Why Do You Ask?: The Function of Questions in Institutional Discourse
By Alice Freed, Susan Ehrlich
* Publisher:Oxford University Press, USA
* Number Of Pages:376
* Publication Date:2010-01-26
* ISBN-10 / ASIN:0195306902
* ISBN-13 / EAN:9780195306903
Product Description:
The act of questioning is the primary speech interaction between an institutional speaker and someone outside the institution. These roles dictate their language practices. "Why Do You Ask?" is the first collected volume to focus solely on the question/answer process, drawing on a range of methodological approaches like Conversational Analysis, Discourse Analysis, Discursive Psychology, and Sociolinguistics-and using as data not just medical, legal, and educational environments, but also less-studied institutions like telephone call centers, broadcast journalism (i.e. talk show interviews), academia, and telemarketing.
An international roster of well-known contributors addresses such issues as: the relationship between the syntax of the question and its discourse function; the kind of institutional work that questions perform; the degree to which the questioner can control the direction of the conversation; and how questions are used to repackage responses, to construct meaning, and to serve the institutional goals of speakers.
Why Do You Ask? will appeal to linguists and others interested in institutional discourse, as well as those interested in the grammatical/pragmatic nature of questions.
Information Structure: Theoretical, Typological, and Experimental Perspectives
By Malte Zimmermann, Caroline Féry
* Publisher:Oxford University Press, USA
* Number Of Pages:429
* Publication Date:2009-12-20
* ISBN-10 / ASIN:0199570957
* ISBN-13 / EAN:9780199570959
Product Description:
In this book leading scholars provide state-of-the-art overviews of approaches to the formal expression of information structure in natural language and its interaction with general principles of human cognition and communication. They present critical accounts of current understanding of how aspects of grammar, such as prosody, syntax, morphology, semantics, and pragmatics, interact in the packing and unpacking of information in communication. They also look at the psycholinguistics behind the production and perception of information-structural categories. The book reflects the advances in recent research on all central aspects of the subject, including concepts of focus versus background, topic versus comment, and given versus new, and the kinds of inferences required to make sense of different combinations of words, syntax, intonation, and context. The chapters include typological and diachronic perspectives on information structure. Taken as a whole the book demonstrates the productive value of combining.
Hypothesis A/Hypothesis B: Linguistic Explorations in Honor of David M. Perlmutter (Current Studies in Linguistics)
By Donna B. Gerdts, John C. Moore, Maria Polinsky
* Publisher:The MIT Press
* Number Of Pages:528
* Publication Date:2010-01-29
* ISBN-10 / ASIN:0262633566
* ISBN-13 / EAN:9780262633567
Product Description:
Anyone who has studied linguistics in the last half-century has been affected by the work of David Perlmutter. One of the era's most versatile linguists, he is perhaps best known as the founder (with Paul Postal) of Relational Grammar, but he has also made contributions to areas ranging from theoretical morphology to sign language phonology. Hypothesis A/Hypothesis B (the title evokes Perlmutter's characteristic style of linguistic argumentation) offers twenty-three essays by Perlmutter’s colleagues and former students.
Many of the contributions deal with the study of the world's languages (including Indo-European languages, sign language, and languages of the Americas), reflecting the influence of Perlmutter's cross-linguistic research and meticulous analysis of empirical data. Other topics include grammatical relations and their mapping; unaccusatives, impersonals, and the like; complex verbs, complex clauses, and Wh-constructions; and the nature of sign language. Perlmutter, currently Professor Emeritus at the University of California, San Diego, and still actively engaged in the field, opens the volume with the illuminating and entertaining essay, "My Path in Linguistics."
Contributors: Judith Aissen, Mark Aronoff, Leonard H. Babby, Nicoleta Bateman, J. Albert Bickford, Sandra Chung, William D. Davies, Stanley Dubinsky, Katarzyna Dziwirek, Patrick Farrell, Donald G. Frantz, Donna B. Gerdts, Alice C. Harris, Brian D. Joseph, Géraldine Legendre, Philip S. LeSourd, Joan Maling, Stephen A. Marlett, Diane Lillo-Martin, James McCloskey, Richard P. Meier, Irit Meir, John C. Moore, Carol A. Padden, Maria Polinsky, Eduardo P. Raposo, Richard A. Rhodes, Wendy Sandler, Paul Smolensky, Annie Zaenen
Current Studies in Linguistics 49
Why Agree? Why Move?: Unifying Agreement-Based and Discourse Configurational Languages (Linguistic Inquiry Monographs)
By Shigeru Miyagawa
* Publisher:The MIT Press
* Number Of Pages:200
* Publication Date:2009-12-31
* ISBN-10 / ASIN:0262013614
* ISBN-13 / EAN:9780262013611
Product Description:
An unusual property of human language is the existence of movement operations. Modern syntactic theory from its inception has dealt with the puzzle of why movement should occur. In this monograph, Shigeru Miyagawa combines this question with another, that of the occurrence of agreement systems. Using data from a wide range of languages, he argues that movement and agreement work in tandem to achieve a specific goal: to imbue natural language with enormous expressive power. Without movement and agreement, he contends, human language would be merely a shadow of itself, with severe limitation on what can be expressed.
Miyagawa investigates a variety of languages, including English, Japanese, Bantu languages, Romance languages, Finnish, and Chinese. He finds that every language manifests some kind of agreement, some in the form of the familiar person/number/gender system and others in the form of what Katalin
The Spatial Foundations of Cognition and Language: Thinking Through Space (Explorations in Language and Space)
By Kelly S. Mix, Linda B. Smith, Michael Gasser
* Publisher:Oxford University Press, USA
* Number Of Pages:328
* Publication Date:2010-02-28
* ISBN-10 / ASIN:0199553246
* ISBN-13 / EAN:9780199553242
Product Description:
This book presents recent research on the role of space as a mechanism in language use and learning. It proceeds from the notion that cognition in real time, developmental time, and over evolutionary time occurs in space, and that the physical properties of space may provide insights into basic cognitive processes, including memory, attention, action, and perception. It looks at how physical space and landmarks are used in cognitive representations and serve as the basis of human cognition in a range of core mechanisms to index memories and ground meanings that are not themselves explicitly about space. The editors have brought together experimental psychologists, computer scientists, robotocists, linguists, and researchers in child language in order to consider the nature and applications of this research and in particular its implications for understanding the processes involved in language acquisition.
Basics Typography: Virtual Typography
By Matthias Hilner
* Publisher:Ava Publishing
* Number Of Pages:183
* Publication Date:2009-06-01
* ISBN-10 / ASIN:294037399X
* ISBN-13 / EAN:9782940373994
Product Description:
"Basics Typography: Virtual Typography" addresses a fundamentally new form of typographical communication. The book explores the visual arrangement of words and letters in the context of multimedia. Here, this arrangement is not simply a spatial positioning of text information it is also bound by time. The increasing use of moving, virtual type can help to harmonise this time-based presentation of words on screen. The book touches on work from a variety of designers, including Channel 4 and Pentagram Design. This will provide an excellent introduction to the latest methods in typographical and visual communication.
Reading in a Second Language: Moving from Theory to Practice (Cambridge Applied Linguistics)
By William Grabe
Publisher's web page for the book:
http://cambridge.org/9780521729741
* Publisher:Cambridge University Press
* Number Of Pages:484
* Publication Date:2008-12-15
* ISBN-10 / ASIN:0521729742
* ISBN-13 / EAN:9780521729741
Product Description:
This volume, through a detailed treatment of the cognitive processes that support reading, explains how reading really works. It offers a thorough overview of important and current research, including first language research, which is not often found in second language acquisition (SLA) publications. This book is a true example of applied linguistics; it makes well-defined linkages between theory and practice, discussing the implications and applications of second language reading theories on instructional practices. It is a valuable resource and reference for action researchers, curriculum designers, teachers, administrators, and those interested in exploring theoretical issues grounded in instructional contexts.
Summary: Reading in a Second Language, Moving from Theory to Practice
Rating: 5
This book is an impressive display of scholarship. It is well-organised and very readable. Any teacher who is interested in improving his/her understanding of how second language learners learn (or do not learn) to read should read this book. Any teacher who is interested in helping students improve their reading skills should get this book. Very well done.
Summary: A must
Rating: 5
This book is comprehensive and it is a must read for anyone who wants to find out what's going on in current research and practice in comprehension issues as it relates in first and second language. The text defines the literacy concept, discusses the research on this area, and also discusses the implications that this research has on comprehension instruction. I have been very satisfied with this book. I highly recommend it.
The Subject of Semiotics
By Kaja Silverman
* Publisher:Oxford University Press, USA
* Number Of Pages:320
* Publication Date:1983-05-12
* ISBN-10 / ASIN:0195031776
* ISBN-13 / EAN:9780195031775
Product Description:
Demonstrates how psychoanalysis extends the claims of Saussurean linguistics for a science of signs, and takes the reader with great clarity and precision through a number of the most puzzling thickets of Freudian and Lacanian thought.
Summary: Kaja's Kase
Rating: 4
Kaja Silverman does an excellent job of describing the history and philosophy behind semiotics. She has a compendium of knowledge about the many pioneers of semiotics and summurizes each individuals contribution, such as Derrida, Saussure, and Barthes.
Like Josheph Campbell ("The Hero with a Thousand Faces"), Silverman focuses on psycoanalysis and Freudian thought to help solidify semiotics as a modern form of literary criticism.
For anyone interested in semiotics or just wanting to get a general view of how this discipline can be utilized in literature, film, and popular culture "The Subject of Semiotics" is the perfect place to explore.
Summary: Brilliant, but use with caution
Rating: 4
In many respects Silverman's _Subject of Semiotics_ is a brilliant introductory work to post-structuralist approaches to semiotics. First, Silverman's style of exposition is exceedingly clear and provides numerous examples from literature and film to support her claims and aid the reader in discerning how structuralist principles can be applied. Moreover, Silverman displays extensive knowledge of both structural linguistics and Freudian psychoanalysis. If the book limited itself to Freud and structuralism I would unhesitatingly give it four stars, however Silverman's presentation of Lacan suffers from serious misrepresentations. For instance, in reference to Plato's myth of the three sexes, Silverman writes, "One of these assumptions is that the human subject derives from an original whole which was divided in half, and taht its existence is dominated by the desire to recover its missing compliment. Another of these assumptions is that the division suffered by the subject was sexual in nature-- that when it was "sliced" in half, it lost the sexual androgyny it once had and was reduced to the biological dimension either of a man or a woman. This biological dimension is seen by Lacan, if not by Plato, as absolutely determining the subject's social identity. Finally, Lacan shares with Aristophanes the belief that the only resolution to the loss suffered by the subject as the consequence of sexual division is heterosexual union and procreation" (152). For those familiar with the work of Lacan, these claims are absurd. While it is true that Lacan argues that we spend our entire life looking for that missing piece of ourselves, nowhere does Lacan claim that this lack results due to biology. Moreover, for Lacan the differentiation of the sexes is not a biological fact, but a cultural fact. Finally, Lacan claims that "there is no sexual relationship", thus effectively undermining the suggestion that he believes that heterosexual love is the solution to our malaise. Now, I do not feel that Silverman is to be blamed for the assertions she here makes. _The Subject of Semiotics_ was written in 1983, when many of Lacan's seminars-- notably seminar XX on feminine sexuality --were not yet available. Consequently, there is a great deal about Lacan that she could not have known. However, in the case of a text as important as Silverman's for introductory purposes, one would expect that new editions would be written correcting claims that are blatantly false and misleading. Silverman's text is careful and thorough, yet it is important to read the materials with which she is working and not rely on her analyses as completely authorative.
Summary: Making Sense of Semiotics
Rating: 5
To the unititiated, the world of semiotics can be daunting. Silverman's book can help. Though not an easy read for those unfamiliar with structuralism, post-structuralism and post-modern thought, the author presents the history and ideas of the most important contributers in the field. One should not, however, take her interpretations as the final word on the authors whose work she describes and interprets. Read Silverman, read the primary sources, compare, and make your own decisions. This book is absolutely necessary to those who would understand the likes of Saussure and Lacan.
Summary: A Must-Have for students of theory
Rating: 5
Extremely useful for the student attempting to learn about Jacques Lacan, Roland Barthes, et. al. especially for the cinema student. I credit this book with getting me through several grad school film theory courses!
Corpus-linguistic applications: Current studies, new directions. (Language & Computers)
By Stefan Thomas Gries, Stefanie Wulff, Mark Davies
* Publisher:Rodopi
* Number Of Pages:268
* Publication Date:2009-12-18
* ISBN-10 / ASIN:9042028009
* ISBN-13 / EAN:9789042028005
Product Description:
This volume provides an overview of four currently booming areas in the discipline of corpus linguistics. The first section is concerned with studies of the history and development of morphological and syntactic phenomena in English, Spanish, and Mandarin Chinese. The second section contains case studies investigating the functions and contexts of use of different morphological and syntactic forms in English, Spanish, Russian, and Mandarin Chinese. The third section contains studies in the field of genre and register from settings as diverse as health, call center, academic, and legal discourse. The final section features papers refining existing, and exploring new, corpus-linguistic methods: dispersions, text mining, corpus similarity, as well as the development of extraction patterns and the evaluation of tagging methods.
Contents
Introduction 1
Stefanie Wulff, Stefan Th. Gries, and Mark Davies
1. Diachronic applications
Online databases and language change: the case of Spanish dizque 7
Viola G. Miglio
Toward a comparison of unsupervised diachronic morphological profiles 29
Alfonso Medina Urrea
Change and variation in complement selection: a case study 47
from recent English, with evidence from large corpora
Juhani Rudanko
Journalistic corpus similarity over time 67
Cristina Mota
2. Function-oriented applications
“Ah lovely stuff, eh?” – invariant tag meanings and usage 85
across three varieties of English
Georgie Columbus
Good nouns, bad nouns: what the corpus says and 103
what native speakers think
Philip Dilts
Subject omission in Russian: a study of the Russian National Corpus 119
Tatiana Zdorenko
3. Register/genre applications
Linguistic realizations of rhetorical structure: a corpus-based 135
study of research article abstracts and introductions in
applied linguistics and educational technology
Phuong Dzung Pho
vi
Lexical bundle distribution in university classroom talk 153
Eniko Csomay and Viviana Cortes
Suggestions and recommendations in academic speech 169
Luciana Diniz
Building a forensic corpus to test language-based indicators of deception 183
Eileen Fitzpatrick and Joan Bachenko
4. Methodological applications
Dispersions and adjusted frequencies in corpora: further explorations 197
Stefan Th. Gries
Probabilistic tagging of minority language data: a case study using Qtag 213
Christopher Cox
Exploring a corpus of scientific texts using data mining 233
Elke Teich and Peter Fankhauser
Automated learning of appraisal extraction patterns 249
Second Language Learning Theories (Arnold Publication) Second Edition
By Rosamond Mitchell, Florence Myles
* Publisher:A Hodder Arnold Publication
* Number Of Pages:320
* Publication Date:2004-08-26
* ISBN-10 / ASIN:0340807660
* ISBN-13 / EAN:9780340807668
Product Description:
Second Language Learning Theories is an introduction to the field of second language learning for students without a substantial background in linguistics. In this new edition, new studies have been incorporated and the evaluation sections in each chapter have been expanded, ensuring that the book remains as fresh, engaging and useful as the day it was first published.
Summary: Very helpful
Rating: 5
This is a very helpful introductory book related to SLL theories. It's a must-read for all those whose work/study is related to the field. The authors successfully compile an enormous amount of information regarding the subject.
Summary: The author has done the hard work for you!
Rating: 4
The author brilliantly collates what must amount to a seemingly infinite amount of material. Terms are clearly explained and chapters follow a coherent path, allbeit to a conclusion (minus one star) that wasn't expected... but the journey was well worth it!
Short case studies and examples are easy to skip over but good to see them. The content is deep enough for a University audience and at a reasonable length to link to practical applications as well as leave your mind tinkering. It is a first-time theoretical read and a stepping-stone to broader material as it impartially outlines the arguments for and against each theory.
In the end you are forced to decide for yourself! For the moment I have made my mind up on the theoretical side - how about you? In hindsight the decision to get this title was very easy.
Summary: The big picture
Rating: 4
As a student in TESOL, I appreciate this book for giving me a good view of the most important theories in our field. We are so apt to focus and not see the "other stuff". This book is comprehensive easy to understand and clear. A must to all who wonder about the role of functionalist, pragmatic, cognitive, social, UG theories and more are surveyed in a concise and clear fashion. A must to all who do not have an understanding of the theories in our field.
Multimodal Metaphor (Applications of Cognitive Linguistics)
By Charles J. Forceville, Eduardo Urios-Aparisi
* Publisher:Mouton de Gruyter
* Number Of Pages:470
* Publication Date:2009-09-15
* ISBN-10 / ASIN:3110205157
* ISBN-13 / EAN:9783110205152
Product Description:
Metaphor pervades discourse and may govern how we think and act. But most studies only discuss its verbal varieties. This book examines metaphors drawing on combinations of visuals, language, gestures, sound, and music. Investigated texts include advertising, political cartoons, comics, film, songs, and oral communication. Where appropriate, the influence of genre and cultural factors is thematized.
Narratology in the Age of Cross-Disciplinary Narrative Research (Narratologia)
By Sandra Heinen, Roy Sommer
* Publisher:Walter de Gruyter
* Number Of Pages:309
* Publication Date:2009-09-15
* ISBN-10 / ASIN:3110222426
* ISBN-13 / EAN:9783110222425
Product Description:
Narrative Research has over the last 15 years developed into an international and interdisciplinary field. This volume collects fifteen essays which look at narrative and narrativity from various perspectives, including literary studies and hermeneutics, cognitive theory and creativity research, metaphor studies, film theory and intermediality, as well as memory studies, musicology, theology and psychology. The topics touch on a wide range of issues, such as the current state of narratology and its potential for development, narrativity in visual and auditive art forms, the cultural functions of narrative, and the role of narrative concepts across the disciplines.
Linguistic Minorities and Modernity (Advances in Sociolinguistics)
By Monica Heller
* Publisher:Continuum
* Number Of Pages:246
* Publication Date:2006-12-11
* ISBN-10 / ASIN:0826486908
* ISBN-13 / EAN:9780826486905
Product Description:
The subject of this book is linguistic minorities and social change, seen through the lens of a linguistic minority school, meeting the challenges of globalization. This is a core topic for sociolinguists, linguistic anthropologists, applied linguists and educators who are concerned about what multilingualism means in today's world. Through a careful examination of the language practices in the daily life of a minority language school, Monica Heller explores issues such as nationalism, language policy, bilingualism, identity, power, ideology, race, class, gender and sexuality, exploring their role in the increasing commodification of identity and language. "Linguistic Minorities and Modernity" has been revised throughout, and includes a new preface by the author.
Semantic Role Universals And Argument Linking: Theoretical, Typological, And Psycholinguistic Perspectives (Trends in Linguistics: Studies and Monographs 165)
By Ina Bornkessel, Matthias Schlesewsky, Bernard Comire, Angela D. Friederici
* Publisher:Llh
* Number Of Pages:364
* Publication Date:2006-07-30
* ISBN-10 / ASIN:3110186020
* ISBN-13 / EAN:9783110186024
Product Description:
The concept of semantic roles has been central to linguistic theory for many decades. More specifically, the assumption of such representations as mediators in the correspondence between a linguistic form and its associated meaning has helped to address a number of critical issues related to grammatical phenomena. Furthermore, in addition to featuring in all major theories of grammar, semantic (or 'thematic') roles have been referred to extensively within a wide range of other linguistic subdisciplines, including language typology and psycho-/neurolinguistics.
This volume brings together insights from these different perspectives and thereby, for the first time, seeks to build upon the obvious potential for cross-fertilisation between hitherto autonomous approaches to a common theme. To this end, a view on semantic roles is adopted that goes beyond the mere assumption of generalised roles, but also focuses on their hierarchical organisation. The book is thus centred around the interdisciplinary examination of how these hierarchical dependencies subserve argument linking - both in terms of linguistic theory and with respect to real-time language processing - and how they interact with other information types in this process. Furthermore, the contributions examine the interaction between the role hierarchy and the conceptual content of (generalised) semantic roles and investigate their cross-linguistic applicability and psychological reality, as well as their explanatory potential in accounting for phenomena in the domain of language disorders.
In bridging the gap between different disciplines, the book provides a valuable overview of current thought on semantic roles and argument linking, and may further serve as a point of departure for future interdisciplinary research in this area. As such, it will be of interest to scientists and advanced students in all domains of linguistics and cognitive science.
Critical Introduction to Phonetics (Continuum Critical Introductions to Linguistics)
By Ken Lodge
* Publisher:Continuum
* Number Of Pages:256
* Publication Date:2009-01-10
* ISBN-10 / ASIN:0826488730
* ISBN-13 / EAN:9780826488732
Product Description:
This work presents a new stance on the presentation of basic phonetic skills for students of linguistics, using examples drawn from a wide-range of languages. "Continuum Critical Introductions to Linguistics" present core areas of linguistics from refreshing new perspectives. This book takes a new stance phonetics and will interest students of linguistics. Using examples drawn from a wide-range of languages Ken Lodge introduces the key aspects of phonetics, examining the difference between speech and writing, the physiology of speech production, basic and detailed articulation, and acoustic phonetics. The book contains a practical guide to transcriptions from sound recordings, and a section on applications of phonetics to fields of study such as language variation and accent."A Critical Introduction to Phonetics" provides comprehensive coverage of all the key areas of the subject, and contains chapter summaries to help the reader navigate the text. Critical thinking is prompted throughout, and this will be essential reading for students on introductory phonetics courses both at undergraduate and postgraduate level. "Continuum Critical Introductions to Linguistics" are comprehensive introductions to core areas in linguistics. The introductions are original and approach the subject from unique and different perspectives. Using contemporary examples and analogies, these books seek to explain complicated issues in an accessible way. The books prompt critical thinking about each core area, and are a radical departure from traditional, staid introductions to the subject. Written by key academics in each field who are not afraid to be controversial, each book will be essential reading for undergraduate students.
1 Why Phonetics? 1
2 Articulation 13
3 The Articulators in Combination 51
4 Transcription 67
5 Segmentation 96
6 Prosodic Features 110
/ Continuous Speech 135
8 Varieties of English 161
9 Acoustic Phonetics 183
Glossary of Phonetic Terms 225
References 235
Index 239
Preface
This book is the outcome of some thirty years teaching phonetics, mainly
articulatory phonetics to undergraduate and postgraduate students with a
variety of interests, though their core has always been students on a linguistics
programme. As an introduction to phonetics, it will take a somewhat different
stance from a traditional approach on the presentation of basic phonetic skills
for students of linguistics and others (e.g., speech and language therapists).
It assumes that
(i) natural, everyday speech is the true reflection of the linguistic system (the phonology
in particular);
(ii) speech is not a concatenation of discrete segments (whatever sort of phonology we
may wish to establish);
(iii) universal characteristics of phonetic realization of the linguistic system are at best
poorly understood; and
(iv) ear-training, production and acoustic analysis should be taught in equal measure, since
all three should be used hand-in-hand, as they are complementary rather than superior
to one another.
In this book, however, my main focus is on articulation and ear-training with
a final chapter on how spectrograms can help us interpret what is going on in
speech and sharpen our observations of it.
Assumption (i) means that linguists should always consider connected
speech as well as or even in preference to the phonetic characteristics of
individual words, in particular their citation forms, that is the sound of the
word spoken in isolation. After all, in most circumstances we do not communicate
with one another in single-word utterances, and even if we do, we do
not necessarily pronounce the words we use as though we were reading them
out of a dictionary. Assumption (ii) means that, whereas as an introductory
platform to phonetics the description and transcription of individual sounds
may make sense, this alone cannot achieve a full appreciation of the nature of
continuous speech, which requires a non-segmental approach to the contributory
roles of the various parameters of articulation, that is, vocal cord activity,
manner of constriction, nasality, and so on.
VIII Preface
Assumption (iii) relates to a large extent to the assumptions made by phonologists
about the most appropriate way of representing a native speaker 's
knowledge of phonological structure. Of course, phonologists are often phoneticians,
too, and they wear different hats on different occasions. So, it is not
impossible for one and the same researcher to stress the continuous nature of
the articulation and the acoustics of speech from a phonetic point of view, and
then to opt for a purely segmental kind of phonological analysis. The problem
is that all too often there is no discussion of how the two different kinds of
interpretation are connected. My contention is that, if we are to understand the
nature of the relationship between the two, phonetic detail and phonological
structure, then we need as much information as possible about the nature of
spoken language from a physical point of view, as well as the continuing investigations
into the psycholinguistic aspects of phonological knowledge. This
book is an introduction to the complexity of the physical characteristics of
speech. In this task it tries to avoid presenting the phonetics in such a way as to
make mainstream phonological theory seem obvious; for instance, it rejects
the notion that if phonological structure is based on strings of segments, then
let's present phonetics in the same way.
Assumption (iv) reflects my belief that a good ear is as important as a
good eye and good analytical and observational skills. Ear-training and an
ability to transcribe as accurately as possible what is heard (impressionistic
transcription) is the starting point for a phonetician, despite the many excellent
advances in instrumental support for the observation of speech that have
occurred since the Second World War. And if the phonetician is also a phonologist,
no amount of equipment and software will give her/him answers of
an analytical nature. What it will do, of course, is provide even more detail for
consideration.
During the very long gestation period of this book I have been grateful to
have had the opportunity to try out my approach in teaching phonetics to several
cohorts of students, without whom none of this would have been necessary.
I am also grateful to the many colleagues over the years with whom I have discussed
the issues laid out above. I have appreciated the opportunity to argue
my case over the years, even if sometimes I have failed to convince and at other
times I have been preaching to the converted. There are too many to mention
or even remember, but I would particularly like to acknowledge my indebtness
to the following friends and colleagues. They are in no particular order, and
have contributed a variety of input from information about languages of which
I am not a speaker to offering technical facilities for the preparation
Preface IX
of the material that supports the text of the book. So, thanks to: Dan Silverman,
whose sister book to this on phonology convinced me I should finally put pen
to paper (and fingers to keyboard!), Zoe Butterfint, Lela Banakas, John Local
(one of the converted), Richard Ogden (another of them), Peter Trudgill, John
Gray; Francis Nolan and Geoff Potter, who kindly offered their laboratory
facilities at Cambridge; and Janette Taylor for her illustrations of the human
speech organs. As regards getting all this into print, I have to acknowledge the
help, encouragement and, in particular, patience from Jenny Lovel, who initiated
the project, Gurdeep Mattu, who took over halfway through, and Colleen
Coalter, all of Continuum Books.
I hope that in the end at least some people feel that it has been worth all the
effort.
Ken Lodge
Norwich
March, 2008
Index
acoustic analysis 42,183-4
acoustic phonetics 2,183-224
active articulators 26,27
'Adam's apple' 15
advanced tongue root (ATR) 24-5
affrication 35
African languages, examples of pitch 113
airflow 13,15
air stream mechanism 14-15,46-8
allophones 69
alphabets 11
alveolar approximant 180,181
'alveolar', pronunciation of 28
alveolar ridge 23,27,28
alveolar sounds 26
tandd 86
alveolar tap 81
alveolo-palatal sounds 30
ambiguity, written and spoken 5
ambisyllabicity 128
American Phonetic Alphabet (APA) 70
amplitude 187
Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs 11
Ancient Greek loan words in
German 87, 132
anisomorphism 107
anticipatory assimilation 147-9
anti-formant 216
aperiodic sounds 213
apex of tongue 25
approximants 33,36-8,216,218
Arabic
consonants 91
emphatic stops 63
syllables 129
articles, definite and indefinite 62
articulation 14-50,77,141
components 98
manner of 33,45,52
place of 26,52,208,213
articulators in combination 51—66
arytenoid cartilages 15
Asian languages, examples of pitch 113
aspiration 105-6
assimilation 115,131,145-53
auditory phonetics 2
Australian pitch raising 176
back of tongue (dorsum) 25
bilabial click 48
bilabial sounds 27
blade of tongue (lamina) 25
Brazilian-Amazonian jungle
language 24
breathing pattern 14-15
breathy voice 19-20
British English 16,17,68
Burmese voiceless nasals 54
cardinal vowels 39,40-1
categorical interpretation 56
Caucasian languages 22
cavity friction 62
Chinese writing system 11,100
citation form 135,157-8
clicks 15,47-8
closed syllable 80
closure 34
Cockney 177
coda 9,124,125
coda obstruents, English 106
Comaltepec Chinantec 10
comparison of accents 173-4
concatenation 135-6
connected speech phenomena 145-58
consonants 38,176-7
and vowels 62
continuous speech 135-60
contoid articulations 206-16
contoids 54
240 Index
contoid/vocoid, terms 38
creaky voice 20-1
cues to meaning in speech 4
Cufic alphabet 11
Cyrillic alphabet 11
Czech
stress in 119
syllables 129
trills 46
word 125
dearticulation 155-6
of laterals 179
delayed release 35
'deletion'examples 156-8
dental clicks 48
dental fricatives 57
dental sounds 28
diacritics 33,42
diphthongs 42,44
central 74-5,78
front-closing 73
rising, in French 85
disyllabic words 135-8
Down's syndrome 24
drama 12
duration 112,119-21,125,126
EastAnglia 167-8
egressive pulmonic airstream 15, 53
ejectives 15,47,177
electronic tone 188
emotional involvement 115
enclitic 119
English
phonological structure 8
stress patterns, list 117
varieties 150,161-82
vowel system 49, 71
epiglottis 14,22,24
'Eve's wedding ring' 15
face-to-face context of speech 7
falling diphthongs 42-3
faucal opening 21
foot 131-2
forensic linguistics 12
formant and anti-formant 184
formant chart 195,196,198
English short vowels 204
vocoids 195
formants and frequencies 190-205
fortis 49
fortition 153-4
French
nasal vowels 84
pronunciation 83-5
stress 118-19
word list 85
French and English sentences 130-1
frequency 112,187-222
fricative manner 52
fricatives 19,30-4,213,216
fricatives (spirants) 36
in German 86
friction 35
frictionless continuants 37
front of tongue (dorsum) 25
fundamental frequency of utterance 5-6,
190,222
General American 68,81-3
German 86-9
pronunciation 86-9
stress and rhythm 132
trills 46
vowels 86-7
word list 88
glide 49
glottal activity, Chong 104,106
glottal closure 55
glottal fricative 62
glottalic airstream 15
glottal reinforcement 17, 86,155,176-7
glottal stops 16,33,177
as definite article 56-7,177-8
glottis 15,17,18
gradient interpretation 56
Greek alphabet 11
Greek, Modern 89-90
Index 241
h sound 176
Habsburg royal house 27
harmonics 218,222
harmony languages 151
Hertz (Hz) measurement of
frequency 112,187
High German sound shift 154
high pitch 113
hold 34
homophony 9, 84
horizontal axis (abscissa) 195
hypercorrectness 163
Icelandic 49
implicit meanings 7
implosives 15,46-7
Indian English 170
information structure 113,114
'insertion'examples 157-8
International Phonetic Association
(IPA) 11,39,41
chart x, 52, 54, 55, 59
'interpersonal meaning' 2
intervocalic sounds 17
intonation 2, 3,4-8, 80,112,114
isomorphism 11,12
Jamaican Creole 169-70
Japanese 43
high vowels 62
moraic language 129
syllable structure 129
Jones, Daniel, phonetician 39,41
Kalenjin, Nilotic language, Kenya 152
Kenyan English 170-1
labialization 61
labiodental approximant 180-1
labiodental sounds 27
labio-lingual articulations 24
labiovelar articulations 53
Lancashire 17,164,177-8
laryngeoscopy 50
larynx 14-16
laterals 45,52
approximants 45
in English 44,69,77,78,179
fricatives 45, 57-8, 100-1
release 35
Latin 83
and German stress 132
loan words in German 87
left-to-right assimilation 147-9
lenis 49
lenition 153-4,181-2
lexical alveolar nasal 146
lexical entry form 135
lexical incidence 78,169,170
liaison 130
in French and English 157
linguistic structure 10
linguistic systems, study of 8
lips 13,14,25-7
position 41,61,108
rounding 40,61,141
spreading 40,141
vocoid articulation 40
Liverpool accent 107
lenition 182
London Jamaican 170
London speakers 179
long-domain features 107-8
loudness 185
lowered positions 60,61
lowering of pitch 113
lungs 13,14-15
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 50
Malay 90-3
loan and replacement consonants 91
word list 93
Mandarin Chinese 112,113
tones, table 113
Margi labiodental flap 46, 51
Middle English 80,167
velar frictative 171-2
Modern Greek
assimilation 149-50
stress in 119
242 Index
monophthongs 42,44, 72
French 84
German 88
Jamaican 169
Scottish English 166,167
monosyllables, English 129
mora, timing unit 129
moraic language, Japanese 133
mouth 13,14
murmur 19-20
narrow-band spectrograms 218,222
nasal assimilation
English 150
German 150
nasal contoids 216
nasal fricatives 55
nasality 52,146,200
in English 77, 78,145-6
in Malay 92-3,111
nasalization
ofvocoids 41,82,174
nasal stop 30,31,34-5,53-5,216
nasal versus oral sounds 22,216-17
nasopharynx 22
neutral position of lips 25,26
non-obstruents 57-8
non-pulmonic air 63—4
nonsense words 94
Norfolk 17,177
northern English 56-7,162-3
Norwich 167-8,177
nose 14
NP (noun phrase) 5
nuclear vowel 106,124
nucleus 124,125
obstruents 36
occlusion, degrees of 33
onset 9,124,125
open syllables 80
oral articulators
active 26
passive 26
oral versus nasal sounds 22,216-17
oral stop 30,35,53-5,207-13
ordinate 195
organs of speech 2
overlap, articulatory 101-7
palatal 30-1
palatal nasal 83
palatalization 63
palate 27
soft, hard 22,29
palatoalveolar clicks 30, 35,48
palatography 50
parametric interplay 64-6,135-45
parametric view of speech 64-6,98-101
passive articulators 26,27
perseverative assimilation 147-9
pharyngealization 44,63
pharyngeal sounds 33
pharynx 14,21-2
phonation 16, 52, 55,64
phonemes 9
phones 10
phonetic duration 120-1
phonetics and phonology 8-11
phonetic structure of real speech 98-109
phonological length 120
phonotactics 127
Piraha labio-lingual flick 51
pitch 19,112-15,185-9
place assimilation 147-50
place of articulation 26, 52,208,213
plosive 34
Polish, stress in 119
post-alveolar sounds 29
postaspiration 105
post-tonic position in German 88
PRAAT (computer program) 185
preaspiration 105,106
pre-palatal sounds 29
pressure fluctuations 2,185
pre-tonic position 88
prognathous jaw 27
progressive assimilation 147-9
Index 243
proprioceptive observation 23
prosodic features 110-34
pseudo-phonetic terms 48-9
radix 21,25
raised positions 60,61
'received pronunciation' (RP) 70-1
speakers, radio and television 158
transcription for 120
regional accents 162
regressive assimilation 147-9
release 34-5
resonance 44-5, 111, 126,179,218-19
types of 62-3
resonator 189
retracted tongue root (RTR) 24-5,49
retro flex sounds 29,45,213
rhotacized vocoid articulations 81
rhoticity 81,164-5
rhyme 9,124
rhythm 112,130-3
rising diphthongs 43
rising intonation 114,115
rock music rhythms 133
Roman alphabet 11
root of tongue (radix) 21,25
rounded position of lips 25,26,61,
198-9
schwa 75-7,173,191-2
absence of 77-9
British English examples 41
French examples 41
German 87
Scotland, vowel systems in 166-7
Scots Gaelic 44,129-30
Scots, East Fife 153
Scottish Vowel Length Rule
(SVLR) 166
segmentation 11-12,98-109,139
Semitic languages 49
semivowel 37,49
sibilants 36,126,213
Sindhi 48
sine wave
complex 190
constant 188,189
fading (diagram) 188
singing 12
smoothing 168
soundwaves 2,185-7
aperiodic 187
periodic 187-90
sounds, deletion and insertion 101-2
Spanish, syllables 129
spectrograms 128,190-4,196-212,
213-16,217-22
speech
continous 135-59
objective description of 1,2
transience of 2
versus writing 2-8
speech therapy 12
spoken language 3,4, 5
spread vowels in Turkish 151
Standard British English (SBE) 70-81
steady states 207
stops 33-8,207-8
stress 112,116-19
in English compound words 118
on final syllable 85
stressed syllables 76-7
subglottal 18
suffixation in Turkish 152
supraglottal 18
supraglottal closure 16,47
Swedish 86
syllabic consonants 78
syllable boundaries 127,128
syllable structure 124-25
syllables 112,121-30
taps and trills 45-6,58
teeth 27
tense/lax 49
thyroid cartilage 15
tone group 114-15,131-2
tone languages 112,113
244 Index
tongue 23-5,27
tongue tip 25
tonic stress 114
trachea 15
transcription 67-94
broad 69
exercises 158-9
narrow 69
samples
in English 78-9
in French 85
in German 88
in Malay 91-3
Modern Greek 90
transitions, changes in formant
structure 207
trills 45-6
triphthong 42,43,44, 75, 76
Tr ique, Otomanguean language 101
Turkish 43
vowel harmony 108,151,152
ultrasound images 50
uvula 32
uvular approximant 180
uvular fricative 83
uvular trill in German 86
velaric airstream 15,47-8
velarization 44,63,155
velar nasal stop 48
velar sounds 31-2
velic activity 52
velum 13-15,22,23,27
velar, velic and velaric 32
vibration of vocal cords 19,105,112,187
vocal cord activity 56
timing 104-7
vocal cords 13,56
closed and open 18
glottis and 15-21
vibrating 18-19
vocal tract closure 34
vocoid articulation 39,40,44,125,151
vocoid phase 206
vocoid positions, sample 59-61
vocoids 37-8
close (high) 80
lip position and 58, 59
open (low) 80
resonance and 44
voiceless 41, 59,62
voice assimilation in French 150
voiced sounds 18-19
voiced obstruents, German restriction
on 86
voiced uvular trill 69-70
voiceless nasals 54-5
voicelessness 17,18, 56
voiceless vocoids 61-2
vowels
checked and unchecked 80-1
close or high 39,40
diagram 138
differences between GA and
SEE 80,81
duration 80
front, back, and central 32
German long and short 87
long'and'short' 80-1
Modern Greek 89
moving 43-4
Wavesurfer (computer program) 185
Welsh 45
whisper 21
wide-band and narrow-band
spectrograms 218,222,223
word boundaries 131
writing systems, non-alphabetic 100
written language 2-4
Yorkshire 17,177-8
young speakers of English 174-5
Modality and Subordinators (Studies in Language Companion Series)
By Jackie Nordstr鰉
* Publisher:John Benjamins Publishing Company
* Number Of Pages:341
* Publication Date:2010-01-27
* ISBN-10 / ASIN:9027205833
* ISBN-13 / EAN:9789027205834
Product Description:
This book connects two linguistic phenomena, modality and subordinators, so that both are seen in a new light, each adding to the understanding of the other. It argues that general subordinators (or complementizers) denote propositional modality (otherwise expressed by moods such as the indicative-subjunctive and epistemic-evidential modal markers). The book explores the hypothesis both on a cross-linguistic and on a language-branch specific level (the Germanic languages). One obvious connection between the indicative-subjunctive distinction and subordinators is that the former is typically manifested in subordinate clauses. Furthermore, both the indicative-subjunctive and subordinators determine clause types. More importantly, however, it is shown, through data from various languages, that subordinators themselves often denote the indicative-subjunctive distinction. In the Germanic languages, there is variation in many clause types between both the indicative and the subjunctive and that and if depending on the speaker's and/or the subject's certainty of the truth of the proposition.
Cause, Condition, Concession, Contrast: Cognitive and Discourse Perspectives (Topics in English Linguistics, No 33)
By Elizabeth Couper-Kuhlen, Bernd Kortmann
* Publisher:Llh
* Number Of Pages:480
* Publication Date:2000-06
* ISBN-10 / ASIN:3110166909
* ISBN-13 / EAN:9783110166903
Product Description:
In this collection of original and innovative papers, many authored by internationally known specialists, new light is thrown on the nature and the expression of the four probably most widely researched coherence relations. Some contributions deal primarily with cognitive and semantic aspects of the categories in question or their linguistic exponents, others more with the deployment of causal, conditional, contrast and concessive markers in written and spoken discourse. This dual perspective also helps illuminate the interface of cognition and language use.
How Words Mean: Lexical Concepts, Cognitive Models, and Meaning Construction
By Vyvyan Evans
* Publisher:Oxford University Press, USA
* Number Of Pages:320
* Publication Date:2009-11-23
* ISBN-10 / ASIN:0199234663
* ISBN-13 / EAN:9780199234660
Product Description:
How Words Mean introduces a new approach to the role of words and other linguistic units in the construction of meaning. It does so by addressing the interaction between non-linguistic concepts and the meanings encoded in language. It develops an account of how words are understood when we produce and hear language in situated contexts of use. It proposes two theoretical constructs, the lexical concept and the cognitive model. These are central to the accounts of lexical representation and meaning construction developed, giving rise to the Theory of Lexical Concepts and Cognitive Models (or LCCM Theory).
Vyvyan Evans integrates and advances recent developments in cognitive science, particularly in cognitive linguistics and cognitive psychology. He builds a framework for the understanding and analysis of meaning that is at once descriptively adequate and psychologically plausible. In so doing he also addresses current issues in lexical semantics and semantic compositionality, polysemy, figurative language, and the semantics of time and space, and writes in a way that will be accessible to students of linguistics and cognitive science at advanced undergraduate level and above.
An Outline of Middle English Grammar
By Karl Brunner
* Publisher:WileyBlackwell
* Number Of Pages:128
* Publication Date:1970-07-21
* ISBN-10 / ASIN:0631076808
* ISBN-13 / EAN:9780631076803
Metaphor and Metonymy in Comparison and Contrast (Cognitive Linguistics Research, 20.)
By Rene Dirven, Ralf Porings
* Publisher:Llh
* Number Of Pages:605
* Publication Date:2004-07
* ISBN-10 / ASIN:3110173743
* ISBN-13 / EAN:9783110173741
Product Description:
The book elaborates one of Roman Jakobson's many brilliant ideas, i.e. his insight that the two cognitive strategies of the metaphoric and the metonymic are the end-points on a continuum of conceptualization processes. This elaboration is achieved on the background of Lakoff and Johnson's two-domain approach, i.e. the mapping of a source onto a target domain of conceptualization. Further approaches dwell on different stretches of this metaphor-metonymy continuum. Still other papers probe into the specialized conceptual division of labor associated with both modes of thought. Two new breakthroughs in the cognitive linguistics approach to metaphor and metonymy have recently been developed: one is the three-domain approach, which concentrates on the new blends that become possible after the integration or the blending of source and target domain elements; the other is the approach in terms of primary scenes and subscenes which often determine the way source and target domains interact.