|
语法难点精析之一:被分隔的定语从句
定语从句一般紧接被它所修饰的先行词;但有时候它和先行词之间有可能插入其他成分,使它与先行词分隔开来,这种定语从句叫作被分隔的定语从句,在阅读文章时会经常遇到这种情况,在阅读是要注意识别先行词的修饰对象。
一般说来,定语从句被分割开来大致有以下三种:
①在先行词与定语从句之间插入一个状语。
如:There are many thousands of stars in the sky that are like the sun.
在太空中有成千上万的象太阳般的星星。
乍一看,that引导的定语从句在名词sky的后面,似乎应该是修饰sky的。但仔细一想,”不对啊,天空怎么能象太阳呢?“,原来that引导的定语从句被in the sky这个地点状语分隔开来,修饰中心词stars。
②在先行词与定语从句之间插入一个定语。
如:Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace?
你还记得吗,十年前的一天下午,我来到你家,找你借了一条钻石项链?
when I came to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace 实际上是修饰afternoon而不是修饰 years。ten years ago 实际上是定语后置修饰afternoon。
③先行词与定语从句被谓语分隔开来。此时,先行词通常是句子的主语,因定语从句较长,主句谓语较短,为使句子平衡,常将定语从句移至谓语之后
如:A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German.
明天,新(男)老师将来交你德语。
语法难点精析之二:besides,but,except,exept for,excepting,apart from的区别
(1) besides与except
前者表示"除...以外,还有...";后者表示"从整体中除去..."
这个大家都知道,就不举例子了.
(2)except与except for
a.除去的和非除去的是同类事物,用except
eg:
All the essays are well written except Nelson' s.
Nelson的文章(除去的)和All the essays(非除去的)是同类事物,所以用except.
b.除去的和非除去的不是同类事物,用except for,并且从语气上通常表示遗憾.
eg:His essay is well written except for a few spelling mistakes.
a few spelling mistakes(除去的)和His essay(非除去的)是不同类的事物.
(3)apart from 具有多重意义:既可表示besides,也可以表示exept或exept for,还可以表示without的意思
eg:
Apart from the cost,it will take a lot of time.(=besides)
The orphan had no one to take care of him apart from his uncle.(=except)
He has done good work,apart from a few slight faults.(=except for)
There can be no knowledge apart from practice.实践出真知.(=without)
(4)excepting =except,但一般用于句首或用于not,without,always等词之后
eg:
Excepting his brother,they are all right.
Everyone,not excepting myself,must share the blame.
All of us,without excepting those who know more about the subject,should study.
All my brothers com here every day,always excepting the youngest.
(5)but与except同义,但but多用在every,any,no等和由这些词构成的复合词如everything,anywhere,nobody等词以后及all,none之后
eg:
The children go to school everyday but Sunday.
They are all gone but me.
You can get the book anywhere but here.
There is no one but me.
Who but George would do such a thing?
语法难点精析之三:too...to 结构表示肯定含义的情况
【too...to 结构表示肯定含义的情况】
我们知道too...to结构一般表示否定含义,意为\"太...以致于不能\"eg:He is too old to work.
但too...to在下列情况下却表示肯定含义:
(1)当too前或to前有否定词构成双重否定时.
eg:English is not too difficult to learn.
英语并不太难学.
He is too wise not to see that.
他很聪明,不会不懂这一点.
(2)当too后是glad, pleased, happy, delighted, satisfied, ready, willing, kind, apt, good, true, easy, near, careful, well, early, delicious, eager, anxious等形容词或副词时.
eg:They are too anxious to leave.
他们急于离开.
He is too ready to help others.
他总是乐于助人.
与这些词连用时,too前还常加上only,all,but,just,simply等副词,意思不变,因为这些词加上too后与very同义.
eg:I' m only too glad to see you .
见到你非常高兴.
They are but too pleased to hear the news.
他们听到这个消息,非常高兴.
(3)与cannot连用时.
eg:You cannot be too careful(=You can never be careful enough) to do your homework.
你做作业越仔细越好(=无论怎样仔细也不过分).
(4)当不定式在句中作定语或真正的主语时.
eg:There are too many problems to be solved.
有很多问题有待解决.
It is too much to say that he is a fool.
语法难点精析之四:every表示”每隔“的用法
(1)“every other+单数名词”
意思是“每隔一。。。”
如:every other day 每隔一天 every other tree 每隔一棵树
(2)“every+基数词+复数名词”或“every+序数词+单数名词”
意思是“每隔。
。。”(较英语数词少一个)
如:every three days=every third day 每隔两天(或者译为每三天)
因此every two days=every other day 每隔一天(或者译为每两天)
(3)“every few+复数名词”
意思是“每隔几。。。”
如:every few days(每隔几天)
语法难点精析之五:含义因有无冠词而迥异的短语
at play 在玩
at the play 在看戏
behind time 迟到
behind the times 落在时代后
by day 在白天
by the day 按日计算
by sea 乘船
by the sea 在海边
in front of 在...(外面的)前面
in the front of 在...(内部的前面)
in charge of 看护,负责
in the charge of 由...看护,由...负责
in secret 秘密地(作状语)
in the secret 知道内情(作表语)
in course of 在...过程中(作表语\\后置定语)
in the course of 在...期间(作状语)
in red 穿着红衣服
in the red 负债,赤字
of age 成年
of an age (岁数)同年
on fire 着火
on the fire 在考虑中
on occasion 不时地;必要时
on the occasion 在那时
out of question 毫无疑问
out of the question 不可能
to death 十分
to the death 到最后
five of us 我们中的五人(部分)
the five of us 我们五个人(全部)
a yellow and white cat 一只黄白相间的猫
a yellow and a white cat 一只黄猫和一只白猫
in a faimly way 象一家人一样
in the family way 怀孕
die of cold 冻死
die of a cold 感冒而死
have words with 与...争吵
have a word with 与...略谈
keep house 管理家务
keep the house 守在家里
take rest 就寝
take a reat 休息一下
take place 发生
take the place of 代替
语法难点精析之六:用to do还是of doing作后置定语
不同的名词,对这两种后置定语的选择是有区别的,有的只能用to do,有的只可用of doing,有的两种都可以.现分述如下:
(1)will, willingness, suggestion, conclusion, decision, permission, agreement, refusal, determination, proposal, resolution等,一般用不定式作后置定语.
如:
Mary has the will to win the first prize.(不用of winning)
玛丽有获得一等奖的决心.
He has drawn a conclusion to go abroad with his family.(不用of winning)
他已作出了携家去国外的决定.
(2)hope, risk, possibility, impossibility, probability, intention, prospect, responsiblility, aim等,一般只能用of doing作后置定语.
如:
In fact,tere is no hope of their winning the game.
事实上,他们没有希望赢得这场比赛.(不能说for them to win)
He will run the risk of losing his life to save the child.
他将冒生命危险去救那个孩子.
⑶way, chance, need, necessity, right, freedom, power, opportunity,ability等,既可用不定式短语,又可用of doing短语作后置定语.
如:
Their chance to go(of ging) abroad was lost.
他们失去了出国的机会.
He has the right to do (of doing) that.
他有权那样做.
语法难点精析之七:与-ly副词同义的介词短语
in angry= angrily
in despair= desparingly
in admiration= admiringly
in common = commonly
in fact = acrually
in fear = fearfully
in fairness = fairly
in fun = funnily
in grief = grievously
in joke = jokingly
in line = lineally
in mercy = mercifully
in public = publicly
in silence =silently
in spite =spitefully
in sorrow =sorrily/sorrowfully
in surprise =surprisedly
with a smile =smilingly
with satisfaction = satisfactorily
with attention =attentively
with care =carefully
with courage =courageously
with difficult =difficultly
with emphasis = emphatically
with fascination =fascinatingly
with grace =gracefully
with joy = joyfully
with pride =proudly
with pleasure =pleasantly
with warmth =warmly
out of breath =breathlessly
语法难点精析之八:以f(e)结尾名词的复数形式
英语中以f(e)结尾的可数名词有100多个.其中:
①直接加s的有:
serf
belief
roof
gulf
chief
cliff
proof
safe
stuff
②须改f(e)为ves的有
calf
life
loaf
self
sheaf
shelf
thief
wife
wolf
③既可直接加s,又可改f为ves的有:
dwarf
hoof
hankerchief
neckchief
oaf
scarf
turf
wharf
④bee,staff的复数虽然有两种方式,但含义不同:
staffs(工作人员) staves(五线谱)
beeves(菜牛) beefs(牢骚)
语法难点精析之九:需要用名词复数的短语
英语中有些以名词为核心的短语,使用时需用该名词的复数形式。
常见的主要有如下三类:
①表示“交往关系”的短语
be friends with sb. (和某人是朋友)
keep friends with sb. (与某人保持友好关系)
make friends with sb. (与某人交朋友)
be on good terms with sb. (与某人关系良好)
be on bad terms with sb. (与某人关系不好)
keep on good terms with sb. (与某人保持友好关系)
make terms with sb.(与某人达成协议)
have friendly relations with sb. (与某人有友好关系)
break off all relations with sb. (与某人绝交)
②“交换、交流”之义的短语
shake hands with (与某人握手)
exchange/change seats with sb (与某人交换座位)
exchange greetings with sb. (与某人相互问好)
change trains (换火车)
take turns (轮流)
③有些约定俗成的短语
take pains (煞费苦心)
at (the) pains (下苦功)
make arrangements (安排)
make preparations for (为。。。作准备)
keep up one' s spririts (振奋精神)
in high spirits (情绪高昂)
语法难点精析之十:集体名词的类与群
表示一群人或物的名词叫集体(或集合)名词。为便于弄清其特点,我们不妨把它们分为表示无生命的物的“类”和表示主要是由人(有少数是低等动物)构成的“群”的集体名词。
(1)表示“类”的集体名词,常见的有
clothing
furniture
baggage/luggage
jewelry
traffic
infomation
machinery
merchandise
produce
scenery
它们指同一类的许多东西,其用法与不可数名词相当:
①形式上总是单数,没有复数形式,作主语时,谓语用单数。
如:
The old machinery is out of date.
这些旧机器过时了。
②不可直接与a(n)或数词连用。表数量时用much,little,some,a piece of,an article of等。
如:
Each room has five pieces of furniture.
每个房间有五件家具。
③若需用代词,用单数代词。
如:
Do you want to see my jewelry?It is in the box.
你想看我的珠宝吗?它在我的箱子里。
(2)表示“群”的集体名词常见的有
(Ⅰ)
peeple
police
cattle
poultry
vermin
clergy
militia
(Ⅱ)
family
class
team
government
vrowd
committee
crew
jury
party
firm
couple
board
group
gang
audience
public
mankind
humanity
youth
▲上述(Ⅰ)部分的词作主语时,谓语动词通常用复数。
如:
The police are looking for him.
警察当局正在找他。
▲▲上述(Ⅱ)部分的词把集体当作一个整体时,用作单数;若考虑构成这些集体的各个成员时,看作复数。
如:
My family is a large one.
我家是个大家庭。
My family are all workers.
我的家人都是工人。
▲▲▲上述(Ⅰ)部分的词以及public,church,audience,mankind,humanity等通常只有单数形式,也不能直接加a(n)(audience除外);其中clergy,public,church,youth,police等的前面通常要加the。
▲▲▲▲把一个集体名词看作单数或复数,要注意前后一致。
如:
The team is famous for its(不能用their) long history.
该对以历史悠久而闻名。
He has joined the football team who are (不可用whichi is) all famous footballers.
他参加了一个队员全是著名足球选手的那个足球队。
语法难点精析之十一:名词作定语的情况
作定语的名词往往是说明其中名词的材料、用途、时间、地点、内容、类别等。
⒈材料
a diamond necklace
a bamboo pole
paper money
a stone bridge
⒉用途
a meeting room
the telephone poles
the railway staion
trade union
water pipe
welcome speech
eye drops
⒊时间
a day bed
the dinner party
the Apring and Autum Period
evening suit
midday lunch
⒋地点
London hotels
Beijing University
body temperature
the spaceship floor
the kitchen window
⒌内容
a story book
piano lessons
the sports meet
oxygen supply
the air pressure
the grammar rules
⒍类别
children education
enemy soldiers
a bus driver
语法难点精析之十二:no more(...)than与not more(...)than 的用法
在阅读理解里面,我们经常会遇到自己认为熟悉短语,于是便按照字面意思去理解。
实际上,在英语里面有很多短语都有其约定俗成的用法和意思,不能按其字面意思去理解,象这样的短语有很多,这里先把大家觉得比较头疼的no more(...)than与not more(...)than 的用法先解释清楚,希望对大家有所帮助:
(1)不用于比较,后接数词时,no more than意为“仅仅,只不过,只有”(=only),而not more than意为“至多,不超过”(=at the most).
eg:There are no more than fifteen eggs in the basket.
篮子里只有15个鸡蛋。(暗指15个鸡蛋太少)
eg:There are not more than fifteen eggs in the basket.
篮子里至多有15个鸡蛋。(暗指可能少于15个)
(2)用语两者的比较时:“no+形容词或副词比较级+than”是对两者的否定,相当于neither...nor...
eg:This story is no more interesting than that one.(=Neither this story nor that one is interesting.)
这个故事和那个故事一样没趣。
“not+形容词或副词比较级+than\"是普通的比较级结构,表示前者不如后者,相当于not so...as...
eg:This story is not more interesting than that one.(=This story is not so interesting as that one.)
语法难点精析之十三:rather than,more...than,other than的用法
(1)rather than 用来表示“是。。。而不是。。。”,通常连接两个并列成分
eg:He is an artist rather than a philosopher.
他是位艺术家而不是位哲学家。
(2)sb/sth is more A than B表示“与其说sb/sth是B,不如说是A”
eg:He is more an artist than a philosopher.
与其说他是位哲学家,不如说他是位艺术家。
sb/sth is not more A than B表示“与其说sb/sth是A,不如说是B”
eg:He is not more an artist than a philosopher.
与其说他是位艺术家,不如说他是位哲学家。
注意:这里的not more...than 与疑难短语(一)中所讲的不同,疑难短语(一)中所讲的not more...than所作比较的是主语和than后面的词语,而这里所讲的not more...than 所作比较的是than前和than后的词语,要注意区分。 |
|