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[[学习策略]] 哈佛教授这样上课

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发表于 2005-10-8 18:54:03 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
哈佛教授这样上课


  对于从中国校门走出来的人来说,西方发展起来的教学方法中,几乎没有比
“案例研究”更让人感到困惑的了。在这种教学中,只提供有限的资料,而且其价
值也不确定,也没有唯一正确的答案让老师透露给学生。我们邀请美国的道格拉斯
·考尔特先生谈谈在中国使用这种教法的经历。他在来中国之前,曾在哈佛大学和
莫斯科大学任教多年。

  “给他贷款吧。”一个学生说道,这是在北京外国语大学国际经贸专业的课堂
上,我们正在讨论一个现实生活中的商业金融问题,学生们正在争论该怎么做,我
的插话很少。“但我们不知道市场对这种产品的需求是否会持续下去,”另一个学
生说。“这家公司有大量的流动资产,债务也不太多。”第三个学生说道。

  在我们讨论的案例中,这家公司的订单大大多于它所能供应的数量。而公司总
裁已经从银行得到了贷款以使生产能力扩大一倍,现在他又想得到更多的贷款,以
使生产能力扩大四倍。虽然上次的贷款规定了他先要得到银行的同意才能使用,但
他没有告诉银行就开始了基建工程。我的北外学生多数都原谅了这一违规,极力主
张给予该公司贷款,因为该公司的前景看起来很好,其财政情况也很稳固。

  但是,我接着向大家透露,后来产品的需求减少了,在规模极大扩充了的厂里
的工人开始罢工,要求提高工资,公司无力按期偿还贷款而面临破产。“可是总裁
事先不可能预见到这一点,”我的北外学生说,“这是他无法控制的。”

  在另一个由学生讨论的案例中,一家公司从银行得到了限额为100万美元的信用
贷款,用于库存商品的流动资本以及提高对客户的信誉,因为其商品的出售量随季
节变化极大。可是这家公司实际上是将贷款用在了工厂扩建上而没有作为流动资本。
当经济萧条引起销售下降时,公司的现金就短缺了,并且不能按计划偿还贷款,可
此时公司还向股东们发放股息。

  “银行应该再给贷款。”我的北外学生通常这样说,“除了经济萧条的原因外,
这家公司的状态很好,只要经济状况一好转,销售就会上去。”有两个学生持不太
同情的态度:“在他们开始偿还银行贷款之前不该付股息。”

  上面的这些案例都来自哈佛大学商学院,我用它们来教北外的金融课程。不可
否认,这些案例带有某种外国情调:它们彻头彻尾源自美国商界,全部是美国背景,
是仅以美国式的财务报表为基础而提出来的。在美国,我们通过这些案例让学生体
验在变化莫测的环境中进行企业决策,学生们必须自己决定如何处理问题。

  我的北外学生对困境中的公司倾向于宽容,这正如上面的例子所显示的,但除
此之外,他们与美国学生在讨论这些案例时基本是一样的。他们逐渐开始理解各案
例的情景并权衡相关的论点,虽说他们刚刚开始金融方面的学习,也从未到过美国。
对于在中国受教育的学生来说,最怪的事就是上课不是采取“讲”课的形式,而是
采取由学生进行讨论的形式来做决策。学生们不会得到该怎么做的指南,也不会得
到超出现实生活中这种情况下的工商管理人员所拥有的信息之外的任何资料。有很
长一段时间,我的学生在这些讨论课上信不过他们自己的观点,不能充分相信靠他
们自己得到的说法,他们真的是等着我在课结束时告诉他们应该怎么做。

  但是我没有告诉。于是在学期开始时学生中就出现了惊恐。课后他们找我,求
我给出答案,但我告诉他们:“我不是必须做出决定的人,而你们是。你们在那种
情况下会怎么做?”

  在最初的数节课中,学生们告诉我,他们对于自己正在做的事一点都摸不着头
绪。他们熬夜,浪费了很多时间来写我要求的案例分析:他们觉得自己写得全错了,
因为不符合我在课堂上暗示的答案,但实际上我并没有暗示什么答案,其实,学生
们是说他们的答案不符合同学们在讨论中所冒出来的结论。

  (待续)

  For people educated in Chinese schools,few teaching tools 
developed in the West are more perplexing than  the case 
study method,in which information is limited and of uncertain 
value and there is no single “correct” answer for the 
instructor to reveal to the student.  We have asked American 
Douglas Coulter to tell us about his experience using the 
method here.Before coming to Beijing, Mr Coulter taught for 
many years at Harvard and Moscow University.

  ***

  “Let him have the loan,”said one of my students during 
a class in the International Business Department at Beijing 
Foreign Studies University.We were discussing a real-life 
business finance situation,and the students were debating what 
to do.I intervened little.“But we don't know if demand for 
the product will continue,” said another.  “The company has 
plenty of liquidity and not much debt,” said a third.?

  In the example we were working with,the company had many 
more orders from customers than it could possibly fill, and 
the president, who had already gotten a bank loan to double 
production capacity, now wanted a larger loan in order to 
quadruple it.  Although the previous loan stipulated that he 
needed the bank?s permission first, he had already started 
construction without telling the bank.  Most of my Beiwai 
students forgave this infraction and urged approval of the 
loan, because the company's prospects seemed so good and its 
finances were solid.?

  But then I revealed that later on demand for the product 
fell,the workers  in the greatly enlarged factory struck for 
higher wages,and the company couldn't repay the loan on time 
and faced bankruptcy. “But he couldn?t have known this 
beforehand,” said my Beiwai students.  “It was out of his 
control.”?

  In another situation that students discuss, a firm has 
obtained a $1 million line of credit from a bank to provide 
working capital for its inventory and to finance credit to 
its customers, because its sales experience sharp seasonal 
fluctuations.  But the company actually uses the loan to 
finance plant expansion rather than as working capital, and 
when a recession causes sales to drop,the company runs short 
of cash and can't repay the loan on schedule.  Yet at the 
same time the company continues to pay shareholders dividends.?


   “The bank should renew the loan,” my Beiwai students 
usually say, “because the company is in good shape apart 
from the recession, and its sales will pick up once the 
economy is healthy again.”  A couple of students are less 
understanding:  “They should stop paying dividends until they 
first repay the loan.”?

  These situations are from the Harvard Business  School 
cases I use in my finance classes at Beiwai.  There is, 
admittedly, something exotic about the cases: They are entirely 
from American business, presented in an exclusively  American 
context and are based only on American-style financial 
statements. In the US we use such cases to give students the 
experience of making business decisions in an atmosphere of 
uncertainty; the students must make up their own minds about 
how to proceed.?

  Except for the tendency, illustrated above, to be somewhat 
lenient toward firms in trouble, my Beiwai students essentially 
discuss the cases just as American students would.  They come 
to understand the situations and weigh the relevant arguments, 
even though they are just beginning to study finance and have 
never been to the US.  Oddest of all for students educated 
in China, the classes take the form not of lectures, but of 
discussions among students over what decision to make.  The 
students are not given guidance on what to do, nor do they 
have any other information beyond what the businessmen had in 
these instances in real life.  For a long while during these 
classes my students distrust their own opinions and don?t 
fully believe in what they find themselves saying.  They are 
really waiting for me to tell them at the end of the class 
what they ought to do.?

  But I don't.  And early in the semester there is 
consternation.  They come up after class and plead, but I 
tell them, “I'm not the one who has to make the decision.  
You are.  What would you do?”?

  For the first several classes the students tell me that 
they don?t have the faintest idea of what they are doing.  
They stay up late at night and waste a lot of time writing 
the analyses I require.  They think that what they have 
written is all wrong because it doesn?t match the answer 
which they think I?ve suggested during class, but which I 
haven?t actually suggested.  What they really mean is that 
their answer doesn?t match the conclusions that have emerged 
from the students' discussion.?
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