Jerry.　（Tom的年龄是Jerry的三倍）
The care is threee times as deep as the building is high.
b 倍数+more than
Tom is twice older than Jerry..
c 倍数+n.+of （名词为比较的方面）
Tom is three times the age of Jerry.
d 倍数+that / those of
His weight is three times that of mine.　 That of=as much as

⑺定冠词the与比较级的关系：
Alarska has the lower temperture than Texas. X →Alarska has lower
temperture than Texas.
*比较级前可以加the,.但得有对照，比如：the newer…the older…
eg: The taller boy is much more attractive than the shorten one.
*the +adj-er+of+the two +pl.
eg: Tom is the taller of the two boys.
　　Joans is the fatter of the two girlsfriends of Bill’s.

⑻the与最高级的关系：
a Flies live longest in cold weather
副词最高级前通常没有the
b 当形容词最高级做前置定语修饰名词时，加the
the largest school　
c 当形容词最高级做后置定语时，不加the　
a design most similar to that one
d 形容词最高级做表语时，the可加可不加
This is where the river is deepest.
The consumers considers the best fmit (to be) that which is the most
acteacture.　that=that fruit，代词

e 所有格可以代替the修饰最高级（讲义 P4 81）

f earliest的三种用法：
1）“早期”，n.
… from the earliest of Tang Dynasty.
2）形容词原级，“很早，非常早”
from earliest times/ages 从远古年代
（可以不加the）
3）形容词最高级
the earliest language(s) is/are…

⑼…or more结构
thirty-five years of age be older X → thirty-five years of age or
older
一英尺以上：an inch or more　　　√
an inch or more than　X
an inch or be in more　X

七、平行结构（讲义P4 87-89）
由平衡连接词连接的两个以上的对等对象构成
㈠平衡连接词：
1． 单一式：and but or
2． 短语式：as well as　other than　rather than　instead of　would
rather…than　instead of
3． 相关式：from…to　between…and　not…but　from…until　either…or
（引导从句）　weather…or(引导从句)　such as　as…as　the same as　
not only…but also　neither…nor

㈡平行式：
1．A and B　not A but B　A as well as B…　
2．A, B ,and /or C（常考）　A,B,as well as C
3．A, B and C（不常考）

㈢平行的性质：一致性问题
1．词性平行（讲义P4 84）
city and regional planning
*在平行结构中，词性必须一致，但是无同义形容词的名词例外，如city没有同
义词（urban不表示“城市的”意思“）
eg:local, state, and national government

2．时态平行：时间决定时态，在平行结构中，时态可以不一致也可以不一致，
如果时间相同，则时态同；时间不同，时态也可以不同。

3．单复数平行：在平行结构中，单复数可以一致也可以不一致，一致与否取决
于客观事实及上下文

4． 结构形式的平行：a.+n　doing　to do　v+obj　done

5． 语意的平行：
Dallas,Texas,has become a international hub of
bank,fashion.manufaturing and transportation. X
→bank改为banking (讲义 P20 89.8.35)

6．排列位置的平行：
主语 not only 谓语 but also 谓语
not only+主谓（倒装）+but also 谓语 X → Not only 主谓（倒装）+but
also +主谓 √

八、词性的混用（25条改错中占6-8条）（讲义 90-96）
1． 做表语：n / adj / ad的混用：
表语：限定词+n. / 形容词 / 分词 / 介词+n，可做表语
⑴be+ad. X → be + adj. √
ad,永远不做表语。

⑵be+n.（抽象）→ be+adj.
抽象名词永远不做表语
eg: The books are no use. X 抽象名词不做表语
have no use.√
are not useful.√
are of no use.√ prep+of+抽象名词=形容词

⑶be+n+prep→ be+adj+prep
be fame for X → be famous for √

⑷are typical concerned with X → are concerned with　
be +表语，表语唯一原则，只能用一个表语，出现两个表语，要把一个改为副
词：
be completed closed　X → be completely closed

2．做定语，名词与动名词的混用
原则：同义名词比动名词优先
eg: food supplying X　 time and laboring X
名词与动名词的区别：（讲义 P5 96）
名词做宾语，其后不可以接宾语。动名词做宾语，其后可以带宾语。
*动名词前可加the，但加the后变成纯粹的名词，因此其后不可以加宾语，常接
of
eg: the learning of English
　 the making of any work of art

3．状语引导词与近义介词或者副词的混用：
1）when / which（连词+时间状语）与during / in（介词+宾语）的混用。
*when/which+n.（孤立）X
例外：When/Which (he was) a young man, Humin had several books
published.

zjcao

机考实战词汇大全

A
a matter of speculation (思索，推测，投机)= supposition (speculation的同义词)
abstract = concrete 文中找反意(抽象的---具体的)
accomplished = achieved
accordingly-consequently (文中有强烈因果关系)

accumulate—— collect/press down，
（它在原文的句子是the diamonds accumulate in the 什么地方，是因为它的什么什么的特点）
accurately

achieve-subject (文中选)
added=extra( 答案还有continuing)
adjacent--nearby

Adjusted = modificated (adjusted adj.调整过的 )
Adhere-stick together
Admit (permit to enter) =let in
Advance = improvement
advent--introduce（不确定）(advent n.(尤指不寻常的人或事)出现, 到来)

adverse，我选negative (Adverse adj.不利的, 敌对的, 相反的)
affluence=wealth
afford——provide/purchase/originate/require
alert
allure-attract
Ambition-goal
AMENITY=FACILITY(amenity: n.宜人, 礼仪) answer: facilities
anchor=hold in a place
anonymous

Annually = yearly
antecedent --predecessor
apart from--except for

apparent——obvious
appeal——attraction
apt

aptly = appropriately
arbitrarily = without any order

array=range (array n.排列, 编队, 军队, 衣服, 大批 vt.部署, 穿着, 排列)
ascribed to——assumed to be true of ??? (ascribe to归功于; 认为是...的作品)
---- answer: assumed to be true of
as well---in a ddition(其它的有：as good as,at the same time,for the reason,
我选IN ADDITION)

atmosphere = air
attachment to —preference for (attachment:附属物，附加装置；附件;依恋，爱慕，情感一种情结)
attest give evidence to
attendant—— accompanying (attendant adj.出席的, 在场的,随行的,伴随的, 附随的)
Attribution—character

available——obtainable avenue (大路，手段方法) = means

B
BANKS-EDGES
barriers (barrier n.(阻碍通道的)障碍物, 栅栏, 屏障)
barrier---obstacle
barren----empty
barting---trading

beckon= invite
beckoning=inviting (beckoning引诱人的, 令人心动的)
beckoning=inviting
beneficial——advantageous
biting Sharp
BLOCKED=Confined
boom——expansion (boom:使迅速发展boost，成长，繁荣，暴涨，发隆隆声)
boost ——raise (To increase; raise:增加；拔高)
boundary--border
breakthrough -improve
Breed = reproduce (breed v.(使)繁殖, 教养, 抚养n.品种, 种类 )
brilliant——bright
brisk
budding== by-product的意思，budding (adj.萌芽的, 发育的, 少壮的n.发芽)找有unexpected词的句子

C
camouflage——hide
CANOPY
capital-指钱
catastrophic=extreme
cautions-----careful
ceding
cerebrated- famous
certain

chisel==carve
classic——typical
close——careful (其他选项为 final/instant/restricted) n. 结束
clustering -gathering
collective ?
Colonize- habited
camouflage - hide
commemorate——celebrate
confine——limit (confine vt.限制, 禁闭n.界限, 边界)
consequently——therefore / thus
Considerable----Important
文中:keep for considerable periods of time ,选项有Important和Long
considered
consists of ? be made up of
------？= CONSEQUENTLY

consistently= regularly
Constant ---- stable
constituent——component (constituent n.选举者, 委托人, 要素adj.有选举权的, 组成的)
constraint--restriction

continual = constant
continuous

Converge 汇合
convert
core - central idea
coveted-----desired
correspondence == harmonies一致

counter of = in the opposition of
counterpart ——version (counterpart n.副本, 极相似的人或物, 配对; version n.译文, 译本, 翻译)
counterpart - equivalent
couple——associate (couple n.(一)对, (一)双, 夫妇vt.连合, 连接, 结合vi.结合, 结婚)

Critical = significant
critical ——important
critical ——essential

convert——transform
coveted == desired
customary


D
dangle——hung hang
daring —— bold
debate——argue
decline vi.下倾, 下降, 下垂v.拒绝, 衰落n.下倾, 下降, 下垂, 斜面, 斜坡, 衰败, 衰落)
decretive (adj.命令的, 法令的, 具有法令效力的)
delibarete

delineate = trace (delineate vt.描...的外形, 画...的轮廓, 勾画;?述, 描写)
(trace n.痕迹, 踪迹, 微量, 迹线, 缰绳vt.描绘, 映描, 画轮廓, 追踪, 回溯, 探索vi.上溯, 沿路走)
delusion-can not concentrate (delusion n.错觉)
Dimension -- size
deem---consider
demand=need

demise--decline
(demise n.死亡, 君权的转移或授与, 让位, 禅让vt.让渡, 遗赠, 转;
dence--thick
densely-- thickly
deposit---place
Dependable (考其反义词)
descent - decline (后代)
designed

determining--calculating（句中选）
Detractor = critic (detractor n.诽谤者, 恶意批评者)
detrimental——harmful
devoid=EMPTY

devoted to——dependent on/concentrated on/related to
发明和entrepreneurial risks were devoted to the..... which has no certain profit.
dichotomy---- division dichotomy名词，意为：一分为二

diffuse——travel
diffusion (笔试：diffuse = travel) (diffusion n传播，流传;扩散，弥漫)

Disappear -- Vanish, fade, to stop existing
dispute——argument
disruptured

distinguish = notice from the difference
distinct-different(文中找）
distinctive

Distribute = spread
disturb—upset
diversity——varied
Dominate Rule, control, govern
Drab---- dull
Dwindle = decrease
durable=lasting


E
earnest (adj.认真的, 热心的, 重要的n.真挚, 定金, 认真, 热心)
ease (n.安逸, 安心, 不费力, 悠闲 vt.使悠闲, 使安心, 减轻, 放松 vi.减弱, 减轻, 放松, 灵活地移动)
elaborate adj.精心制作的, 详细阐述的, 精细 vt.精心制作, 详细阐述 v.详细描述
embedded——encased (embedded adj.植入的, 深入的, 内含的)
emerge--appear
emphasize ---选项是PRESS/CRITIC?
employ=use
Emit --- Release, Send out, discharge
enable-permit

enclosure——surrounding
ENCOMPASS-----INCLUDE

endangered ( 将要绝种的) = abundant（反义词，句中选）
engage = involve
endue---follow

enhance ——improve or enlarge
enormous——凶暴的，巨大的

Enrich = enhance 选项里有 enhance/conceal/enlarge
(Enrich vt.使富足, 使肥沃, 装饰, 加料于, 浓缩)

entail----involve entail: vt.使必需, 使蒙受, 使承担, 遗传给
enter--go into
entire (adj.全部的, 完整的, 整个)
environment = ecosystem
era——period
Erratic (不稳定的，古怪的) = irregular
essentially adv.本质上, 本来
Established
establishment——formation (establishment n.确立, 制定, 设施, 公司, 军事组织)
( formation n.形成, 构成, 编队)

etch = cut
exacerbate=intensify ----2月高频

exceeded = surpassed
exceedingly ? extremely (exceedingly adv.非常地, 极度地)
exert——cause (exert vt.尽(力), 施加(压力等), 努力v.发挥, 竭尽全力, 尽)
execrate

exhibit (n. v. 展示，陈列)= feature (展出、公开 = emphasize， display, publicize, ) （句中选）
Expanse (笔试：expand = increase)
expanse (n.宽阔的区域, 宽阔, 苍天, 膨胀扩张)(此题我考到过,是考区域之义)
expendable——unprofitable (expendable n.消耗品, 可牺牲的,可花费的,可消耗的,不值得保存的)
expertise---skill (是从段子里找)
exploit-我好像错了，我选的relocate,好像应该是use.--高频应是 use

explored (explore v.探险, 探测, 探究)
expose to——subject to (expose...to 使...受到, 使...朝向...; 使...接触...)
(subject to在...条件下; 常遭...; 易受...的侵袭; 受控制; 服从...的指挥)
express = communicate
expressed——communicated (A. Communicated, B. increased).
特地查了一下，express有rapid的意思，expressly却没有
(some concerns about forest are expressed till early 1900.
expressly 1) specially (2) rapidly,我也不知道是哪个，我选了specially
(expressly 的语境是 the few percentage of the ice expressly was made for carve ice)
(expressly adv.明白地, 清楚地; 确切地, 明显地；特(意)地; 专门地)
exotic ?rare
extensive
extensive=far-reaching

Extraneous ( 无关紧要的，外来的，inessential, from outside)

? = extreme
even——already 恰好，正当 在But, even by the end of时间...,.....
Evenly = equally (evenly adv.均匀地, 平坦地 )
Eventually=Ultimately
evoke=stimulate
F
fast (go without food) (not sure !!!, donot affect you adversely)
favorable=popular
feature = characterize finding (n.发现, 发现物, 决定, [律]裁决)
feeble=weak
Fix=attach

Flair 天赋, 敏锐的洞察力 flourishing——thriving
flavor
flocking
flourishing - prosperous
formerly == In the past
former = previous
for instance=for example
forage==feed
fragment——break up
fragmentary=incomplete
fringe=border


G
game——animals
gap(笔试：gap 缺口 ， 裂口 = opening)
Generate 产生, 发生=
giant---dwarf

Gigantic-huge

Given = particular 居然有special/particular两个选项,答案是particular, sure.
(given: adj.赠予的, 沉溺的, 特定的, 假设的)
gleaming=shining

graciousness


H
hamper——make difficulty

hamstrung
harsh =drastic
harness = utilize
hasten-accelerate
haul (拖拉, 拖运 )= pull
hazard=danger / risk
hearten----encourage

heed——notice
heighten——increase
Heightening (提高，升高) = increasing
hence =therefore (hence adv.因此, 从此)
hider = interfere ???? (笔试：hide = conceal)
hold —— propose
hold——keep up
hollow n.洞, 窟窿, 山谷 adj.空的, 虚伪的, 空腹的, 凹的 adv.<口>彻底vi.形成空洞 vt.挖空, 弄凹
host——great number
世纪末19世纪初美国制造业的革新.其中有一题 tailors, butchers and a (host) of trades began to…)
Hub 中心=center
Hydroelectric (adj.水力 发电的 )
heighten——increase

I
illusion n.幻想
immediately = closest( 说类人猿是人类最近的进化祖先)
immense adj.极广大的, 无边的, <口>非常好的
impair
impetus=stimulus
imposing- enormous
Inaccessible ? unreachable
inauspicious——unfavorable
in and of themselves (not sure)= alone
in charge of == responsible for
incidental——minor point (incidental adj.附带的, 伴随的, 非主要的, 偶然的, 容易发生的n.伴随事件, (用复数)杂项、杂费)
incoherently 无条理的
inconsequence

Incorporable= Included (Incorporable adj.可结合的, 可包含的 )
incorporate——include
indemention ??? {可能是Ingemination(vt. 重申)/ indemnification(n.保护, 保障, 补偿, 补偿物)}
indicating = suggesting /assuming (我选前一个)

indigenous----native (in the context)
induce: generate/determine我选的determine
inevitable ----unavoidable

in earnest=seriously
in fact

ingenious adj.机灵的, 有独创性的, 精制的, 具有创造才能
ingenuity n.机灵, 独创性, 精巧, 灵活性
ingenuity—— resourcefulness (resourcefulness n.足智多谋)
Inhabit -- Live
inhibit ——hindered (hinder adj.后面的v.阻碍, 打扰) Control, limit, restrain
inimical---unfriendly----2月高频
in keeping with==consist with

initiate =begin
innocent (adj.(～ of) 清白的, 无罪的, 天真的, 无知的)
innumerable = countless

In quantity——in a large amount of

inroad (n.(突然)袭击、侵犯, 攻击(upon, on, into);[常用复]损害; 侵蚀; 花费(into, on)
inscribe-- written

Instant = moment (adj. N. 片刻，瞬间)
intangible (adj.难以明了的, 无形的)
intensify-strengthen
intimidating 威吓, 胁迫
intricate----complicate

in spite of that : HOWEVER
invade —— move into (invade vt.侵略, 侵袭, 拥挤)
invaluable——highly useful (可能是选反义词？)
invaluable = precious
Invariably = always

J
jeopardy=threaten
jolting ——shocking
Judge (判断，评价) = estimate

K
keeping with=? 选项：consistent of/free of/fill with/
key——significant

L
lack——without
laden---loaded
landscape=scenery
launch = start
linked——connected
luxuriant=thriving( 答案还有moist)

M
magnitude——extend

maintain-continue
make sense ? 我选 logical
mammoth-----huge 注mammoth做adj时=巨大的

mask = disguise MASKED 伪装的，隐藏的，潜伏的
masked
mastery的形容词形式 ----expert
matched=equaled/compared我选的equaled

matter文中issue
mean --- signify (还有一选项intend)
means=method
memorable---noticable

merit (n.优点, 价值v.有益于)
Meticulous ===careful
Milestone = significant events ( in the context) (select in whole paragraph, spend much time for this one)
migrant - --movement
milestone——significant development
minutely adv.详细地, 精密地
minutely——finely
minute ——tiny
minuscule——tiny
misnomer=wrong name
model：（1）theory (2) method 不是很确信， 我选了 theory
(model:的语境是 the rocks have different the models of origin)
model--form/frame (我选的form)
modification——alteration(另有clarification),
monitored——observed

Moreover—additionally
moreover=in addition( 答案还有thus)
monopolize form --dominate
monotonous——boring
Mosaic == Things considered together as a pattern
motive (n.动机, 目的 adj.发动的, 运动的)

motif--pattern (motif（艺术作品的）主题，主旨,图案,主题曲 (亦作：motive)
(pattern n.模范, 式样, 模式, 样品, 格调, 图案 vt.模仿, 仿造, 以图案装饰 vi.形成图案)

mounting

N
nature——character 易混选项origin
notable---a: REMARKABLE b : DISTINGUISHED, PROMINENT
note--record
notion-general idea

notwithstanding ——despite


O
obscure=conceal 答案有干扰选项diminish
obscured-- conceal
obtain ——acquire
occasion-event
outlet 出口，出路
oozing--To flow or leak out slowly, as through small opening

opulence
outbreak = sudden increase（improved, upsetted, 另两个我忘了）
outdo
Outstanding Noticeable

P
pace-speed

parcel out= distribute(parcel out分给, 分配)
pare away --- remove (pare away [off]削去(边, 角, 皮等); 减少(支开等)
Partial=uncompletely
Pattern = match, imitate (n. 式样, 格调, 图案 vt. 根据图形模仿，仿造
Perforate---打孔(回来查的)
periphery---edge
perishable - likely to spoil

perspective, n.透视画法, 透视图, 远景, 前途, 观点, 看法, 观点, 观察

Pinnacle = high point
pioneer

Pledge (保证, 誓言) = Promise
pore——hole
portion

pose==present??? (pose n.姿势, 姿态v.(使...)摆好姿势, 形成, 引起, 造成vi.摆姿势, 佯装, 矫揉造作)
potential——possible
preeminent--foremost
Prominent== noticeable
property-character
Prestige== The respect and importance a person
prey
prosperous=== wealthy,
practically (几乎，差不多) = nearly
practical/predictable/great-----p*midable(practical, not very sure)?
came from a article: the American army in 1776, ----conquer pumidable difficulties----
pragmatic
prohibited = extremely ???
prohibitively--extremely
premise = assumption
Premise =assume前提 v. 假设
prestigious -- good regarded
prevail--triumph
Principal = dominant
principle (two times) 1 noun form i guess means—— rule
principal——main
proximity——closeness
procurement——obtain
Procure===obtain
proliferate---grow in number

procure ( 获得，取得 acquire, obtain/ 实现，完成 = bring about, effect, procure a solution)
primitive== early
prior ----- past
predicament=== difficult situation
predicament——serious situation
protruding——projecting
protrude = extend
presumable——probably (presumable adj可能的；可推测的)
primary——dominant
previously——before
Previous = Past
pronounced——strong
pronounced--significant;
pronounced-distinct
prospered== succeed

punctual punctual----没有直接对应选项(carefully(my key 表示时间精确 not sure)
（punctual:精确的，准时的，点状的）

purchase==grip vt.买, 购买 n.买, 购买
当时选了 benifit，认为是好处之意，现在想来，还是grip（抓住）更好


R
Radical (基础的，根本的) = fundamental (radical = drastic)
radical——extreme
radical——extreme (radical:根本的，激进的，极端的(extreme))
radical == fundamental (Radical :基础的，根本的,激进的)
radical = =drastic

ramification——consequence

rare-scarce
rather than = instead of
record
redundancy
regard for ---attention to

remarkable——incredible

remedy—cure
refine== Improve,
refreshing——unusual (refreshing:提神的,新鲜宜人的，与众不同的)
refuge
relevant--applicable.
remote——far away
reserve == save
reserved == saved
Resume === begin again
revibrate

revolutionous——quick discarding
revolutional ——quick discarding/(我选了change，回来查字典发现我错了)
revolution——dramatical change
rich---high (eg: fuel rich in )

rigorous——demanding
rigorous schedule = demanding
(rigorous 严格的，严厉的 demanding 要求高的，苛求的 如 ：a demanding job )
ritual n.典礼, (宗教)仪式, 礼节 adj.典礼的, (宗教)仪式的
ripe=mature
Rival = competitor
roster=list
rot -- decay

Rudimental=== basic

rupture——burst

S
sacred--holy
Scarce---abundant (opposite)
scarce--a little supply
scatter-distribue　
scorching——exceeding hot
scrap =fragment

scrupulous 审慎的, 完全的, careful
secure = obtain
seek
seep＝pass through slowly
selected--paticular
SELECTED=CHOSEN
Sequent---later
set in motion = start (使 开始运转， 如 set the plan in motion)

settle down
severe--harsh

share = proportion (proportion 比例, 均衡, 面积, 部分vt.使成比例, 使均衡, 分摊)
shield——protect
shield away from——avoid
shrink < > spread(反义)

shift

shortage (反义词)
SHORT LIVED-PERMANENT（文中反义词）
shrink---spread(opposite)

significant—— meaningful (obvious is not right)
silhouette =outline (silhouette n.侧面影象, 轮廓)
simultaneous == at the same time

singularly——particularly

site——location
situation 位置, 情况, 职业 , (电影)场面
sizeable --- large

slightest 最轻微的
slightly--------选项有perfectly, extra

snap——break

soaked——absorbed
sole-single
sole-only
solicit==request

sophisticated (文中选) complex

a matter of speculation (思索，推测，投机)= supposition (speculation的同义词)
sparingly 节俭地 (adv.节俭地, 保守地)

sparse ==rare
sparse,文中找反义词 rich
spawn——create
specified : stated
speck - particle (斑点)
split——divided

spike
? =striving (strive v.努力, 奋斗, 力争, 斗争)
spontaneous = unplanned
spot——identify
sprang up = abruptly arose

spur——stimulus

staged
staggering=== Stunning （staggering 惊人的，巨大的）

staple--important
Startling-Surprising

stay

stem from --- grow out of
Still=Nevertheless
stint 紧缩节省 =limit，hindered
stipulate-require
stunning = dramatically(不?定) 都在句中? (stunning: very surprising, very impressive ，另人印象深刻的;
dramatically: 有戏剧表现力的，引人注目的)
stunned——hindered
stunt v.阻碍...发育, 妨碍...生长, 作惊人表演, 使绝招 n.发育迟缓, 矮小的人(或物), 惊人表演, 绝技

sturdy = strong
stylus---pen
subsequent (后来的，随后的) = later
subsistent---exsist
subject to = vulnerable to
succumb,
succession----series (succession n.连续, 继承, 继任, 演替, [农业] 轮栽, 连续性)
suited to-appropriate to
suffering------(选项：resist,reduce,?,?)

sumptuous——luxurious
supplant = replace
supply
Susceptible to (容易….的)== prone to

swell---expand

T
"tangible"---physical
tangible = material
teasers (爱戏弄人的人)
teemed with——were full of
temporary--- permanent(原文中找反义词)

tendency==inclination
therefore---in that purpose
therefore ----- consequently

thumb (n.拇指vt.以拇指拨弄, 笨拙处理, 弄坏, 翻阅, 作搭车手势vi.用拇指翻书页)
tip 舌尖 (tip n.顶, 尖端, 梢, 倾斜, 轻击, 末端, 小费, 秘密消息
vt.在...顶端装附加物, 使倾斜, 使翻倒, 暗示, 轻击, 给, 泄露, 给小费
vi.倾斜, 翻倒, 倾覆, 踮脚走, 给小费
n.提示, 技巧)

transition---change
transition=move
tracts (of land) = area (tract n.广阔的地面, 土地, 地方, 地域, (解剖)管道, 小册子)
?=take advantage of
transfer ? move

tricky (狡猾的，棘手的，difficult)
through--by

type== kind

U
unavoidably-inevitably

undergone——experienced (undergo vt.经历, 遭受, 忍受 undergone: undergo的过去分词)
undertaken=attempt

undertaking—task
Underlying = inner (underlying adj.在下面的, 隐含的 ，implicit 如 underlying meaning)
underpin=foundation
underpinning (基础, 支柱, 支撑 a support or foundation)
uneven ---- rough （uneven不平的，不齐的）
uniform
universally——without exception
unqualified =complete; (不合格的，无限制的，绝对的)
unrestricted——unlimited
untrusted＝have no confidence
unvaluable (choice :precious, worthless i selected precious

utilitarian =functional (文中选) (utilitarian adj.功利的, 实利的, 功利主义的n.功利论者 )

V
variability==tendency to change
vast——immense (vast adj.巨大的, 辽阔的, 大量的, 巨额)
vast——great
vastly-great
vehicle——means (vehicle n.交通工具, 车辆, 媒介物, 传达手段)
verity
vestige-remnant

vexing = difficult (not sure) (vex: 使恼怒，使痛苦, puzzle, annoy)
via-by the way of

vigorous = strong (vigorous adj.精力旺盛的, 有力的, 健壮的)
vivid--bright (vivid adj.生动的, 鲜明的, 鲜艳的, 大胆的, 清晰的, 活泼的, 逼真的)
vociferous----- 选spoken out

volatile-- (adj.飞行的, 挥发性的, 可变的, 不稳定的, 轻快的, 爆炸性的)


W
wary——cautious
way station——stop (way station n.<美俚>(铁路或公共汽车线路上的)小站)
witness = observe
wear——use
(wear:n.穿戴，使用穿戴的动作或穿戴的状态；使用;穿破，磨损因使用或磨损造成的逐渐损坏或减少 vt.穿, 戴 v.(～ out) 磨损, 用旧, (～ out) 穿着)
wedge

whatever ——in any case/ at any rate/at all event
whereas-while
wield--- using
withstand-tolerate

withstand==persist >avoid/persist? 原文是：...brick withstood the weathering for a long time...
withstand=resist
witness = observe
wonder- surprise

word--information;
worn out
wreak

Y
？= yet 选项还有however / in addition.
yield——provide (yield v.出产, 生长, 生产 vi.(～ to)屈服, 屈从n.产量, 收益)

zjcao

TOEFL机考听力，阅读背景知识放送

生物
3. SQUID
The squid breathes through gills, and may emit a cloud
of inky material from its ink sac when in danger. The
circulatory and nervous systems are highly developed.
The eye of the squid is remarkably similar to that of
man—an example of convergent evolution, as there is
no common ancestor. Some deep-sea forms have
luminescent organs.

4. SEA
The distribution of marine organisms depends on the
chemical and physical properties of seawater
(temperature, salinity, and dissolved nutrients), on
ocean currents (which carry oxygen to subsurface
waters and disperse nutrients, wastes, spores, eggs,
larvae, and plankton), and on penetration of light.
Photosynthetic organisms (plants, algae, and
cyanobacteria), the primary sources of food, exist
only in the photic, or euphotic, zone (to a depth of
about 300 ft/90 m), where light is sufficient for
photosynthesis.

5. 8. 11. ANT
Typically they include three castes: winged, fertile
females, or queens; wingless, infertile females, or
workers; and winged males. Those ordinarily seen are
workers.

Whenever a generation of queens and males matures it
leaves on a mating flight; shortly afterward the males
die, and each fecundated queen returns to earth to
establish a new colony. The queen then bites off or
scrapes off her wings, excavates a chamber, and
proceeds to lay eggs for the rest of her life (up to
15 years), fertilizing most of them with stored sperm.
Females develop from fertilized and males from
unfertilized eggs. The females become queens or
workers, depending on the type of nutrition they
receive. The first-generation larvae are fed by the
queen with her saliva; all develop into workers, which
enlarge the nest and care for the queen and the later
generations

Leaf-cutter Ant’s Feeding Habits: Cultivation is
practiced by certain ants that feed on fungi grown in
the nest. Some of these, called leaf-cutter, or
parasol, ants, carry large pieces of leaf to the nest,
where the macerated leaf tissue is used as a growth
medium for the fungus. Most leaf cutters are tropical,
but the Texas leaf-cutting ant is a serious crop pest
in North America.

Ant Hill: All species show some degree of social
organization; many species nest in a system of
tunnels, or galleries, in the soil, often under a
dome, or hill, of excavated earth, sand, or debris.
Mound-building ants may construct hills up to 5 ft
(1.5 m) high. Other species nest in cavities in dead
wood, in living plant tissue, or in papery nests
attached to twigs or rocks; some invade buildings or
ships.
在寒??的森林地?，地底的?度一般都比?低，因此木?便?大部分的?巢建?在地面上，一方面可?少因地面潮?所??的寒?，另一方面也能增加?光照射的面?。


6. CICADA
Their life cycle takes 17 years in northern species
(the so-called 17-year locusts) and 13 years in
southern species; the two types overlap in parts of
the United States. The female deposits her eggs in
slits that she cuts in young twigs. In about six weeks
the wingless, scaly larvae, or nymphs, drop from the
tree and burrow into the ground, where they remain for
13 or 17 years, feeding on juices sucked from roots.
The nymphs molt periodically as they grow; finally the
full-grown nymphs emerge at night, climb tree trunks
and fences, and shed their last larval skin. The
winged adults, which generally emerge together in
large numbers, live for about one week.
Cicada larvae do little damage, but when adults appear
in large numbers their egg-laying may damage young
trees. Cicadas are sometimes kept for their song in
Asia, as they were in ancient Greece.

14. MANGROVE
Mangroves produce from their trunks aerial roots that
become embedded in the mud and form a tangled network;
this serves both as a prop for the tree and as a means
of aerating the root system. Such roots also form a
base for the deposit of silt and other material
carried by the tides, and thus land is built up which
is gradually invaded by other vegetation. Some
mangrove species lack prop roots but have special
pores on their branching root system for obtaining
air. The mangrove fruit is a conical reddish-brown
berry. Mangroves have been harvested destructively on
a large scale; the bark is a rich source of tannins,
and the wood is used for wharf pilings and other
purposes.

18. GIRAFFE

19. DOLPHIN
The dolphin has a dorsal fin that runs the length of
the body and a forked tail. Their powerful, horizontal
flukes, or tail fins, drive them through or out of the
water, while their forefins and dorsal fin are used
for steering. They feed on a variety of fishes,
especially flying fish, which they sometimes pursue by
leaping out of the water.
The U.S. navy has trained dolphins to act as
messengers to underwater stations, to rescue wounded
scuba divers and protect them from sharks, and to seek
and destroy submarines, using kamikaze methods; this
last project has met with considerable public
criticism.

20. LICHEN
usually slow-growing organism of simple structure,
composed of a fungus (see Fungi) and a photosynthetic
green alga (see algae) or cyanobacteria living
together in a symbiotic relationship and resulting in
a structure that resembles neither constituent.
Lichens commonly grow on rocks, trees, fence posts,
and similar objects. Lichens require no food source
other than light, air, and minerals. They depend
heavily on rainwater for their minerals and are
sensitive to rain-borne pollutants.
Before the discovery of aniline dyes, lichens were
much used for silk and wool dyes. Others have been
used in perfume manufacturing and brewing.

23. BEES
A typical colony consists of three castes: the large
queen, who produces the eggs, many thousands of
workers (sexually undeveloped females), and a few
hundred drones (fertile males). At the tip of a female
bee’s abdomen is a strong, sharp lancet, or sting,
connected to poison glands. In the queen, who stings
only rival queens, the sting is smooth and can be
withdrawn easily; in the worker bee the sting is
barbed and can rarely be withdrawn without tearing the
body of the bee, causing it to die. The workers gather
nectar; make and store honey; build the cells; clean,
ventilate (by fanning their wings), and protect the
hive. They also feed and care for the queen and the
larvae. They communicate with one another (for
example, about the location of flowers) by performing
dances in specific patterns. The workers live for only
about six weeks during the active season, but those
t

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TOEFL写作例子集
--摘自肖锁章老师《机考托福写作讲义》

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tel: 416-335-0188 Address：4455 Sheppard Ave. East Suite 216 （Brimley & Sheppard)
北美国际语言学院


　

[说明]

对于大部分国际学生和新移民来说，写作最大的问题不是打框架，而是充实框架中的内容。因为，TOEFL写作的套路比较明显，只要我们有了合适的模子，TOEFL作文的框架还是比较容易上手的。快的学生3个小时的课程就解决问题了。但是，用什么样的例子去充实我们的内容，使我们的文章不显空洞呢？中国学生找不到例子，想不出例子是普遍问题。为了帮助大家解决这一问题，我们按照TWE的185个Topics的顺序，将同学们认为最不好写的Topics的思路告诉大家。

本例子集只是想给那些希望短时间内写作得高分的同学起一个抛砖引玉的作用，切不可教条化。同时，假如大家对TWE各Topic的内容有什么好的想法，好的构思，请告诉我们，以便让所有TOEFL考生分享。（给www.EasyEnglish.ca写信）

北美国际语言学院为广大TOEFL考生准备有《185篇TWE作文范文大全》；每个Topic大约选了3-4篇范文。希望大家到北美来免费借阅。



1. People attend college or university for many different reasons (for example, new experiences, career preparation, increased knowledge) Why do you think people attend college or university? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

Career preparation:

a) Courses designed to meet the market requirement

Instructors are knowledgeable and have hands-on experience

c) Classmates and friends are invaluable resources for the future career



2. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Parents are the best teachers. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

Agree. Parents are the best teachers

1) Parents know us most because of relations and time that we stay together

2) The earliest education came from parents when we were little kids. We are more likely to accept the instructions from our parents.



3. Nowadays, food has become easier to prepare. Has this change improved the way people live? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

Yes.

1) Save time

2) Nutrition balance

3) More convenient---- everyone can cook



4. It has been said, "Not everything that is learned is contained in books." Compare and contrast knowledge gained from experience with knowledge gained from books. In your opinion, which source is more important? Why?

Comparison and contrast:

From Books: wide, systematic, scientific but hard to be used and not impressive

From experience: direct, impressive and





practical but limited

Choose book:





1) Save time;

2) Avoid making same mistakes.

3) Systematic knowledge.



5. A company has announced that it wishes to build a large factory near your community. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this new influence on your community. Do you support or oppose the factory? Explain your position.

Advantages:

1) employment opportunity

2) economic boom

Disadvantages

1) pollution

2) safety problems



6. If you could change one important thing about your hometown, what would you change? Use reasons and specific examples to support your answer.

Change pollution:

1) For people&#39;s health

2) Attract more investment

3) Living environment



7. How do movies or television influence people&#39;s behavior? Use reasons and specific examples to support your answer.

1) The sources of &#39;information

2) More entertainment

3) People, especially young people, mimic movie/television stars&#39; behavior



8. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Television has destroyed communication among friends and family. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.

Disagree.

1) Friends: television programs are an important source of topics

2) Family: the family will watch TV together and has more time to communicate



9. Some people prefer to live in a small town. Others prefer to live in a big city. Which place would you prefer to live in? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.

In a big city

1) More working opportunities

2) More information

3) More convenience



10. "When people succeed, it is because of hard work. Luck has nothing to do with success." Do you agree or disagree with the quotation above? Use specific reasons and examples to explain your position.

Disagree

1) Although success comes a lot from hard work, hard work is not the only key factor for Success

2) Get a job;

3) Become a star



11. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Universities should give the same amount of money to their students&#39; sports activities as they give to their university libraries. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.

Agree.

1) Sports is as important as library

2) Appropriate sports can help students to get more energy and study hard

3) Sports can help build team spirit



12. Many people visit museums when they travel to new places. Why do you think people visit museums? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

1) Museum is a microcosmic of a country or a city

2) Since a traveler&#39;s time is limited, by visiting museums he can maximize his knowledge of the new place.



13. Some people prefer to eat at food stands or restaurants. Other people prefer to prepare and eat food at home. Which do you prefer? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

Prefer to eat at home.

1) Economical, saving money

2) Keep nutrition balance, cleaner

3) Cook and eat with the family: family atmosphere.



14. Some people believe that university students should be required to attend classes. Others believe that going to classes should be optional for students. Which point of view do you agree with? Use specific reasons and details to explain your answer.



Required to attend classes

1) Instructors can help direct your study, solving problems.

2) Push you to concentrate on study

3) More time to stay with your classmates and build up your network



15. Neighbors are the people who live near us. In your opinion, what are the qualities of a good neighbor? Use specific details and examples in your answer.

1) Quietness

2) Friendly

3) Honest



16. It has recently been announced that a new restaurant may be built in your neighborhood. Do you support or oppose this plan? Why? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.

Support:

1) More employment opportunities

2) Community economic development

3) Living more convenient



17. Some people think that they can learn better by themselves than with a teacher. Others think that it is always better to have a teacher. Which do you prefer? Use specific reasons to develop your essay.

Have a teacher:

1) Solve difficult problems, saving time

2) A good teacher is a good friend



18. What are some important qualities of a good supervisor (boss)? Use specific details and examples to explain why these qualities are important.

1) Trust the subordinates

2) Capability to solve problems

3) Prediction



19. Should governments spend more money on improving roads and highways, or should governments spend more money on improving public transportation (buses, trains, subways)? Why? Use specific reasons and details to develop your essay.

More money on improving roads & highways

1) Road is the prerequisite of buses and trains

2) My country&#39;s (Iran, China, Japan, Pakistan etc.) current situation: very bad roads

3) Road & Highway improve economics



20. It is better for children to grow up in the countryside than in a big city. Do you agree or disagree? Use specific reasons and examples to develop your essay.

As #9



21. In general, people are living longer now. Discuss the causes of this phenomenon. Use specific reasons and details to develop your essay.

1) Medical technique develop

2) Living environment becomes better

3) Food nutrition



22. We all work or will work in our jobs with many different kinds of people. In your opinion, what are some important characteristics of a co-worker (someone you work closely with)? Use reasons and specific examples to explain why these characteristics are important.

1) Trust

2) Honest

3) Easy-going



23. In some countries, teenagers have jobs while they are still students. Do you think this is a good idea? Support your opinion by using specific reasons and details.

No.

1) Too young to work: not good for growing

2) Limited times, for teenagers, study is more important



24. A person you know is planning to move to your town or city. What do you think this person would like and dislike about living in your town or city? Why? Use specific reasons and details to develop your essay.

Like:

1) Commercial center, libraries: easier to study and find a job

2) Convenient transportation system

3) Fresh air, good environment, good security system etc.

Dislike:

1) Too many people and too crowded

2) Too few good restaurants



25. It has recently been announced that a large shopping center may be built in your neighborhood. Do you support or oppose this plan? Why? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.

Similar to # 5



26. It has recently been announced that a new movie theater may be built in your neighborhood. Do you support or oppose this plan? Why? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.

Similar to # 5



27. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People should sometimes do things that they do not enjoy doing. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

Agree.

1) Responsibility and obligation

2) The life is not always moving forward smoothly

3) Point out the negative side of only doing something that they enjoy doing.



28. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Television, newspapers, magazines, and other media pay too much attention to the personal lives of famous people such as public figures and celebrities. Use specific reasons and details to explain your opinion.

Disagree.

1) Most people are common, so they want to know something about famous ones

2) Famous people stand for some fashion

3) Constrain the public figures

4) Celebrities can improve the national cohesion and unity.



29. Some people believe that the Earth is being harmed (damaged) by human activity. Others feel that human activity makes the Earth a better place to live. What is your opinion? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

Harmed.

1) Air pollution;

2) water resources;

3) forest



30. It has recently been announced that a new high school may be built in your community. Do you support or oppose this plan? Why? Use specific reasons and details in your answer.

Support:

1) Employment

2) bring in the cultural environment

3) benefit children&#39; a education



31. Some people spend their entire lives in one place. Others move a number of times throughout their lives, looking for a better job, house, community, or even climate. Which do you prefer: staying in one place or moving in search of another place? Use reasons and specific examples to support your opinion.

Staying in one place.

1) Moving again and again wastes time and money, bringing extra work

2) Family and job responsibilities

3) Moving means that you can&#39;t predict your future. Start from zero (take Canadian immigrants as example)



32. Is it better to enjoy your money when you earn it or is it better to save your money for some time in the future? Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.

To save money for the future

1) China&#39;s (or any other country&#39;s) incomplete welfare system can&#39;t cover a lot of things, such as ....

2) Buying house, car, pay for children&#39;s tuition fee

3) Need some money for the emergency



33. You have received a gift of money. The money is enough to buy either a piece of jewelry you like or tickets to a concert you want to attend. Which would you buy? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.

A piece of jewelry.

1) last long time

2) admiration

3) keep value



34. Businesses should hire employees for their entire lives. Do you agree or disagree? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

Disagree.

1) Companies are developing, so their requirements for employees are changing

2) Employees&#39; personal improvement



35. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Attending a live performance (for example, a play, concert, or sporting event) is more enjoyable than watching the same event on television. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.

Read Sample writing



36. Choose one of the following transportation vehicles and explain why you think it has changed people&#39;s lives: 1) automobiles 2) bicycles 3) airplanes Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

Automobiles.

1) Automobiles have shortened the distance between cities, increase the working efficiency

2) Change people&#39;s living style & improve people&#39;s communication

3) Economic development



37. Do you agree or disagree that progress is always good? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

Agree.

1) From personal point of view,

2) From human&#39;s view



38. Learning about the past has no value for those of us living in the present. Do you agree or disagree? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

Disagree.

1) Personal: take lesson from former failure

2) Country: take China as an example (past reflects future)



39. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? With the help of technology, students nowadays can learn more information and learn it more quickly. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

Read Sample writing



40. The expression "Never, never give up" means to keep trying and never stop working for your goals. Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

Agree.

1) The only way to reach goal is never give up.

2) Even you can&#39;t reach the goal, if you never give up in this process, you will not have any regret at last.



41. Some people think that human needs for farmland, housing, and industry are more important than saving land for endangered animals. Do you agree or disagree with this point of view? Why or why not? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

Disagree.

1) Endangered animals are valuable because of their limited quantities

2) Environment balance

3) Endangered animals sometimes stand for the country, so they are more valuable than farmlands



42. What is a very important skill a person should learn in order to be successful in the world today? Choose one skill and use specific reasons and examples to support your choice.

Communication skill

1) Other people could understand you better.

2) Create friendly environment and make more friends.



43. Why do you think some people are attracted to dangerous sports or other dangerous activities? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

1) dangerous = challenge. Winner of dangerous sports or other dangerous activities are the stronger. Dangerous sports can give them self-satisfaction.

2) Exciting: tedious daily life needs some change

3) Make money (or Become famous)



44. Some people like to travel with a companion. Other people prefer to travel alone. Which do you prefer? Use specific reasons and examples to support your choice.

Prefer to travel with a companion.

1) Have someone to share the excitement and enjoyment

2) During traveling, you and your companion can help take care of each other if needed.



45. Some people prefer to get up early in the morning and start the day&#39;s work. Others prefer to get up later in the day and work until late at night. Which do you prefer? Use specific reasons and examples to support your choice.

Get up early.

1) More energetic

2) match team work

3) healthy balance



46. What are the important qualities of a good son or daughter? Have these qualities changed or remained the same over time in your culture? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

1) Respect the parents and the elders;

2) Don&#39;t make trouble for the family; Friendly;

3) Hardworking



47. Some people prefer to work for a large company. Others prefer to work for a small company. Which would you prefer? Use specific reasons and details to support your choice.

For a large company:

1) More promotion opportunities, promising future

2) Stable working situation, good benefits, stable family

3) Working for a large company is an honor.



48. People work because they need money to live. What are some other reasons that people work? Discuss one or more of these reasons. Use specific examples and details to support your answer.

1) Use your knowledge

2) Learn from the work

3) Realize personal value



49. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Face-to-face communication is better than other types of communication, such as letters, email, or telephone calls. Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.

Disagree:

1) Letter, email or phone calls reduce cost

2) Some words should not be said by face to face



50. Some people like to do only what they already do well. Other people prefer to try new things and take risks. Which do you prefer? Use specific reasons and examples to support your choice.

Try new things and take risks

1) Compare these two:

* Only do what we already do well---- boring

* Try new things and take risks ----- exciting

2) Trying new things bring more opportunities

3) Risks means more profit. It is worthy to take reasonable risks.



51. Some people believe that success in life comes from taking risks or chances. Others believe that success results from careful planning. In your opinion, what does success come from? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

Come from careful planning:

1) Planning brings clear target;

2) Planning decides what kinds of actions are correct and should be taken-,

3) Planning minimizes mistakes



52. What change would make your hometown more appealing to people your age? Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.

More public libraries armed with computers with access to Internet.

1) Knowledge is one of the determinants in the modem society

2) Computers and Internet are the most helpful device to get information

3) There are a lot of virtual communities and games in Internet. You can enjoy what you cannot in daily life.



53. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The most important aspect of a job is the money a person earns. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

Agree:

1) The purpose of working is for money;

2) Money reflects people&#39;s value



54. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? One should never judge a person by external appearances. Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.

Agree.

1) External appearances cannot reflect what is in one&#39;s mind.

2) External appearance can be temporary and unreliable



55. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? A person should never make an important decision alone. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

Disagree. It depends on the different situation.

1) In the emergency situation, such as emergency room in the hospital, it is impossible and not reasonable to discuss with others;

2) When you are alone and you have to make an important decision in a short time you have to do so.



56. A company is going to give some money either to support the arts or to protect the environment. Which do you think the company should choose? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

To protect the environment:

1) A good environment is beneficial to everyone&#39;s health, but arts are only to those who Re them

2) Environment is very important to attract investment



57. Some movies are serious, designed to make the audience think. Other movies are designed primarily to amuse and entertain. Which type of movie do you prefer? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

Prefer movies designed for amusement.

1) The main purpose for people to go to the cinema is to get entertainment and relax

2) The real living world is serious enough. People have a lot of things such as studying, working etc. which need thinking already.



58. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Businesses should do anything they can to make a profit. Use specific reasons and examples to support your position.

Disagree

1) Should not break the law

2) Should not damage customers&#39; benefits



59. Some people are always in a hurry to go places and get things done. Other people prefer to take their time and live life at a slower pace. Which do you prefer? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

Choose the first one: In a hurry and get things done.

1) Time is limited "in everyone&#39;s life;

2) After getting things done, we do not need to worry about it anymore and we can enjoy the life better.



60. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Games are as important for adults as they are for children. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

Agree:

1) Need some way to release the pressure;

2) Game---team work

3) Game means competition



61. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Parents or other adult relatives should make important decisions for their older (15 to 18 year-old) teenage children. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.

Agree: Parents make decision for children.

1) Parents have more experience

2) 15-18 years old children are not adults, so they can&#39;t take responsibility

3) Young children are easier to make wrong decision



62. What do you want most in a friend - someone who is intelligent, or someone who has a sense of humor, or someone who is reliable? Which one of these characteristics is most important to you? Use reasons and specific examples to explain your choice.



63. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Most experiences in our lives that seemed difficult at the time become valuable lessons for the future. Use reasons and specific examples to support our answer.



64. Some people prefer to work for themselves or own a business. Others prefer to work for an employer. Would you rather be self-employed, work for someone else, or own a business? Use specific reasons to explain your choice.



65. Should a city try to preserve its old, historic buildings or destroy them and replace them with modern buildings? Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.



66. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Classmates are a more important influence than parents on a child&#39;s success in school. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.



67. If you were an employer, which kind of worker would you prefer to hire: an inexperienced worker at a lower salary or an experienced worker at a higher salary? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.



68. Many teachers assign homework to students every day. Do you think that daily homework is necessary for students? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.



69. If you could study a subject that you have never had the opportunity to study, what would you choose? Explain your choice, using specific reasons and details.



70. Some people think that the automobile has improved modern life. Others think that the automobile has caused serious problems. What is your opinion? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.



71. Which would you choose: a high-paying job with long hours that would give you little time with family and friends or a lower-paying job with shorter hours that would give you more time with family and friends? Explain your choice, using specific reasons and details.



72. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Grades (marks) encourage students to learn. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.



73. Some people say that computers have made life easier and more convenient. Other people say that computers have made life more complex and stressful. What is your opinion? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.



74. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The best way to travel is in a group led by a tour guide. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.



75. Some universities require students to take classes in many subjects. Other universities require students to specialize in one subject. Which is better? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.



76. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Children should begin learning a foreign language as soon as they start school. Use specific reasons and examples to support your position.



77. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Boys and girls should attend separate schools. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.



78. Is it more important to be able to work with a group of people on a team or to work independently? Use reasons and specific examples to support your answer.



79. Your city has decided to build a statue or monument to honor a famous person in your country. Who would you choose? Use reasons and specific examples to support your choice.



80. Describe a custom from your country that you would like people from other countries to adopt. Explain your choice, using specific reasons and examples.



81. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Technology has made the world a better place to live. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.



82. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Advertising can tell you a lot about a country. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.



83. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Modern technology is creating a single world culture. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.



84. Some people say that the Internet provides people with a lot of valuable information. Others think access to so much information creates problems. Which view do you agree with? Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.



85. A foreign visitor has only one day to spend in your country. Where should this visitor go on that day? Why? Use specific reasons and details to support your choice.



86. If you could go back to some time and place in the past, when and where would you go? Why? Use specific reasons and details to support your choice.



87. What discovery in the last 100 years has been most beneficial for people in your country? Use specific reasons and examples to support your choice.



88. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Telephones and email have made communication between people less personal. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.



89. If you could travel back in time to meet a famous person from history, what person would you like to meet? Use specific reasons and examples to support your choice.



90. If you could meet a famous entertainer or athlete, who would that be, and why? Use specific reasons and examples to support your choice.



91. If you could ask a famous person one question, what would you ask? Why? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.



92. Some people prefer to live in places that have the same weather or climate all year long. Others like to live in areas where the weather changes several times a year. Which do you prefer? Use specific reasons and examples to support your choice.



93. Many students have to live with roommates while going to school or university. What are some of the important qualities of a good roommate? Use specific reasons and examples to explain why these qualities are important.



94. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Dancing plays an important role in a culture. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.



95. Some people think governments should spend as much money as possible exploring outer space (for example, traveling to the Moon and to other planets) Other people disagree and think governments should spend this money for our basic needs on Earth. Which of these two opinions do you agree with? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.

Agree with the latter one.

1) Basic needs on Earth already need a lot of money

2) Environment needs money to be improved

3) If the basic needs can&#39;t be met, the government cannot make any real progress in exploring the outer space.



96. People have different ways of escaping the stress and difficulties of modern life. Some read; some exercise; others work in their gardens. What do you think are the best ways of reducing stress? Use specific details and examples in your answer.

Choose read:

1) You can find the solution to the problem through the books and therefore, the stress will be released automatically.

2) Books contain jokes and interesting plots,--helping you release the pressure.



97. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Teachers should be paid according to how much their students learn. Give specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.

Agree:

1) Reflect teachers&#39; personal value

2) Restrict teachers to avoid wasting students time



98. If you were asked to send one thing representing your country to an international exhibition, what would you choose? Why? Use specific reasons and details to explain your choice.

(For Chinese students ONLY. But students from other countries can follow the theme)

A picture of the Great Wall.

1) The Great Wall is the symbol of human&#39;s culture

2) Help to boom the tourism industry

3) Help people of other countries to look inside Chinese culture



99. You have been told that dormitory rooms at your university must be shared by two students. Would you rather have the university assign a student to share a room with you, or would you rather choose your own roommate? Use specific reasons and details to explain your answer.

Choose own roommate:

1) The purpose for attending university is to &#39;increase knowledge, we need to make the living easy as much as we can.

2) The right roommates can help each other with the study.

3) The right roommates can enjoy the spare-time together, benefiting the study.



100. Some people think that governments should spend as much money as possible on developing or buying computer technology. Other people disagree and think that this money should be spent on more basic needs. Which one of these opinions do you agree with? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.

Same as #95

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TOEFL写作例子集（续）

101. Some people like doing work by hand. Others prefer using machines. Which do you prefer? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

Prefer to use machine

1) Machine can be used to do some boring work.

2) Machine can help to do some jobs such as precision instruments that cannot be done by people.

3) Machine can improve efficiency and save time. Using machine means earning more profits.



102. Schools should ask students to evaluate their teachers. Do you agree or disagree? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

Agree:

1) Increase teaching quality for students&#39; benefits

2) Help teachers improve their teaching method and update their knowledge

3) Push teachers pay attention to students



103. In your opinion, what is the most important characteristic (for example, honesty, intelligence, a sense of humor) that a person can have to be successful in life? Use specific reasons and examples from your experience to explain your answer. When you write your answer, you are not limited to the examples listed in the question.

a) Try to use the examples in #51 and other topics related with success



104. It is generally agreed that society benefits from the work of its members. Compare the contributions of artists to society with the contributions of scientists to society. Which type of contribution do you think is valued more by your society? Give specific reasons to support your answer.

a) Artists amusement and enjoyment

Scientists: technology advancements

c) During different periods, they have different functions.



105. Students at universities often have a choice of places to live. They may choose to live in university dormitories, or they may choose to live in apartments in the community. Compare the advantages of living in university housing with the advantages of living in an apartment in the community. Where would you prefer to live? Give reasons for your preference.

1) Compare the advantages of these two choices

2) Prefer to live in apartments in the community

a) More interactions with the society"

More freedom,

c) More convenience and quietness



106. You need to travel from your home to a place 40 miles (64 kilometers) away. Compare the different kinds of transportation you could use. Tell which method of travel you would choose. Give specific reasons for your choice.

1) Compare different transportations: car, ship, bicycle, train, etc

2) Choose the car

A. The distance decides that car is the most suitable transportation tool;

B. The car could help carry the personal belongings more easily.

C. Have more time control



107. Some people believe that a college or university education should be available to all students. Others believe that higher education should be available only to good students. Discuss these views. Which view do you agree with? Explain why.

Agree that higher education should be available to all students.

1) The nature of the society should be equal to all the people, everyone has his/her right to do what he/she wants as long as his/her behavior does not break the law;

2) The function of the college or university is to educate all kinds of students

3) The education could change the students into good students.



108. Some people believe that the best way of learning about life is by listening to the advice of family and friends. Other people believe that the best way of learning about life is through personal experience. Compare the advantages of these two different ways of learning about life. Which do you think is preferable? Use specific examples to support your preference.

Compare. 1) direct experience; 2) indirect experience

Similar to #4.



109. When people move to another country, some of them decide to follow the customs of the new country. Others prefer to keep their own customs. Compare these two choices. Which one do you prefer? Support your answer with specific details.

We need to follow the customs of the new country

1) First, follow the new customs does not mean getting rid of all old customs. To keep the society diverse, people also should keep some own customs. Take Canada as a good example

2) To melt into the new society, people should follow some customs of the new country. Take the early colonists as an example. If they did not follow the new customs, if they did not get along with the native Americans, none of them could survive the early colonial hardships. And due to this, America created a new culture which is different from that of Europe.



110. Some people prefer to spend most of their time alone. Others like to be with friends most of the time. Do you prefer to spend your time alone or with friends? Use specific reasons to support your answer.

Similar to #44

Prefer to spend the time with friends.

1) Share the knowledge and experience with friends;

2) To build better friendship;

3) Enjoy the spare time



111. Some people prefer to spend time with one or two close friends. Others choose to spend time with a large number of friends. Compare the advantages of each choice. Which of these two ways of spending time do you prefer? Use specific reasons to support your answer.

Similar to #44 and #110

Spend time with one or two close friends.

1) Close friends always have similar interests or hobbit as you do;

2) Close friends know each other well

3) Close friends could help you release pressure.



112. Some people think that children should begin their formal education at a very early age and should spend most of their time on school studies. Others believe that young children should spend most of their time playing. Compare these two views. Which view do you agree with? Why?



Compare the two views first.

Young children should spend most of their time playing.

1) For young children, playing is beneficial to their physical growth.

2) Young children can learn by playing



113. The government has announced that it plans to build a new university. Some people think that your community would be a good place to locate the university. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of establishing a new university in your community. Use specific details in your discussion.

Similar to #30



114. Some people think that the family is the most important influence on young adults. Other people think that friends are the most important influence on young adults. Which view do you agree with? Use examples to support your position.

Agree. Friends influence young adults most.

1. Most of young adults&#39; time is spend with their friends;

2. Young adults have the same interests and so it is easy to Influence each other,

3. Young adults become more independent, so family influence is less Important.



115. Some people prefer to plan activities for their free time very carefully. Others choose not to make any plans at all for their free time. Compare the benefits of planning free-time activities with the benefits of not making plans. Which do you prefer - planning or not planning for your leisure time? Use specific reasons and examples to explain your choice.

Prefer planning for leisure time

4) Spare time &#39;Is limited

5) Careful plan can save money



116. People learn in different ways. Some people learn by doing things; other people learn by reading about things; others learn by listening to people talk about things. Which of these methods of learning is best for you? Use specific examples to support your choice.

Learning by reading about things is best for me.

1) Knowledge from books is systematic

2) Knowledge from books is scientific;

3) Books contain wide knowledge



117. Some people choose friends who are different from themselves. Others choose friends who are similar to themselves. Compare the advantages of having friends who are different from you with the advantages of having friends who are similar to you. Which kind of friend do you prefer for yourself? Why?

Choose similarity.

1) Avoid argument;

2) Have same &#39;interest to do something



118. Some people enjoy change, and they look forward to new experiences. Others like their lives to stay the same, and they do not change their usual habits. Compare these two approaches to life. Which approach do you prefer? Explain why.

1) Compare these two approaches.

2) Prefer moving and new experiences

A. More opportunities

B. More friends



119. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People behave differently when they wear different clothes. Do you agree that different clothes influence the way people behave? Use specific examples to support your answer.

Agree:

1) Clothes themselves are designed to meet different occasions.

2) Different clothes change people&#39;s mood



120. Decisions can be made quickly, or they can be made after careful thought. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The decisions that people make quickly are always wrong. Use reasons and specific examples to support your opinion.

Disagree.

1) Whether the decision is right or wrong depends on people&#39;s knowledge & experience, not the time.

2) Without knowledge and experience, even the time is long, it is hard to make right decisions. On the contrary, with knowledge and experience, the decisions made quickly are right.



121. Some people trust their first impressions about a person&#39;s character because they believe these judgments are generally correct. Other people do not judge a person&#39;s character quickly because they believe first impressions are often wrong. Compare these two attitudes. Which attitude do you agree with? Support your choice with specific examples.



122. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People are never satisfied with what they have; they always want something more or something different. Use specific reasons to support your answer.

Agree.

1) The progress of society relies on people&#39;s pursuit for change;

2) Personal improvement relies on people&#39;s dissatisfaction with current situation.



123. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People should read only those books that are about real events, real people, and established facts. Use specific reasons and details to support your opinion.

Disagree.

1) The main purpose for people to read book is for entertainment and relax

2) People would lack creativity if they only read books about real things



124. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is more important for students to study history and literature than it is for them to study science and mathematics. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.

Disagree:

1) Admit that history and literature are very important

2) Everything is connected with science n the modern society

3) It is easier for people who study science and mathematics to make a living



125. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? All students should be required to study art and music in secondary school. Use specific reasons to support your answer.

Agree:

1) Music and arts are an important part of daily life

2) Understanding music and arts could help students to handle the latter study at the university

3) Understanding music and arts makes students enjoy the life better.





126. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? There is nothing that young people can teach older people. Use specific reasons and examples to support your position.

Disagree.

1) Young people are usually more creative than the elders

2) Young people can understand things faster than the elders



127. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Reading fiction (such as novels and short stories) is more enjoyable than watching movies. Use specific reasons and examples to explain your position.

Disagree.

1) Reading takes more time than watching movies. Modern life is more and more fast-paced. People spend less and less time reading. Movie watching is a good substitute.

2) Watching movies give us visual enjoyment: New technology, stunt, pleasant music, beautiful pictures, pretty actresses etc.



128. Some people say that physical exercise should be a required part of every school day. Other people believe that students should spend the whole school day on academic studies. Which opinion do you agree with? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.

Physical exercise should be a required part of every school day.

1) Physical exercise helps increase studying efficiency

2) Academic study requires good health

3) In some aspects, physical exercise is as same as academic study.



129. A university plans to develop a new research center in your country. Some people want a center for business research. Other people want a center for research in agriculture (farming) Which of these two kinds of research centers do you recommend for your country? Use specific reasons in your recommendation.

Recommend establishing a business research center:

1) The business is more important in your country.

2) The business research center could bring more advanced technology and business ideas to the country.

3) Different agricultures are restricted to different weathers. Business is not confined.



130. Some young children spend a great amount of their time practicing sports. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

Advantages:

Read #112, #128

Disadvantages:

1) Takes a long time and hurt themselves

2) Time is limited. They don&#39;t have time to do other things.



131. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Only people who earn a lot of money are successful. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

Disagree.

1) The different people have different definition for the success. Success cannot be judged only by money. It is supposed to be one that people meet their goals.

2) A lot of scientists are very successful even though they do not have a lot of money.

3) If a person just inherits a big fortune or win a lottery, we cannot say he is successful.



132. If you could invent something new, what product would you develop? Use specific details to explain why this invention is needed.

Invent something that can make the vehicle flexible in size.

1) The parking lots are more and more limited and expensive;

2) In the traffic accident, if the vehicle is flexible, the damage will be reduced.



133. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? A person&#39;s childhood years (the time from birth to twelve years of age) are the most important years of a person&#39;s life. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

Agree.

1) Most of habits are formed in this time;

2) During this time of period, children are more likely to be taught

3) Basic ideology IS Cultivated during this time



134. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Children should be required to help with household tasks as soon as they are able to do so. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

Agree

1) It can make the children form the habit to keep the room clean.

2) In this way children can understand parents&#39; work.

3) It will be good for children in the future in their work



135. Some high schools require all students to wear school uniforms. Other high schools permit students to decide what to wear to school. Which of these two school policies do you think is better? Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.

Wear school uniforms:

1) School uniforms can constrain student&#39;s behavior outside school

2) School uniforms can save parents&#39; money

3) School uniforms make students feel equal and more convenient to get on well with each other



136. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Playing a game is fun only when you win. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

Agree:

1) Playing game is for enjoyment and winning can bring us enjoyment;

2) Game is fun only when there is a target, such as winning.



137. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? High schools should allow students to study the courses that students want to study. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.

Disagree.

1) Most students of high school do not have a clear aim to decide what to do

2) If high schools do so, students can&#39;t learn systematic and comprehensive knowledge



138. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is better to be a member of a group than to be the leader of a group. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

Disagree.

1) As a leader, you can &#39;influence other members and ask them to do what you want

2) As a leader, you can accumulate more experience in management

3) As a leader, it is easy to demonstrate your personal value



139. What do you consider to be the most important room in a house? Why is this room more important to you than any other room? Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.

Bedroom.

1) You spend most of time in the bedroom when you stay at home;

2) Bedroom is the most private space at home;

3) Bedroom also provide a quiet space for yourself



140. Some items (such as clothes or furniture) can be made by hand or by machine. Which do you prefer - items made by hand or items made by machine? Use reasons and specific examples to explain your choice.

Same as #101



141. If you could make one important change in a school that you attended, what change would you make? Use reasons and specific examples to support your answer.

Similar to #52 Build a better-quipped library.

Other themes: Sports ground / Stadium / Dormitory / Dining room / Campus environment



142. A gift (such as a camera, a soccer ball, or an animal) can contribute to a child&#39;s development. What gift would you give to help a child develop? Why? Use reasons and specific examples to support your choice.

Basketball.

1) Basketball can help child to build a strong body

2) Basketball helps to build team spirit

3) Basketball can let child face more challenge



143. Some people believe that students should be given one long vacation each year. Others believe that students should have several short vacations throughout the year. Which viewpoint do you agree with? Use specific reasons and examples to support your choice.

Long vocation

1) Relax better

2) Travel better



144. Would you prefer to live in a traditional house or in a modern apartment building? Use specific reasons and details to support your choice.

Prefer to live in a modem apartment building.

1) More convenience

2) More utilities such as gym, swimming pool, etc.

3) Don&#39;t need to do any extra work such as gardening, cleaning and shoveling



145. Some people say that advertising encourages us to buy things we really do not need. Others say that advertisements tell us about new products that may improve our lives. Which viewpoint do you agree with? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

Advertisements tell us about new products.

1) Without leaving home, we can get a lot of introduction about new products by advertisements

2) With advertisements&#39; help, among hundreds of new products we can quickly pick up the one that meets our requirement

3) Although some of advertisements exaggerate their products, most of them are helpful



146. Some people prefer to spend their free time outdoors. Other people prefer to spend their leisure time indoors. Would you prefer to be outside or would you prefer to be inside for your leisure activities? Use specific reasons and examples to explain your choice.

Prefer spend leisure time outdoors.

1) Most of time I do my job indoors and a change is needed in my leisure time

2) Outdoor activities are good for my health;

3) Toronto (Or any other city where you live) is a beautiful city and I like to enjoy the sunshine and green grass



147. Your school has received a gift of money. What do you think is the best way for your school to spend this money? Use specific reasons and details to support your choice.

Similar to #52 & #141 Build a better-quipped library.

Other themes: Sports ground / Stadium / Dormitory / Dining room / Campus environment



148. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Playing games teaches us about life. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

Agree.

1) Playing game builds up team spirit

2) Playing game makes people compete with each other for win, the competition needed in the society



149. Imagine that you have received some land to use as you wish. How would you use this land? Use specific details to explain your answer.

Similar to #52, Build a public library



150. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Watching television is bad for children. Use specific details and examples to support your answer.



151. What is the most important animal in your country? Why is the animal important? Use reasons and specific details to explain your answer.

Giant Panda.

1) Panda is rare in the world and only exists in China

2) Panda is the ambassador of friendship between China and the other countries

3) The children all over the world all like panda



152. Many parts of the world are losing important natural resources, such as forests, animals, or clean water. Choose one resource that is disappearing and explain why it needs to be saved. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.

Clean water.

1) People cannot live without water;

2) The water is polluted at a considerable rate and clean water becomes less and less



153. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? A zoo has no useful purpose. Use specific reasons and examples to explain your answer.

Disagree.

1) People can learn knowledge of nature by visiting zoo.

2) Zoos can help people relax

3) Zoos help improve travel industry



154. In some countries, people are no longer allowed to smoke in many public places and office buildings. Do you think this is a good rule or a bad rule? Use specific reasons and details to support your position.

It is a good rule.

1) Smoking pollutes air

2) Smoking harms people&#39;s health

3) Smoking is unfair to those people who do not smoke



155. Plants can provide food, shelter, clothing, or medicine. What is one kind of plant that is important to you or the people in your country? Use specific reasons and details to explain your choice.



156. You have the opportunity to visit a foreign country for two weeks. Which country would you like to visit? Use specific reasons and details to explain your choice.

United States.

1) There are a lot of attractions such as the Statue of Liberty, the White House, The Empire States Building, the Yellow Stone Park, California, and Miami etc.

2) Experience the advanced technologies such as Laser concert at night at Disneyland etc. in the United States.

3) Understand American people.



157. In the future, students may have the choice of studying at home by using technology such as computers or television or of studying at traditional schools. Which would you prefer? Use reasons and specific details to explain your choice.

Choose at the traditional school.

1) Admit that there are some advantages by having the choices at home. However,

2) Studying at the traditional has the opportunity to learn directly from the professors.

3) Building team spirit required by the work though the group discussing

4) Improve communication skills by class participation.



158. When famous people such as actors, athletes and rock stars give their opinions, many people listen. Do you think we should pay attention to these opinions? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

We need to listen to their opinions.

1) All the people in the world pursue success. Why not attend the occasion when successful people gave their opinion?

2) In this occasion, the famous people would like to tell their experience and feelings in order to succeed. It is a good lesson for the people who want to succeed.

3) We can take a shortcut to success by avoiding the same mistakes if we could listen to their opinion.



159. The twentieth century saw great change. In your opinion, what is one change that should be remembered about the twentieth century? Use specific reasons and details to explain your choice.

Computer

1) It can do some work such as very complicated calculation which human beings cannot do without the help of computer.

2) It has improved our work efficiency greatly.

3) We can do something such as doing shopping on the Internet which we could never do without computer.



160. When people need to complain about a product or poor service, some prefer to complain in writing and others prefer to complain in person. Which way do you prefer? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

Complain &#39;in writing.

1) The customer could catch the real attention from the producer because the oral complaint could be softened by the retailers.

2) Avoid direct argument with the person whoever provide the service or provide the products.

3) You can fully present yourself in the writing.



161. People remember special gifts or presents that they have received. Why? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

1) The special gift comes to you because something special happens in your life.

2) Special gift always means something special delivered to you.



162. Some famous athletes and entertainers earn millions of dollars every year. Do you think these people deserve such high salaries? Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.

Yes.

1) They bring nation or country honor

2) They encourage common people to work hard

3) They give people entertainment



163. Is the ability to read and write more important today than in the past? Why or why not? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

Yes

1) Reading and writing is the main way people learn knowledge, which is the determinant for success in the modem society

2) Reading and writing connect people with the national and international issues, beyond the immediate community



164. People do many different things to stay healthy. What do you do for good health? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

1) No smoking and little drinking

2) Sports, such as swimming and playing tennis

3) Keep a good mood



165. You have decided to give several hours of your time each month to improve the community where you live. What is one thing you will do to improve your community? Why? Use specific reasons and details to explain your choice.

Work as gym instructor.

1) We don&#39;t have gym instructor in our community center. It is very dangerous for the person to do the exercise alone.

2) The people don&#39;t know which way to practice is better for their health.

3) Make more friends.



166. People recognize a difference between children and adults. What events (experiences or ceremonies) make a person an adult? Use specific reasons and examples to explain your answer.



167. Your school has enough money to purchase either computers for students or books for the library. Which should your school choose to buy -- computers or books? Use specific reasons and examples to support your recommendation.

Computers

Similar to #159



168. Many students choose to attend schools or universities outside their home countries. Why do some students study abroad? Use specific reasons and details to explain your answer.

1) For better education. Since most students studying abroad goes to developed countries, they will be better educated then in their own developing country.

2) For better language ability.

3) For more job opportunities in the future.



169. People listen to music for different reasons and at different times. Why is music important to many people? Use specific reasons and examples to support your choice.

1) Music helps people relax.

2) Amuse and entertain people.

3) Music reflects society change.



170. Groups or organizations are an important part of some people&#39;s lives. Why are groups or organizations important to people? Use specific reasons and examples to explain your answer.

1) The groups or organizations by themselves represent the benefit of the people around you.

2) A person can make use of

zjcao

Toefl 机考建议汇总

搜集所有机考人士的经验，建议，及感受


希望这些经验教训可以使后来参加考试的人减少不必要的阻力和麻烦


也祝愿大家都能考得美满，成功。

要感谢这些资料的来源网站：

1.chasedream论坛
2.jijing论坛
3.太傻
4.新浪
5.托福上游
6.雨空

感谢这些网站的资料，大家同为托友，希望一次互相激励共勉，共创大家的前程。


两个星期的机委快到期了,有几天建议给机考的XDJM们,

1, 考试的题目分配
有"49-20-44", 或者"49-25-44", 以前的"30-25-55"也偶尔出现,
总之要做好准备,因为听力题目多了,阅读就少了一篇, 所以对听力应该多下功夫.

2, 看JJ要看的至少前两个月的.比如2月就考到了12月的JJ.

3, 不要完全靠JJ, 也不要背JJ, 听力的背景知识很重要,可以熟读,最重要还是要花功夫练好基本功.这样临场就不会乱阵脚.我个人觉得这个网站是很好的:http://www.esl-lab.com/

4, 相信自己的能力. 一定可以成功的.

GOOD LUCK TO EVERYONE.



来源：filestorm
听力的一点感想（牛人请勿点击）
好久没来灌水了。今天讲几点听力的问题。
记得第一次做题的时候，错了15个，第二次是17个。我的听力基础其实一般，不像某些牛人一上来就错3、5个。

首先要明确一点，就是听力的真题有限，每套都很宝贵，决不能浪费。
如此宝贵的题目做一遍显然是远远不够的。所以对于那些做过的题，有两条路：
要么完全忘掉
要么完全记住
在听第三遍之前，尽量做到忘记。但是当你想忘也忘不了的时候，就尽量记住吧。

千万不要意气用事，因为某套题目做得不好就去听下一套，直到取得满意的成绩。这样的听实际上是在浪费。题目十分有限，所以要做到美听一套题目都要有所收获，只有不断提高才能最终战胜邪恶的ETS

很多错题实际上是由于来不及看选项。对于这个问题，第一就是提高阅读速度，第二就是适应。适应就是预测。听了一半题，你就知道选项的关键词是啥，在一堆杂乱的字幕里面找到那几个关键词，然后再读一遍选项的全文，验证一下。这样来说，12秒就足够了。对于这种预测的感觉，在复习已经做过的题目时着重锻炼一下。例如把间隔时间调短，6秒甚至是3秒

大段子题目在机考中出现的比较多。听的时候如果能把答案在原文中的位置画下来，然后反复听，可能效果会比较好。

无论是机考还是笔考，pp都是很好的一笔财富。一定要多家利用，像对待真题一样对待pp上的题目（其实某种意义上讲，pp也是真题）

最后就是，考前冲刺很重要，考试前一个星期，把随身听呆在耳朵上就不要摘下来，除了换电池外不要让那几个播音员的声音停下来，睡觉也一样。如果有时间再看着文本跟读。有奇效。



来源：czpiaor from GR


我一位校友是二月十号考的，正好与我gre同时考，进考场前我给他鼓气。无奈实力不济，砸在听力上。他的听力是30题，可能有点吃亏。最后听力才16分，总分上限是230，他的作文估计能5.5以上（在蒙特利尔大学上英语，作文课是a+，老师都还特意写信祝贺他作文写得好，因为这在中国人中实属少见。）。靠完后我们找了个咖啡厅，对此进行总结。

1、感觉听力如实力差得太远，技巧也无太大用处。我这位校友年龄比较大，平时做pp2，在每套题都练了三遍以後（而且看了答案後），再做这些做过的pp听力仍要错十几个/套。所以差得太远了。个人感觉pp起码能做到错八个以内方能一搏。否则运气不好碰到听力是30题的可能要倒霉。

2、听力实力真正要涨，一定要走出去，到没有中文得环境去交流，这样对大脑刺激比较大，真正激发你对语言得接受。回首我校友与我得区别，就是到加拿大後训练方法不同，我想这些肯定是造成听力实力的差别。我与他共同的事：大学上课（课堂中国人比较多）、看电视、考前练真题。我比他多做的事：与教会得交流、成人高中（几乎无中国人）上课。一句话，走出去，说得好了，听是小儿科。而且当时课前听真题时，我就感慨真题里好多话，真是我平时想说的，而且总是刮尽肚肠也没表达到如此地道，所以对我刺激比较大，也提高了我得口语。

我校友阅读是55题，看来听力30题阅读就55题，听力49题阅读就44题。

靠完gre回来报到，顺便汇报一下：我的gre final total: 1400 out of 1600。 not good, not bad。感谢大家支持！




来源：michelle0903

如果不嫌弃我就说说我的体会：

比较适用于考完了GMAT, 但没有T基础的机考的朋友。

语法：机考的语法变难，但对我们是好事。笔考的题容易犯不细心的毛病，因为考点太细微。 机考的难题就是，非限定定语从句，-ing分词，独立主格，和句子结构完整性，都是gmat的最基本内容，所以你根本不会错。我考试遇到了不少这样的题。我建议复习只用PP, 做两遍，第一遍找找感觉，第二遍想一下是什么考点。保证没问题。还有做题时，把4个选项看全再选，切记！

阅读：把PP的题都作一遍应该可以，可惜我只做了3套，没有时间。但是机考阅读一定小心，很容易错。有一道插入题，我想肯定错了，如果有多余时间一定检查，但是第一遍一定认真，不能大意。阅读要重视。
笔考的语法，阅读都不用做，和机考两回事，笔考的阅读太简单了。

听力：就是实力。我没实力，没办法。但是只听PP肯定不行，除非你听力平时就好。除非你时间多，可以做新东方的套题。 我用新东方的听力突破的CD, 我觉得不错，又有机考的感觉。多听 长段子，一个人说的那种，考试的时候特多。挑难的长的段子题，一类一起听。

作文：先看都有几类，我看就三类：二选一， yes or no, 一个观点。网上的T魔板其实也用不上，你就自己写。开头，结尾，3个body, 如果把话说清楚了，长度就够了，有400了，没必要用墨板凑字。也不用想着用复杂句子，单词，如果靠过G, 你的句式够复杂了。就是不要犯低级错误，没把握的词千万不要用。很自然的去写，我练了6，7篇，我想够了。千万不要用gmat那种?嗦的开头。如果还不放心就多看几个题目，能想出来3个观点就行。

听力如果要高，就一定多练习，我这两个星期都只在练听力。集中练，提高挺快的。考得不好是因为我的基础差。真的听力可以短期提高的。

JJ 我没有看，没有发言权。

就这些了，谢谢T 区的斑竹为大家做的贡献,我终于也做了点贡献。




czpiaor的TOEFL真经 from GR

真正来讲确实有好多体会，下面句几个例子及一些体会供大家参考：

一、听力细节：
A、一些常用词，以TOEFLPP test1为例：
1. --Hey! Marry, one of my students has decided to stop taking piano lessons from me, I could give you her slot on Tuesday from 8 ~ 9 if you wanted.
--Gee! Maybe I give you a wrong impression, I am not that serious about playing!
What does the woman mean? ?She doesn’t want to take piano lessons.

第一句话中slot在北美很常用，这个用法非常典型，在这儿你熟悉了这个词，今后再碰到slot这个词就很容易理解了。 当然，解这题的方法只要听懂a wrong impression，not that serious about playing就行了。但练习时一定要追究细节，能多学不少东西。尤其一些你知道但没在听力里遇到过的东西，一旦巩固了，你就忘不了了，这也是实力的增长（熟悉老外特定场合的常规说法）。听托福听力时，经常感觉好多话就是自己平时跟老外交流时想表达的东西，但自己说不到如此地道，因此练托福听力，无形中口语水平也涨（还需要出去用）。

B、易混的词
16. ?F: I tried for half an hour to print my paper on that laser printer downstairs, but it kept jamming, do you have any suggestions?
M: That’s news to me. It’s completely reliable for me.
What does the man imply? A: surprise at that the printer does not work.

这是TOEFLPP的变态题：

我第一次听的时候很纳闷，我听成了：That s new to me. It is completely reliable for me.
News 听成了new，因此就有两个答案是对的：1、The man is not familiar with the printer. 2、The man is surprised that the printer does not work.
其实就是自己平时没在听力中遇到news的这种用法，思维定格，反应不到哪儿去。
真正考试中不会有如此tricky的题。

所以在这个得训练上我特别欣赏PP2伴侣（130M http://acezh.51.net/网上有，地址http://131...Ｇ苛ν萍觯。。?/a>

历年真题也有如此效果，我错的不多，就不举例了，大家自己体会。

历年真题是最好的英语教材，他的听力部分涉及北美生活的方方面面，你全练好了，水平也就涨了（当然一定要分析，吸收，不能看一下，再听能听出来就完了。特定的词跟特定的表达法、场合都有关系）。

二、熟悉ETS套路，熟悉他出题方法（老外做事比较古板，你看他们的作文就知道了，简直就是八股文。他们平时做事也是如此，都有固定的方法--procedure or process。所以他出题肯定也有固定套路，我没总结。）

总结前人的方法，我认为最好就是听写真题。但我认为不必全听写，集中听写一部分就行了，如2000年以后的真题。搞通一部分，听力就会上一台阶。

三、对于北美托友，我觉得优势太大了，一定要全方位利用北美优势。
泛听：每天看电视（肥皂剧），看字幕。找老外对话（刚开始会比较痛苦，我很内向，也坚持下来了。去教堂会比较好。），参加ESL班，大学听课。一定每天都要有类似活动。
精听：还是历年真题。（简直太优美，太地道了。）

我听力没能满分，估计一是真题练的不够，对ETS套路不熟；二是好多题型没练习过；还有就是刚开始状态不好。

我的一年半听力历程（Montreal）：
二个月：听力一塌糊涂，不敢出门。去银行存钱简直要我的命，还是同学老婆陪着去的。
二个月：上成人高中英语班，课程巨简单，但起码每天得听三小时。
二个月：法语班（COFI），老师用英语讲法语，大喜。此时我听力已好过其他同学
十个月：进大学研究生院念书（非master，是diploma），每星期几堂课必听。後遇上摩门教传教士（正宗美国鬼子），热情传教，听他们讲经及各种交往。长进巨大。每天看电视新闻。
二个月：闭门修炼GRE，听力略退。
2003年一月份八天：做真题（2000-2001全部）。本打算2002也做，后发现应做PP2，放弃2002真题，做了两套PP2的Test。

四、提高阅读对听力有帮助。
以前，我一听老外长句子就晕，一段对话超过三句就要对老外pardon了。现在则不同了，老外边讲我边吸收，这绝对是两个境界。
我觉得是大脑思维发生的变化。老外的思维更我们是不同的，我记得以前看英文复杂句（比如托福阅读），一句话看过去，没生词，但意思反应不到大脑，要再看一边，再看一边，意思才进大脑。这就是大脑不适应老外的思维。现在看文章，不用回头，句子中有几个生词也无妨。这大概是大脑适应了英文的思路。这主要得益于GRE的杨鹏难句。而大脑的此变化无疑对听力是如虎添翼。现在上课友谊门中国老师的课，口音特重，我听完他一句话，我能有时间分析他引发歪的那个词，还不影响听下一句。我想大家应能明白我的意思了。说了这么多，好像我听力只有27还无此资格，大家只当不同言论吧。

可以说我的听力是长期积累的结果，记得一年前做过一套真题（97年），听力错5个，但那时候，段子听不懂。这次复习做第一套真题时，也是错5个，但内容是全听懂了，只是范了一些技术错误，或是理解与ETS有误。做了几套後就快速提高了（2-3个）。

最后还是劝大家好好利用真题，要充分的利用，不仅搞懂题，还要有所收获。
听力真题------最好的教材（口语+听力）。






来源：monkey99 from GTER

p 弟弟妹妹：
I took test last month and find it is not hard to take CBT compare with paper-based test. Please I am sure most of you will have great score than me... I am just 250...

Here is my suggestion, if you believe so:

1. Don&#39;t pay too much on JJ here, because you will have no time to think about JJ. But I would suggest to have a look JJ so that you may got familar with the topic. Especially for Listening part.

2. It is really usuful to maximaze the use of PP!!! I found most of topic are there!

3. Give much attention to Structure/Written part!! For me, I did not have high score on S but my TWE is 6, so I go at least 66 on this part... this is so much on total...

4. Fina a good or any kind of Mo Ban on written, if you can not find it, go to GMAT part to find it (ISSUE). It is almost the same. And get every sample topic -you can find on Asir&#39;s post...You should have at least 3 factors to address and 5 para..you will get at least 5





来源：alan68 from GTER

考了两次，都觉得不太理想，但从中发现在资料的准备上有点三心两意。所以特发此贴和大家共同讨论一下到底怎样的资料组合比较好？也让来者可以不用浪费太多时间来考虑这个问题，有必要的话，我们可以讨论一下将资料集中，让大家共同s。。。。情大家踊跃发言。
首先先罗列一下考托的部分资料，目前大伙常用的。
1。历年的考试真题
2。郎文（longmen）的托福CD
3。新东方托福考试3CD，包括听力提高、阅读分析、高分语法
4。Delta&#39;s Key 托福模拟考试CD
5。老余的串讲
6。张红岩的串讲
7。太傻的单词
8。Peterson的复习资料
9。PowerPrepare2
10。历月的机井单词的汇总
11。近期的机井汇中

以下是个人意见，只起跑砖引玉之功效。希望大家踊跃发言
A.如果你是大牛
无论怎样的资料对你都无所谓
B.如果你不是大牛，但你又想上250，且又足够的复习时间
建议搞定
1。词汇方面
老余的串讲和张红岩的词汇分类和词根词缀，太傻的单词
2。新东方的三CD
3。阶段性的作作Powerprepare
4。用Delta&#39;s Key来做最后的冲刺10套题
C.如果你不是大牛，但你又想上250，且又没有足够的复习时间
一天8小时的托习是必须的，别忘了一天还要保证3小时的听力周期是1个月。
那你需要 新东方的听力突破
1。longwen的复习光盘
2。powerprepare
3。Delta&#39;s key
注。2＋3共大约10套体。
4。太傻的单词，张红岩的单词
5。如果语法很差，还要补补新东方的高分语法
6。考前搞搞机井单词
D.如果你不是大牛，但你的目标只是213，没有足够时间
1。longwen的复习光盘
2。powerprepare
3。老余的串讲和机井单词
4。如果语法很差，还要补补新东方的高分语法
E.如果你不是大牛，但你的目标只是213，时间很宽裕
1。longwen的复习光盘
2。powerprepare
3。老余的串讲和机井单词
4。如果语法很差，还要补补新东方的高分语法
5。Delta&#39;s key

小弟目光短浅，请大家指教。。。




echo118的经验 from GTER

其实我觉得，delta的比实际考试还要简单一些，操练delata主要是熟悉暴多的题，我是月底考的，所以阅读遇到55题。
做过很多套软件，我觉得剑桥的长对话很好，因为每个lecture基本上有5分钟，这样可以拉长你的注意力，具体是叫什么名字，我过几天查到再给你说，还有，有个叫TOEFL MASTERY的软件，阅读很不错，建议有机会买来做做。
关于语法，我提高的经验是坐真题，然后每次把做错的题抄在一个小本子上，这样可以保证你错的题不会再错，愈发是最好提高的，你不要担心
至于听力，把pp好好听个5边，做到27，基本上实际考试24就没有问题了，还有，最后两周冲刺时，每天起码听力要保证在3小时，看新闻，听广播有助于集中你的focus.



?於?力的小小???-------作者： light

主要是想和大家分享一下我???力的??。
我?乎????家，??我的生活?就是充?著???的可?同胞?、
?不?就????的警察、和看不完的??性??目。

filestorm?的好，每套都很宝贵，决不能浪费。
至於要怎?善用?每一套?呢？以下是我的方法。

我?人?得有??拖福?力，要培???能力：
1.?注力 2.想像力

我是????自己的，
做那些有script的?，每套?做完之後就??，
第一遍??不看script，看能不能把??的??明白?。
第二遍??光看script，把?文的??搞清楚?。
第三遍??跟著script念，想??法跟上他的速度。
第四遍??只?不看，想??法把?到的每?字都印在心上?。

所以一篇??不?只?一遍，很可能是N遍。
用mp3搭配pp伴?的script??，遇到不?的地方就能停下?反覆??。
??始的?候很不容易，很多?候舌?都打?了，
所以最好?起房????，不怕被人?到。

你能?跟上他的??速度，就表示你能??解他???的情?，
能抓住了他??的感?，自然在短篇遇到不太清楚的地方，
也能用想像力?猜?。

慢慢的你也??解外?人?重??的??，
然後??自己，看能不能第一次?，就?那些字打在心上，
彷?那些?是你自己?的一?，
?需要非常集中精神，
我??聚焦在同一?定?上，
我?得??我?有?助的。

?不懂的字，不要慌。
?它?成一?音?，然後?後面的句子??前?。
?篇作答?，?得出?的次序常是和文章??相?的，
也就是?，通常ets?"?"著出?，
?你在?上看到一???字?，
想想??字??在那??候出?，
是文章的前段?中段??是後段?
和哪些你也??的字相?著出??
然後你就能排除????，
通常都能?利?出答案。

我?都???人?有???留的自然反?，
?你一直盯著某??西看，
即使眼神移到??，仍?看到前者的影子。
??看能不能也??自己???留，?留在心上，
?需要??的心?旁?#092;和融入。

以上是我的小小???，是我?付ets?力魔人的策略，
和大家分享，希望大家都能拿高分，??心心申?理想的?校～



阅读小建议——a piece of shit，忙人请勿点击

作者 filestorm

总是听网友说阅读全都读懂了，但是做不对。特地在此提点感想，希望能对迷茫的朋友有点帮助。

先说国内和国外考试的区别。想必大家在国内考了N年，从中考高考四六八级一直往上爬。对阅读有点感触了吧。但是我总觉得国内的英语考试的阅读部分，任务是让你找“正确的”，而Toefl考试，其任务是让你找“错误的”。这两东西有本质区别。

实不相瞒，在学校我曾经一度被老师拉着补课。阅读就是大问题。国内的考试似乎每个选项都是正确的。我也一直纳闷，为什么在讲评试卷的时候，老师总能拿出一些蛋b的理论来支持答案？所以做这种题目我是越做越窝火。


TOEFL则是另一种思维，它的每个选项都有自己的道理。或者换句话说，这种考试比那帮Chinglish专家们出的有中国特色的英语卷子更公正。每个题目中，所有的正确/错误答案，都可以在原文中找到明显的对应。请一定记住，每个答案都有明确地在原文中的对应。对有对的道理，错也有错的道理。如果你和标准答案不一样，那么只有两种非常明显的情况，要么明显是你错了，要么明显是答案印错了。绝不会出现公说公有理婆说婆有理的局面。


记住这一点以后，对那些越读错的比较多的朋友，希望你们能够在做完一套题之后及时地review，把所有50个题目的全部200个选项，都在文中找出来直接对应，哪怕是做对的题也要如此。（推荐1998年以后的题，因为难度接近现在）如果能认认真真这样弄完一个年度，剩下的阅读对你来说就仅仅是词汇问题了。


最新机考的一些经验
作者 iaojin

7月25日多伦多机考，我的成绩是24，12-30，28，总分是217-273，题型时49，20，44。下面是一些小小的经验，希望对大家有帮助。
1，听力，对中国人来说是最难得，我刚开始复习的时候，只能做对一半，预计目标是22分，2次考试都超过了它，真得很高兴。我用的是笨办法听写，短对话全部听写，反复听直到写下来为止（大概4-5遍），实在挺不懂得才查看scription,长对话及lecture，各抽一篇听写。大概过程就是这样，贵在坚持，开始花的时间是很长的，渐渐就快了，效果不错。
2，语法，复习起来较简单，就是反复作真题，找出经常出错的地方（往往惊人的重复），分析原因，查语法书，争取下次不要再出错。
3，阅读我也走了一段弯路，第1次认为是自己的强项，未引起重视，结果只考了23分，让我大失所望，分析原因，一个是单词不够熟，第2是阅读看起来容易，做起来难，要认真对待。我把新东方的《托福词频统计》月1800个单词认真地背了7-8遍，最后大概有100个左右实在记不住就算了。然后是反复作真题，找出出题的规律，我想可以搞定。
4，pp一定要反复做，我一共做了4遍，网上有一个PPreview真不错，可以把pp的10套题都变出来，还有答案和原文，你可以去当。


Delta&#39;s Key

http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=33&ID=7669

zjcao

考托福必读/ 托福考试机考360度全方位指南手册

Part 1

Before study TOEFL, you need to pay attention to the following several points:


１。决不可抱侥幸心理－－有人觉得区ｍｃｍａｓｔｅｒ只需１９７（最低），于是觉得很轻松容易，就不太想刻苦，总以为１９７很好考，这次没过只是失误，下次多考一回，就肯定过了。这种侥幸心理会叫人遗憾终生。必须对自己有责任感，决不可放松。

２。必须经下心来努力刻苦用功－－说多了什么经验技巧都没用，如果你单词量就１０００，２０００，你怎么谈技巧〉？有人每晚睡不着觉，以碰到朋友就诉苦，说　哎呀　好烦，为什么每次都差一点点？？其实他没有付出心血。必须经下心来，背单词，做题。这是无数考托福人的必经之路，没有捷径－－你必须这么告诉自己说。

３。别以为英文水平会自动提高－－有人认为，本身在加拿大生活，学习，就是对英文的一种磨练和提高，并且希望在不知不觉当中　英文就突飞猛进，以至托福也会突飞猛进。其实这种想法很愚昧，不知大家是否赞同我的观点：托福是托福，学校的英文课是学校的英文课，平时生活用语是生活用语。切不可将其混淆，否则会耽误自己，耽误前途，后悔莫及，遗憾终生。

４。目标远一些－－无数的老师都这样叫到我们：如果你目标就订到２００，你可能只能考到１８０，１９０。

５。不要听高分者或低分着胡言乱语－－我以前听一个考了６２０的人说托福，他说平时也没刻苦系统的学托福，就考试前几天做了几套题。当时我也按照这个去做，结果发现考试前自己真是个白吃。


我希望自己是个诚实的人，以上是我自己的切身体会，傻瓜的是我，惆怅的是我，痛苦的也是我，遗憾的也是我。希望大家多多努力。

如果这几条对各位有一些警告，也算没有浪费一个斑竹的名额，一个傻瓜斑竹的希望。


~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Part 2:

托福考试机考360度全方位指南手册


倾情奉献之托福机考手册
THE FOLLOWING INformATION IS TRANSFERED FROM 寄托天下
(IT IS NECESSARY FOR THOSE WHO WILL TAKE COMPUTER-BASED TOEFL EXAME, THEREFORE I&#39;LL SEND IT AGAIN )

一、机考过程




1。简介

托福机考包括听力，语法，阅读，写作四大部分，与传统的笔试相比有一些不同之处。在过
去的托福笔试中，是由正确答案的数量决定成绩总分。而在托福机考中，听力和语法部分，
电脑将根据回答问题的质量来给出问题。如果考生回答正确，电脑将提高问题的难度；如果
考生回答错误，电脑将降低问题的难度。成绩是由正确答案的难度来决定得分，而不是正确
答案的数量。

托福机考好处是考试时间可以变通，在一个calendar月可以考一次，随时可以报名，但建议
提早报名，因为位置有限。托福机考还有一个好处就是可迅速得到考试成绩，在考试完毕即
可得到一个成绩范围，如果是键盘输入作文，两周之后就可以得到正式成绩。如果用笔答，
要慢一些。

托福机考满分为300分，相当于笔试的677分。考试结束之后，屏幕会出现分数范围，这是因
为作文的成绩还不定。如果对分数不满意，可以选择取消成绩。如果选择确认，之后还要选
择免费寄送成绩的四所学校，最好考试前认真选好，需要知道学校的名字，所在的洲名。


2。ETS的Bulletin

在考试之前，手上必备一本ETS的有关托福机考的小册子，里面有关于托福机考的详细介绍，
名字是“TOEFL&nbspInformation&nbspBulletin&nbspfor&nbspComputer-Based&nbspTesting”。这本Bulletin
可以在当地的ETS考试中心或者各种TOEFL培训中心得到，是免费的。也可以从网上下载，下
载地址：
http://www.toefl.org/pubs/dnldbltn.html#cbtbltn

ftp://ftp.ets.org/pub/toefl/993006.pdf


3。托福机考报名：

**电话报名：

如果你已经在美国，可以直接打电话给就近的ETS考试中心，地址和电话号码可以从Bulletin
的P44-45查到，或者Call 1-800-468-6335。在美国之外的国家，可以Call 1-443-751-
4862。
报名需要提供的信息：
1）姓名
2）生日
3）家庭住址
4）信誉卡号码和期满日期，信誉卡可以是VISA，MasterCard，or American Express
credit card。
提供这些信息之后，对方会跟你商量一个合适的考试日期，并给你一个16位的Appointment
Number，同时告诉你考试中心的地址，如何到达等。

如果你事先没有预约，但哪一天你突然心血来潮想考试，你可以直接去考试中心，如果有位
置，当天就可以考试。除了需要提供以上信息之外，还要带上你的护照或者其他带照片的有
效证件。

** 更改考试日期或者取消考试

如果你觉得考试日期不合适，或者想取消考试，必须在距考试日期3个工作日之前打电话到你
预约的考试中心，或者Call 1-800-468-6335，费用是40?匦胩峁┬彰??ppointment
Number。

4。托福机考的结构和记分方法：

1）Listening:
Part A ( short conversations) 11—17 questions
Part B (6 to 9 lectures and long conversations) 16—45 questions

Total : 30—50 questions
Time : 40—60 minutes
score : 30

2) Structu
Sentence Completion and Error Identification 20—25 questions

Total : 20—25 questions
Time : 15—20 minutes
score : 12—13

3) Reading:

4 to 5 passages 10—13 questions each

Total : 44—60 questions
Time : 70—90 minutes
score : 30

4) Writing:

1 written essay

Time : 30 minutes
score : 17—18

其中语法和写作部分合在一起为30分。

最后得分=(听力+语法+作文折合分数+阅读)/3×10



5。机考过程：

* 提前半小时到考场，如果晚了就会被取消考试，费用不退。
* 把带的东西存入柜子，去晚有可能没有空余的柜子了。把柜子锁 上，带着钥匙和护照。
* 抄誓言，抄完之后等待监考人员喊你的名字
* 进入考场，在表上登记。把护照交给监考人员，核对你的姓名，生日，签名。还要核对家
庭住址，Appointment Number。
* 照一张类似通缉犯的相，不过尽量照的好一点，因为这张照片要印在TOEFL的正式成绩单
上，所以要给将来审你材料的大学教授一个好的印象。
* 监考人员给你指定考试位置。
* 这时你的照片，姓名，生日，Appointment Number都会显示在电脑屏幕上，切记一定要仔
细检查是否正确，避免以后麻烦。
* 进入练习部分，学习怎样使用鼠标和键盘，虽然大家都对电脑很熟，但这部分最好不要跳
过，能趁机调整自己的状态。
* 然后进入听力部分
* 语法部分
* 休息5分钟，出去之前要签名。最好吃点高能的东西，补充一下大脑，还要自己带瓶水，有
的考试中心不供水。注意掌握时间，别超时，进去之前还要签名
* 这时候监考人员会给几根铅笔，草纸和像皮，为阅读和写作做准备。听力和语法部分不允
许记笔记的。
* 阅读答完之后，是作文部分，可以选择是键盘输入还是手写。如果选择手写，这时需要跟
监考人员会索要专门的纸“TOEFL CBT Handwritten Essay form。”答在别的纸上一律无
效。
* 作文答完之后，出现一个分数范围，如果不满意，可以取消
* 选四所学校送分，大家事先选好学校，别浪费了免费送分的机会。
* 调查，可做可不做。
* 结束
* 把草稿纸和笔还给监考人员，签名出去。



6。电话查分

如果你想早些知道最终成绩，Call ETS at 1-888-863-3544，每次US。

你需要提供以下信息：

1) 16位的Appointment Number
2) 生日
3) 信誉卡号码
4) 信誉卡期满日期，信誉卡可以是VISA，MasterCard，or American Express credit。



7。电话送分

一周之内任何一天都可以打电话，时间6 am---10 pm。一次电话可以送6个学校，每次电话
US，每份成绩US。

电话号码：1-888-863-3544，1-609-771-7267
必备：1）16位的Appointment Number
2） 生日
3） 信誉卡号码
4） 信誉卡期满日期，信誉卡可以是VISA，MasterCard，or American Express credit。
5） 考试日期
6） 4位的学校代码，在Bulletin P54上能查到，比如Northwestern U. 为1565
7）2位的系代码，在Bulletin P59上能查到，比如Agriculture 为31

具体步骤看如下链接：http://www.gter.net/bbs/showthread....%B0%CB%CD%B7%D6



8。Fax送分

先下载表格：http://www.toefl.org/toefl/tfladdcrpt.html#tfl_flinf
(http://www.toefl.org/toeflsup/tflsrrf.html

具体步骤如下：http://www.gter.net/bbs/showthread....&threadid=59789



二。托福机考复习策略：

1。听力部分：

以历年的真题和PP为主，要反复听。玉米糊曾经说过，如果把听力的真题都背下来，那听力
部分得高分是不成问题的。但笔试同机考不完全一样，笔试可以事先看到所有的问题，然后
再听，而机考必须听完所有内容才能看见题目。所以机考的T友在复习真题时就要按照机考的
路子来复习，做每一题时，要先认真地听，听完再看问题，再选择。还有就是机考加大了难
度，有双选题和排序题，听的时候必须注意细节才能答好，光听懂大概意思不行，这就要求
平时练习的时候，多注意听细节的东西。但机考听力的好处是时间比较充裕，各题所用时间
可以自己调节。

2。语法部分：

建议做题前仔细看一遍《托福高分语法》，这本书说的很详细。网上可以下载。然后把真题
认真做一遍，错的对照水妖的《语法笔记》，争取下次一定不错。最后做PP，机考的语法有
难度，不是很轻易就能拿满分的。

3。阅读部分：

单词量是关键，没考过G的T友，一定要扎扎实实地先把单词背好，如果单词背好了，阅读的
词汇题就是送分的题。建议使用胡敏的《最新TOEFL词汇精选》。阅读机考同笔试相比，新增
了一种新题型，就是插句子题，比较难，需要对把握整篇文章的脉落。好在机考时间比较充
裕，建议先将文章仔细看一遍，再做题。如果时间来得及，把真题阅读仔细做一遍，遇到不
会的单词，背下来。如果时间紧，就一PP为主。注意阅读回答问题的原则是“Always
based on the article , even though you think it is unreasonable. Never take
for granted 。”

4。作文部分：（参考《TOEFL作文突破》陆乃圣 主编）

1）作文要切题

为了确保作文的整体质量，首先要做到文章必须切题。这似乎已经超出英文的范围，只是一
种思维方式，其实不然。道理很简单：文章要切题，最重要的是看懂英文作文题目。题目看
不懂，或者理解错误，那么你的作文写的再好，也是不切题的。

2）结构要严谨

除了切题以外，确保托福作文整体质量的另外一个主要方面是“结构严谨，条理清楚”。最
实效的方法就是“五段法”。
第一段：Position & Three Reasons
第二段：Unfolding of Reason 1
第三段：Unfolding of Reason 2
第四段：Unfolding of Reason 3
第五段：Repetition of Position

3）条理要清楚

要想用好“五段法”，关键在于“三条理由”。不管遇到什么题目，都要想出三条理由来。
有了三条理由，整篇文章的段落和构思也就基本完成了，余下来的任务就是如何去扩展思
想。

4）分段要合理

如果你能够按照上述方法去写作文，那么你的文章就能达到：观点明确，理由充足，阐述清
晰，前后呼应，字数符合要求，为250-300字。

建议使用陆乃圣的《TOEFL 作文突破》，胡敏的绿皮作文书《TOEFL 高分作文》，后者网上
可以下载。

网上能当ETS给出的185个作文题目及范文。虽然是185个题目，但我发现考试基本是从155个
作文范文中出。机考作文有四种类型：

AD Agreeing or Disagreeing 33%
PR Stating a Preference 34%
EX Giving an Explanation 22%
MA Making an Argument 11%

四种类型最好每种各写一篇，考前最好把185个题目过一遍，想出三条理由，考试时现想来不
及。
————————————————————————————


**以下是一位T友写的复习策略，由chusuifeng提供：

托福机考要得高分，重点在听力和作文上。听力比笔试要难一些。由于作文在总分中比重较
大，如果作问分数在4.0以下，总分上600比较困难，除非你听力和阅读很牛，语法没什么可
说的，尽量满分。我复习托福时间较短，没法将所有习题全做掉，所以把重点放在了听力和
语法上。我从普林斯顿样题开始，把95年8月到2000年1月的所有笔试题以每天2套题的速度做
了一遍，主要做听力和语法，阅读只做了2套。听力每天4-5小时，做完一套后，做对的再全
部听一遍，做错的题反复听，实在听不懂再看答案，将小词和不熟悉的短语抄下来背诵。对
自己不熟悉和出错多的段子题和长对话反复听，直到弄明白为止。我参考书用的是新东方的
TOEFL听力笔记。语法也是做完之后，对照新东方的TOEFL语法笔记，每道题过一遍，做错的
记下语法点。隔2天就把以前做错的再复习一下，98年以后的题没有参考书，主要是通过自己
分析，结合以前的经验，把错误的地方弄懂。阅读没做是因为实在没时间，不过我还是把张
宏岩的托福词汇精选翻了翻，感觉很多GRE单词，不过到最后也没看完一遍，考前最后一个星
期主要做99年8月之后的三套新题，和TOEFL POWERPREP。

POWERPREP对准备机考非常重要，题型和套路与机考非常类似，是考前必做的模考。为了练习
更多的习题，我在模考二次以后，又反复做了10 遍。因为每次做的题都不完全相同，这样可
以尽可能地将软件中的题做到。对ＰＰ中的阅读我没有放过，主要是为了找感觉。不过实际
考试中没有一道软件中的题，这和GRE PP2不同。

我本来想联系写2篇作文，但后来一懒，改成背2篇范文了。把ＴＯＥＦＬ填空补式作文法看
了几遍，就仓促上阵了。

————————————————————————————


**说明一点，上面那个T友考T时可能还没有PP解密。PP解密的好处就是打开了整个PP的题
库，可以做到每一题。在这里要感谢may33，她将PP解密中的听力部分test1，test2制成mp3
文件，还有相应题目的PDF文件，这样不必运行PP解密就可以做到PP中所有的听力题。同时她
还将语法部分的所有题目制成了PDF文件，还有阅读部分我忘了那位T友的网名，她将阅读部
分的所有文章制成了精美的Word文件。还要感谢Acezh，他制作了PP伴侣，虽然我没有机会用
了，但听后来的T友说特别好用。所有这些都可以在Acezh.51.net这个网站上下载，这是
Acezh搭的托福资料的网站，我们考过T的人几乎都得益于他的帮助。

参考水妖的《TOEFL5月备考手册》：http://sirenisland.com





三。托福机考注意事项：（此部分由一位T友提供，在此感谢！）



1。听力耳机问题

我的考场，耳机是能物理调节声音的(旋钮在两个大耳套的外侧)，如果你的耳机也能调声
音，建议在ETS考试软件里调声音的时候，把软件音量调到最大(即那个向上箭头变成灰色为
止，这样的话以后用旋钮调节就能达到100%的音量)，然后你就有最大的自由度用耳机上的旋
钮来调节声音了。旋钮调节声音到适中，不能太大也不能太小，然后进入第一题。 [color]


2。短听力对策

我虽然很菜，但我觉得那天短听力做得还不错，主要是注意了一点，因为听力时间充裕，所
以建议，每听完一道短听力，不要急于进入下一道，先稳定一下情绪，很多时候点得太快，
会觉得里面的声音突然跳出来，结果没听清。还有一点，一般来说，你做听力的时候，旁边
会有几位GMAT高手在写作文，我那天进考场比较晚，我的策略是"拖"，就一直赖在教程部
分，本来准备等作文之声完全消失才正式开始，但后来实在等不及了，就开始了，你是不是
要拖，就看你的耐性或者你是否根本不在乎外界声音的影响。


3。结构

我准备结构1天时间，做了98.01到02.05的全部题目+4套普林斯顿样题，Toefl PowerPrep
里的语法结构我没有做，只模过一次，模出来11-28，很令人沮丧，后来准备的时候，一套一
套笔考题做下去，都不计时间，每一题搞懂为何错，最多的时候98.01那一套错6道，01年以
后就不怎么错了。

4。作文的14条万能理由

efficiency, convenience, space, safety, durable, economical, health,
personality, achievement, interest, sensibilitymotional, communicate,
experience, others.


5.考试模式(两种A和

项目 听力 语法 阅读 写作
模式 A B A B A B
题目数量/个 30 49/50 25 20 55 44 185个题目中目 随机抽取一个
时间/min 15 24/25 19 15 90 70 30
满分 30 13/12 30 卷面分6 (折合分17/18)

最后得分=(听力+语法+作文折合分数+阅读)/3×10
我碰到的是A模式30+25+55
四个部分的考试，每一个部分的前面都会有一个”HOW TO ANSWER”的鼠标使用教程和一个
该部分的”Directions”，非常重要的是你可以在”教程”里花任意长的时间，只要你愿
意，但是你绝对不能在”Directions”里花超过1秒的时间，一旦进入”Directions”，马
上揿右上角的”Dismiss Directions”，因为你阅读”Directions”的时间是计算在你消
耗的做题时间里的，切记切记。
听力前10道是短对话(如果是B模式，可能不止10道)，短对话一个回合(即一男一女各说一句)
的只有1-3题，大多数为2-3个回合，后面的听力是长对话与演讲交错出现。
语法和作文加起来30分=12+18 或者=13+17，我语法25题全对得13分，由此我推出我作文最
多17分。
听力和语法部分是计算机自适应的，就是说，做完一题，确认后进入下一题，永远将不能返
回到前一道做过的题目。
阅读部分是可以返回到已做过的任何一道题目的，但是每篇文章的第一题，做的时候不要
蒙，好像计算机会记录你是读过文章再做题目的，还是没读文章就选答案的。


6。关于模考官方软件Toefl PowerPrep

破解文件ppl.exe是用来做Toefl PowerPrep里面的每一道题目的，如果不用ppl.exe，你只
能随机抽取题目来做。补丁文件ITEMDISP.dll，是用来替换C:TSPPTOEFLPPREPR目录下
的同名文件的，替换后可以消除做语法结构时的乱码。Toefl PowerPrep最好安装在默认目
录，最好安装在基于NT技术的Windows操作系统中，例如Win NT 4，Win 2K，Win XP；因为
这个Toefl PowerPrep软件写的不是很好，运行的时候，经常出错发生程序死锁，对付的办
法是，在程序死掉后，按下Ctrl-Alt-Del调用任务管理器，杀死线程列表里的NTVDM.EXE这
个线程，就不用重启机器了。


7。耳塞

应该就是木工工作时用的那种耳塞，泡沫海绵做的，先挤压使之体积变小，再塞入耳朵，过
一会儿，就会自动膨胀，塞满耳朵，隔音效果很好，听力部分做完以后，就可以用了。


8。Break，草稿纸与作文纸

在做完了第二部分语法结构以后，你可以签名后离开考场休息5分钟，可以利用这段时间在外
面的休息室吃点喝点，再看一下自己带来的材料，比如作文的14条万能理由什么的。时间差
不多，签名进入考场的时候别忘了问监考人员要草稿纸，前面两个部分是不允许用草稿纸
的，但是后面两个部分可以用。可以利用阅读前面的”教程”这段时间，在草稿纸上，写一
些比如14万能理由之类的东西，以防等会儿作文时太紧张，想不出理由。写这些东西时，稍
微注意一点，因为有可能多事的监考会管你，但是我没有碰到这样的监考。阅读部分如果做
完又检查完，还有充足的时间的话，可以把阅读文章里的一些好的词汇，词组，句子抄到草
稿纸上，等会儿作文的时候，说不定可以派上用场。作文可以选纸笔输入和键盘输入。纸笔
输入的优点是有可能在超时后继续写下去，直到监考记起来你的时间到了，但是这个好处太
随机了，不一定会有，说不定监考时间卡得比较紧，就变成坏处了，纸笔输入的缺点是，卷
面书法可能会影响评卷人，而且要很久才能拿到最后的成绩报告。键盘输入的优点是可编辑
性强，你甚至可以先写好开头段落和结尾段落，然后再写中间几段陈述理由，另外速度快，
一个是输入速度(当然你如果是键盘熟手的话)，另一个是，考试成绩也会在3周内到达；缺点
是时间由计算机控制，倒计时结束后，你没有可能再输入任何东西。推荐选用键盘输入。如
果你要选用纸笔输入的话，一定要向，监考索要作文纸，而不能写在草稿纸上。




四。资料推荐及下载：

1。词汇：

* 胡敏的《最新TOEFL词汇精选》

* 新东方出的词频（陈东）

* 张红岩单词
http://211.101.159.196/cgi-bin/jj/b...=20030128053350

http://211.101.159.196/cgi-bin/jj/b...6123410&see=228

* 美国ARCO 权威托福考试参考词汇
http://acezh.51.net/download/ARCO.zip

* 听力词汇精选
http://acezh.51.net/download/liswords.htm

* 阅读分类词汇精选
http://acezh.51.net/download/Vreading.htm
[color]

2。听力：

* 《TOEFL听力笔记》

*《听力弦外之音》

* 新东方听力突破

* 历年真题：http://www.downdowndown.net/
http://acezh.51.net/download/25.htm（新东方25盘磁带）

* PP Reveiw 听力test1 mp3：（may33制作）
http://131.243.19.12/download/test1may33.zip

* PP Reveiw听力test2 mp3：（may33制作）
http://131.243.19.12/download/test2may33.zip

* TOEFL PP Reveiw听力题目之完全版：（may33制作）
http://211.101.159.196/cgi-bin/jj/b...id=200206150817

* PP Review TEST1 文本完全版
http://211.101.159.196/cgi-bin/jj/b...id=200206150817

* PP Review TEST2 文本完全版
http://211.101.159.196/cgi-bin/jj/b...23051739&see=-5

*《TOEFL听力笔记》
http://acezh.51.net/download/tlbj.htm



3。语法：

* 历年真题
http://acezh.51.net

* 托福高分语法
http://211.101.159.196/cgi-bin/jj/b...id=200206150817

* 真题语法笔记
http://acezh.51.net/download/grammernotes.zip

* 最新托福实战语法 （胡敏）
* TOEFL PP Review语法题目最终完全版
http://211.101.159.196/cgi-bin/jj/b...id=200206150817

* 高分语法改错
http://acezh.51.net 文件交换区

* 高分语法填空
http://acezh.51.net 文件交换区



4。阅读：

* 历年真题
http://acezh.51.net

* 新概念英语第四册
[color]

5。作文：

* 《最新TOEFL作文突破》（陆乃圣）

* 《TOEFL高分作文》（胡敏）
http://acezh.51.net/download/twe-hm.zip

* 托福范文155篇Word 打印版
http://acezh.51.net/download/155.zip

* 托福范文185篇
http://acezh.51.net/download/twe-185.zip

* 填空试作文模版PDF版
http://acezh.51.net/download/TWEtiankong.zip

* 新东方背诵文选全集
http://acezh.51.net/download/bswx.htm

* TWE完全手册
http://acezh.51.net 文件交换区
http://toeflcn.net/download/twer-v07.exe

* 185作文题目：ftp://ftp.ets.org/pub/toefl/989563wt.pdf
http://211.101.159.196/cgi-bin/jj/b...id=200206150817

* 新东方写作笔记
http://acezh.51.net/download/twenotes.htm

* 引语集锦
http://acezh.51.net/download/quote.htm

* Writting Samples(No13-No139)：
http://www.testmagic.com/test/ViewTopicsOfEssays6.asp



6。TOEFL POWERPREP：

* 官方TOEFL PP：
http://www.cs.zju.edu.cn/startpoint.../TOEFL_soft.htm
ftp://www.manfen.net/toefl/toeflpp.zip

* TOEFL PP Review
http://acezh.51.net/download/ppreview.zip

* TOEFL PP 伴侣（最好的做tofel ppreview的软件，由Acezh制作）
http://acezh.51.net/#download



7。Cambridge Review TOEFL

8。走遍美国

9。英语900句
http://acezh.51.net/download/words900.htm

10。能发音的 Merriam-Webster
http://www.m-w.com/

11。托福机精
http://211.101.159.196/cgi-bin/jj/list.cgi
精华区有全部托福机精，T友可以在这个BBS进行交流。





五。体会：


1。托福备考心得之屁话连篇[原创]----------- robertgao
http://211.101.159.196/cgi-bin/jj/b...=20021208103942

2。作文6分的体会--------asir
http://211.101.159.196/cgi-bin/jj/b...3042238&see=111

3。分享机经，也吸取教训---------asir
http://211.101.159.196/cgi-bin/jj/b...24070522&see=67

4。3.11--关于提高听力成绩的探讨-------dogtail
http://211.101.159.196/cgi-bin/jj/b...25231409&see=17

5。8月6日考试感想--------beryl
http://211.101.159.196/cgi-bin/jj/b...id=200206150817

6。8月23日荷兰机考感想(三)：写作篇------nini
http://211.101.159.196/cgi-bin/jj/b...id=200206150817

7。多伦多8月30日机考后的感想.[原创]------- ?芤
http://211.101.159.196/cgi-bin/jj/b...id=200206150817

8。我的T过程和感受
http://211.101.159.196/cgi-bin/jj/b...id=200206150817

————————————————————————



六。推荐网站：


1。Acezh 建的TOEFL资料库
http://acezh.51.net

2。寄托家园——TOEFL考试
http://www.gter.net/bbs/forumdisplay.php?s=&forumid=53

3。携手共进，直面机考时代
http://211.101.159.196/cgi-bin/jj/list.cgi

4。满分论坛
http://www.manfen.net

5。水妖的岛
http://www.sirenisland.com

6。太傻的寄托
http://www.taisha.org

7。新东方
http://class.tol24.com/page/classin...sCategory=TOEFL

8。托福上游
http://www.toeflcn.net/

9。托福进阶
http://go1.163.com/road2tf/introduce.htm

10。TOEFL资料下载
http://www.jijing.org
http://www.downdowndown.net/

11。ETS官方网站
http://www.toefl.org

12。http://www.free-toefl.com 可在线做CBT测试题

13。滴答出国资讯
http://www.tigtag.com/community/whatsnew.asp

14。http://www.google.com
输入关键字“TOEFL”搜索





关于TOEFL电脑考试的推行，很多考生问到TOEFL电脑考试与纸笔考试的成绩的换算，以及计算方法等等。现将两种考试形式的分数对照表列在下面，供考生参考。托福纸笔考试满分是677分，电脑考试满分为300分，且计算方法不同。下面是教育考试服务中心公布的两种考试的分数对照表。
　　纸笔考试　　　　　电脑考试

　　660-677　　　　　　287-300
　　640-657　　　　　　273-283
　　620-637　　　　　　260-270
　　600-617　　　　　　250-260
　　580-597　　　　　　237-247
　　560-577　　　　　　220-233
　　540-557　　　　　　207-220
　　520-537　　　　　　190-203
　　500-517　　　　　　173-187
　　480-497　　　　　　157-170
　　460-477　　　　　　140-153
　　　　　　（以下省略）

　　如果想得到有关电脑方式托福考试更进一步的资料，可以查询教育考试服务中心的网址：www.toefl.org
也可以写信到：
　　Educational　Test　Service
　　P.O.　Box　6155
　　Princeton,　NJ　08541
　　U.S.A.　

zjcao

胡敏TOEFL高分作文四大策略

写作是测试语言能力的重要方式，TOEFL考试自1987年起增加了写作测试，原因是美国的大专院校普遍反应单纯的客观题测试不能全面综合地反映考生的英语语言能力。目前大多数美国院校要求申请入学的学生提供TWE(Test of Written English)即写作考试的成绩，一般要求是在5分以上，而一些名校的要求会高达满分6分，由此可见，托福作文的成绩会在极大程度上影响申请者最后进入的学校和取得奖学金的数额。
　　据有关资料统计，我国考生的托福写作成绩平均在3.5分左右，作文已成为广大考生在留学路途中一个难以突破的瓶颈。有没有可能在短期内提高写作成绩呢？答案是肯定的。本文不仅要帮助考生在短期内突破写作瓶颈，而且要提高考生的写作技巧和写作质量，从而为有志赴海外留学的莘莘学子助一臂之力。

　　TOEFL高分作文的奥秘何在？笔者认为，考生误码从以下四点入手，即：内容简单化、结构模式化、语言要包装、考前要强化。

　　一、内容简单化

　　内容简单化是考生在构思托福作文时应遵循的原则。考生不论是在练习时还是在考场上都应当牢记这一点。许多考生在作文上败下阵来就是因为花费了大量的时间和精力追求内容的新颖别致。ETS出托福作文试题时特别注意选择一些弹性不是很大的题目，因为托福考试作为一种语言测试方式，其重点在于测试考生英语语言水平，它不像GMAT和GRE这类智商型考试那样测试考生逻辑思辩的能力；如果设置弹性较大的题目，评卷人在评分时就不容易把握。事实上，托福作文考试的内容并不会给评卷人留下太深的影响，参阅任何一本托福指南书的考生都可以发现书中范文的内容不会有太多新意，评卷人评判的是考生的文能力，考生在构思时只要保证自己的内容符合逻辑，能够言之有理、言之成理、切题即可，然后把更多的注意力放在如何追求语言的得体性上；有的考生在考场上绞尽脑汁，想要找出些绝妙的内容来吸引评卷人的特别关注，结果往往是花费了十分的心思只得到一分的回报，有时反而会弄巧成拙，使评卷人的注意力转移方向，影响得分。在考场上，笔者认为考生在构思内容上所花的时间不应超过5分钟，在认真读题并将其理解透彻以后，考生可以在试卷题目下方的空白处列一个简短的提纲，用中文即可，以此作为写作过程中内容的提示，在提笔开始写作的过程中就可将重点放在保证语言的流畅得体上，不会因为内容而中断思路。

　　二、结构模式化

　　TOEFL高分作文的第二大策略是结构模式化，这也是最核心的一条策略。通览以往的TOEFL作文考题，细心的考生不难发现，托福作文考题不仅题目弹性很小，而且题型相结稳定，这就为考生在短期内提高作文分数创造了一个条件，使考生完全可以在考前针对考试中可能出现的题型按照固定的结构模式进行训练。TOEFL作文考题从语言形式上可大致分为三个类型，第一种为二选一，即题目给出两种观点，问考生倾向于哪一种观点，但近两年这类题目转向隐蔽化，考生要学会“拨云见日”，将隐蔽的题目转化成熟悉的题型。例如1998年5月的托福作文题目：你朋友有一笔钱，你认为是应该用这笔钱买车还是度假，这就是典型的隐蔽化的二选一题型，可以转化为：一些人认为，你朋友应该用这笔钱买车，而另一些人认为你朋友应用这笔钱度假，你同意哪一种观点。第二种题型是提出一个观点，问考生同意与否。1998年8月的考题就属这一类型，题目说向朋友借钱会影响朋友之间的友谊，问考生是否同意这一观点。第三种题型是要考生在题目所给的若干事物中选出一种说明其某种特性。观察近年的TOEFL作文考试可以看出，每年每种题型都会出现一次。

　　固定的题型自然有较为固定的模式与之相配，下面笔者将详细解释前两种题型的结构模式。二选一的题型有三种结构模式，一是一边倒的结构模式，即考生完全倾向于一种观点。这一模式又可分为两种，一边倒和修正型一边倒。一边倒是说考生在文章中完全同意一种观点，这种写法的优点在于思维单一，只需要列举几个理由，并展开讨论，不会由于内容复杂而产生逻辑的混乱，而缺点在于相对单一的内容会使考生觉得没有太多话可写。修正型一边倒的写法是指考生即可以写赞成这种观点的理由，也可以谈反对它的理由，但由于赞成的理由多于反对的理由，所以最终考生还是同意这一种观点。这种写法显出考生的态度较为客观，不武断，而且从正反两方面谈，考生写起来会觉得可写的内容较多。第二种二选一题型的结构模式是折衷的写法。考生可以先写赞成一种观点的几点理由，接着写赞成另一种观点的理由，最后考生就自己的情况，明确表示最终赞成哪一种观点。有人可能会提出质疑，说题目要考生明确表示自己倾向何种观点，这种既说甲好又说乙好的折衷写法是不是跑题。事实是，这种写法不仅符合题意，而且是最符合实际情况的。所以，在考试中完全可行。如有这样一道题目，一些人认为公司应当雇用年轻、有朝气和创造力的职员，而另一些人认为应当雇用有资历、有经验的老职员，你同意哪一种观点。针对这一题目，有一个考生写道：在雇用职员时常常会发生争论，有人认为应雇用年轻、有朝气和创造力的职员，而另外一些人觉得要雇用年龄大、资历老且有经验的职员。赞成雇用年轻职员的人通常会列举这样的理由：……，而赞成雇用年老职员的人会说：……，假如我是一个广告公司的经理，就我的实际情况而言，在雇用策划人员时，我会选择年轻职员，因为…，而在管理阶层，我会选择一些有经验的老职员……。这篇作文在实际TOEFL考试中的得分是6分。二选一的题目还可以这样写：先说赞成一种观点的理由，再说不赞成这种观点的理由，就个人而言，比较倾向另一种观点并陈述理由。第二种题型的结构模式相对简单得多。针对提出的一种观点问考生同意与否这种题型，考生应在第一段里明确表态是同意还是不同意题目所给观点，然后用二到三个自然段举例来支持自己的态度，最后一段做一小结，并再次表明自己的态度。这种题型的诀窍在于凭例证和事实说话，但考生要学会提炼事实不要在文章中讲一个冗长的故事，因为考试有时间和字数的限制。有考生也许会问，既然结构模式化是TOEFL高分作文的核心策略，那么有没有一种以不变应万变的固定模式来对付所有的作文题型呢？考生可以尝试这种模式：即先提出自己某观点或事物的看法，然后列举理由，最后得出结论，事实上就是在写议论文时常用的三大块结构，但考生要根据具体情况具体分析，绝不可以机械地生搬硬套，这样反而会影响成绩。

　　三、语言要包装

　　做到内容简单化和结构模式化，考生就已经向TOEFL高分作文的目标迈进了一大步，如果考生还能在语言的细节上下一些功夫，TOEFL作文的分数就会更上一层楼，这也就是我们接下来要谈的第三大策略：语言要包装。前面我们已经说过，TOEFL作文的测试重点是考生的语言能力，因而在语言细节上下一点功夫就可以让考生展示自己的语言修养。作文中语言的包装主要应从以下六点入手。首先是语法方面的包装。考生要注意在作文中选取一个中心时态，通常选取一般现在时即可，但在陈述具体例证时要根据不同的情况变换时态。TOEFL明确要求高分作文的句子要做到多样化，所以最好不要全盘使用简单句，这样会降低文章的层次、复杂句和简单句应在文章中交叉出现，而对一些描述性的例证以及临时想起的内容可以使用简单句。词汇的包装是个较为艰巨的过程，但单从TOEFL应试的角度而言，考生可以精选一些TOEFL高分作文学习，吸取其中的语言营养，对其中的用词进行细致的研究和模仿，在练习时尽量使用范文中一些常用的优秀词汇。语言庖装的第三点是注意文化移入，TOEFL作文的评卷人与考生来自完全不同的文化背景，许多考生认为正常的习惯表达法也许是评卷人根本无法理解的，所以这种跨文化的交际行为具有危险性，考生如果把握不好会起到反作用。应当尽量避免使用带有比喻色彩的修辞手法，因为喻体的不同会带来文化理解的问题，举一个最简单的例子，中国人在形容非常着急时常常比喻说就像“热锅上的蚂蚁”，但如果在和文中出现“ants on a hot stove”，TOEFL的评卷人不会明白是什么意思，西方对应的说法是“a cat on hot bricks”(滚烫的砖块上的猫)。在文化移入方面也有一些成功的例子可供借鉴，考生在文章中可以使用一些中国历史或典故，但前提条件是考生可以用英文将其解释清楚，这样不仅可以向评卷人展示自己的语言解释能力，还可以通过这种文化移入行为博得评卷人的好感。同样在引用名人名言时考生也要特别注意：中国人习惯用别人说的话来证明自己的观点，而西方人引用名人名言通常都是为了进行批判性分析，这也是东西方文化上的一大差异，建议考生心意一不要使用名人名言，而应当用自己的逻辑去说服对方。说到这里自然就引出五一个语言包装的问题：应不应当在作文中作用谚语，大多数考生会觉得这些语言对评卷人而言已是陈词滥调，不应该在他们面前卖弄，事实恰恰相反，非英语国家的考生使用谚语常常会给英语国家的评卷人留下良好的印象，他们认为只有英语功底很扎实的考生才能正确地使用谚语。因此，在对所用表达法把握很大的情况下，考生不妨在作文中写一些地道的英语习语。语言包装的最后一点是文体意识。普林斯顿所提供的评分标准中非常明确地指出考生所写的文章应当是academic(学术性)的，考生在提笔之前应当清楚地认识到现在这篇文章应当是学术性的正式文体，在遣词造句时要抛弃口语体的非正式的词汇和句型。

　　四、考前要强化

　　前面所讲的三大策略都是针对托福作文具体写作过程而言，接下来要说的第四大策略主要针对考前准备，即：考前要强化。任何事物都是要在实践中得到证明的，想要写出真正的TOEFL高分作文，除了要学习领会前面的三大策略外，考前准备时还有三点需要注意，一是考生一定要提起笔来写，只有拿起笔真正写过文章的人在考场上才有可能将种种策略运用开来，赢得高分。应该写什么，又该怎样写呢？建议考生每个题型写两篇文章，对照范文找差距，不断修改，不断完善，这个过程不仅会帮助考生强化固定的结构模式，还可以使他们在语言方面做好准备。练习的要点是宜精不宜多，不要走入只写不改、以多求胜的误区。二是要研究范文，而不是机械地背诵范文，研究范文要抓住文章的构思、结构、句式、词汇等方面；考生可以在范文旁边写下自己的评语：别人为什么这样写，这样写究竟高明在哪里，这个句式为什么要在这里用，可不可以移入自己的文章等等，从而把文章彻底理解并消化吸收。三是要在考前准备句式文章，因为TOEFL的作文有固定的结构、在学习范文时考生可以自己整理出一篇句式文章，而不是单纯的一个句型一个句型孤立地去背。文章的开头会采用什么样的句式，中间每段的主题句应该放在什么位置，如何去写，最后怎么结束，这些都弄清楚，整理好了，托福作文就变成了一篇完形填空，考生只须针对不同的题目填充不同的具体内容即可。

　　在文章的末尾，还想提醒考生注意一点，作言语是一个考生占动的测试项目，考生自己完全可以决定写什么不写什么，所以在实际的写作过程中，应当采取回避的态度扬长避短，没有把握的词汇、句式或表达法尽量不同，多用一些自己很熟悉很有信心的词句。

　　希望考生能在实践中领会运用TOEFL高分作文的四大策略，用成绩说明：托福高分作文不再是可望而不可及的水中月、镜中花；只要行之有法，你就可以成功。