利用Nginx替代apache實現高性能的Web環境

petterla · 发表于 2009-7-30 14:35:37

Nginx介紹:
Nginx發音為[engine x]，是由俄羅斯人Igor Sysoev建立的項目,基於BSD許可。
據說他當初是F5的成員之一，英文主頁：http://nginx.net。俄羅斯的一些大網站已經使用它超過兩年多了，一直表現不凡,相信想瞭解nginx的朋友都讀過阿葉大哥的利用nginx實現負載均衡的文章相關鏈接見(六)。

測試環境:紅動中國(redocn)提供運\營服務器環境.

關於紅動服務環境:
紅動中國在早期利用apache環境，再加上一些優化的工作，一直是相對很穩定，但是最近由於網站發展，訪問量越來越大，在線人數一多經常出現，負載過高，性能急劇下降，經過雙木站長的同意，考慮是否能利用nginx來代替apache，經過長時間的觀察目前nginx工作很穩定，系統也不會再說現高負載的狀況，佔用內存也很低,訪問速率從用戶體驗來看明顯有提升.

關於紅動中國:
紅動中國（redocn)論壇經過近1年的快速發展，目前日均頁面訪問量超過100萬，位居全球設計論壇(中文)第1位，是國內最具影響力的設計論壇之一。目前論壇擁有近20萬會員，包括眾多設計界領軍人物在內的行業中堅力量、相關藝術院校師生以及部分設計愛好者等。

遷移目標:實現網站論壇靜態化，防盜鏈，下載並發數和速率限制,實現原站apache所具有的所有功能,將原apache環境下的站點全部遷移到Nginx

一.PHP(Fastcgi)編譯安裝
[root@att php-5.2.4]# cat in.sh 複製內容到剪貼板
代碼:
./configure \\
--prefix=/usr/local/php-fcgi \\
--enable-fastcgi \\
--enable-discard-path \\
--enable-force-cgi-redirect \\
--with-config-file-path=/usr/local/php-fcgi/etc \\
--enable-zend-multibyte \\
--with-mysql=/usr/local/mysql \\
--with-libxml-dir=/usr/local/libxml2 \\
--with-gd=/usr/local/gd2 \\
--with-jpeg-dir \\
--with-png-dir \\
--with-bz2 \\
--with-freetype-dir \\
--with-iconv-dir \\
--with-zlib-dir \\
--with-openssl=/usr/local/openssl \\
--with-mcrypt=/usr/local/libmcrypt \\
--enable-sysvsem \\
--enable-inline-optimization \\
--enable-soap \\
--enable-gd-native-ttf \\
--enable-ftp \\
--enable-mbstring \\
--enable-exif \\
--disable-debug \\
--disable-ipv6

make
make install
cp php.ini-dist /usr/local/php-fcgi/etc/php.ini注:關於如何安裝gd庫，mysql的編譯安裝，本文將不介紹，本文重點在於介紹nginx的安裝與配置，如想瞭解其它相關的問題可以到
LinuxPk去找相關的貼子(http://bbs.linuxpk.com)

二.Nginx編譯安裝
1.創建nginx運\行用戶和虛擬主機目錄複製內容到剪貼板
代碼:
groupadd www -g 48
useradd -u 48 -g www www
mkdir -p /data/www/wwwroot
chown -R www:www /data/www/wwwroot2.安裝lighttpd中附帶的spawn-fcgi，用來啟動php-cgi
先編譯安裝lighttpd產生spawn-fcgi二進制文件. 複製內容到剪貼板
代碼:
cd /usr/local/src/lighttpd-1.4.18
cp src/spawn-fcgi /usr/local/php-fcgi/bin/啟動php-cgi進程，監聽127.0.0.1的8085端口，進程數為250（如果服務器內存小於3GB，可以只開啟25個進程），用戶為www：
/usr/local/php-fcgi/bin/spawn-fcgi -a 127.0.0.1 -p 8085 -C 250 -u www -f /usr/local/php-fcgi/bin/php-cgi

3.nginx的安裝與配置
安裝Nginx所需的pcre庫：
http://ftp.dk.debian.org/exim/pcre/pcre-7.3.tar.gz 複製內容到剪貼板
代碼:
tar zxvf pcre-7.2.tar.gz
cd pcre-7.2/
./configure
make && make install
cd ../

http://sysoev.ru/nginx/nginx-0.5.32.tar.gz
tar zxvf nginx-0.5.32.tar.gz
cd nginx-0.5.32
./configure --user=www --group=www --prefix=/usr/local/nginx/ --with-http_stub_status_module --with-

openssl=/usr/local/openssl
make && make install
此模塊非核心模塊，需要在編譯的時候手動添加編譯參數 --with-http_stub_status_module
配置nginx

三.Nginx主配置文件及PHP支持.

1.nginx.conf 主配置文件的配置
#cd /usr/local/nginx/conf/
#cp nginx.conf nginx.conf.cao
#cat /dev/null > nginx.conf
#vi nginx.conf //主配置文件
[code
user www www;

worker_processes 10;

#error_log logs/error.log;
#error_log logs/error.log notice;
#error_log logs/error.log info;

pid /var/run/nginx.pid;

#Specifies the value for maximum file descriptors that can be opened by this process.
worker_rlimit_nofile 51200;

events
{
use epoll;

#maxclient = worker_processes * worker_connections / cpu_number
worker_connections 51200;
}

http
{
include conf/mime.types;
default_type application/octet-stream;

log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] $request '
         '\"$status\" $body_bytes_sent \"$http_referer\" '
         '\"$http_user_agent\" \"$http_x_forwarded_for\"';

#access_log /data/www/logs/access.log main;
#sendfile on;
tcp_nopush on;
tcp_nodelay  off;

keepalive_timeout 60;

client_header_timeout 3m;
client_body_timeout  3m;
send_timeout    3m;
connection_pool_size 256;
client_header_buffer_size  1k;
large_client_header_buffers  4 2k;
request_pool_size 4k;
output_buffers  4 32k;
postpone_output 1460;
client_max_body_size 10m;
client_body_buffer_size  256k;
client_body_temp_path /dev/shm/client_body_temp;
proxy_temp_path    /usr/local/nginx/proxy_temp;
fastcgi_temp_path    /usr/local/nginx/fastcgi_temp;

#gzip
gzip on;
gzip_http_version 1.0;
gzip_comp_level 2;
gzip_proxied any;
gzip_types text/plain text/html text/css application/x-javascript text/xml application/xml application/xml+rss text/javascript;
gzip_min_length 1100;
gzip_buffers 4 8k;

# The following includes are specified for virtual hosts  //以下是加載虛擬主機配置.
#www.redocn.com
include    conf/vhosts/www_redocn_com.conf;
#bbs.redocn.com
include    conf/vhosts/bbs_redocn_com.conf;
#blog.redocn.com
include    conf/vhosts/blog_redocn_com.conf;
#down.redocn.com
include    conf/vhosts/down_redocn_com.conf;
}[/code]

2.配置支持Fastcgi模式的PHP
[root@redocn conf]# cat enable_php5.conf 複製內容到剪貼板
代碼:
fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:8085;
fastcgi_index index.php;

fastcgi_param GATEWAY_INTERFACE CGI/1.1;
fastcgi_param SERVER_SOFTWARE  nginx;
#new ac upload
#fastcgi_pass_request_body off;
#client_body_in_file_only clean;
#fastcgi_param REQUEST_BODY_FILE $request_body_file;
#

fastcgi_param QUERY_STRING $query_string;
fastcgi_param REQUEST_METHOD $request_method;
fastcgi_param CONTENT_TYPE $content_type;
fastcgi_param CONTENT_LENGTH $content_length;

fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME  $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_NAME $fastcgi_script_name;
fastcgi_param REQUEST_URI $request_uri;
fastcgi_param DOCUMENT_URI $document_uri;
fastcgi_param DOCUMENT_ROOT $document_root;
fastcgi_param SERVER_PROTOCOL  $server_protocol;

fastcgi_param REMOTE_ADDR $remote_addr;
fastcgi_param REMOTE_PORT $remote_port;
fastcgi_param SERVER_ADDR $server_addr;
fastcgi_param SERVER_PORT $server_port;
fastcgi_param SERVER_NAME $server_name;

# PHP only, required if PHP was built with --enable-force-cgi-redirect
fastcgi_param REDIRECT_STATUS  200;四，多虛擬主機應用配置案例.

#mkdir /usr/local/nginx/conf/vhosts    //建立虛擬主機配置存放目錄.
1.www.redocn.com             //首站配置
[root@redocn vhosts]#vi www_redocn_com.conf 複製內容到剪貼板
代碼:
server
{
      listen 80;
      server_name www.redocn.com;
      index index.html index.htm index.php;
      root /data/www/wwwroot;
      error_page 404 http://bbs.redocn.com;
      rewrite ^/bbs/(.*) http://bbs.redocn.com/$1;
      location ~ .*\\.php?$
      {
         include conf/enable_php5.conf;
      }
}注: 關於rewite需求,紅動中國希望當用戶訪問http://www.redocn.com/bbs的時候自動轉至http://bbs.redocn.com
在原apache中利用redirect實現
Redirect /bbs http://bbs.redocn.com

本文中在nginx下利用rewrite實現:
rewrite ^/bbs/(.*) http://bbs.redocn.com/$1;

2.[root@redocn vhosts] vi bbs_redocn_com.conf 複製內容到剪貼板
代碼:
server
{
      listen 80;
      server_name bbs.redocn.com yan.redocn.com majia.redocn.com wt.redocn.com;
      index index.html index.htm index.php;
      root /home/www/htdocs/bbs;
      access_log /var/log/nginx/access_bbs.redocn.com.log combined;
      location / {
      #bbs rewrite
         rewrite ^/archiver/((fid|tid)-[\\w\\-]+\\.html)

[Copy to clipboard][ - ]
CODE:server
{
      listen 80;
      server_name bbs.redocn.com yan.redocn.com majia.redocn.com wt.redocn.com;
      index index.html index.htm index.php;
      root /home/www/htdocs/bbs;
      access_log /var/log/nginx/access_bbs.redocn.com.log combined;
      location / {
      #bbs rewrite
         rewrite ^/archiver/((fid|tid)-[\\w\\-]+\\.html)[ DISCUZ_CODE_17 ]nbsp; /archiver/index.php?$1 last;
         rewrite ^/forum-([0-9]+)-([0-9]+)\\.html[ DISCUZ_CODE_17 ]nbsp; /forumdisplay.php?fid=$1&page=$2 last;
         rewrite ^/thread-([0-9]+)-([0-9]+)-([0-9]+)\\.html[ DISCUZ_CODE_17 ]nbsp; /viewthread.php?tid=$1&extra=page\\%3D$3&page=$2 last;
         rewrite ^/space-(username|uid)-(.+)\\.html[ DISCUZ_CODE_17 ]nbsp; /space.php?$1=$2 last;
         rewrite ^/tag-(.+)\\.html$ /tag.php?name=$1 last;
         break;
      #error
      error_page 404 /index.php;
      #redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
      error_page  500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
      location = /50x.html {
      root  html;
      }
         }
      #Preventing hot linking of images and other file types
      location ~* ^.+\\.(gif|jpg|png|swf|flv|rar|zip)$ {
         valid_referers none blocked server_names
            *.redocn.com redocn.com *.taobao.com taobao.com
            bbs.blueidea.com bbs.asiaci.com bbs.arting365.com forum.chinavisual.com softbbs.pconline.com.cn
            bbs.chinaddu.com bbs.photops.com *.baidu.com *.google.com *.google.cn *.soso.com *.yahoo.com.cn
            *.yahoo.cn;
      if ($invalid_referer) {
      rewrite  ^/

;
      #return  403;
               }
  }

      #support php
      location ~ .*\\.php?$
      {
         include conf/enable_php5.conf;
      }

}nbsp; /archiver/index.php?$1 last;
         rewrite ^/forum-([0-9]+)-([0-9]+)\\.html[ DISCUZ_CODE_17 ]nbsp; /forumdisplay.php?fid=$1&page=$2 last;
         rewrite ^/thread-([0-9]+)-([0-9]+)-([0-9]+)\\.html[ DISCUZ_CODE_17 ]nbsp; /viewthread.php?tid=$1&extra=page\\%3D$3&page=$2 last;
         rewrite ^/space-(username|uid)-(.+)\\.html[ DISCUZ_CODE_17 ]nbsp; /space.php?$1=$2 last;
         rewrite ^/tag-(.+)\\.html$ /tag.php?name=$1 last;
         break;
      #error
      error_page 404 /index.php;
      #redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
      error_page  500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
      location = /50x.html {
      root  html;
      }
         }
      #Preventing hot linking of images and other file types
      location ~* ^.+\\.(gif|jpg|png|swf|flv|rar|zip)$ {
         valid_referers none blocked server_names
            *.redocn.com redocn.com *.taobao.com taobao.com
            bbs.blueidea.com bbs.asiaci.com bbs.arting365.com forum.chinavisual.com softbbs.pconline.com.cn
            bbs.chinaddu.com bbs.photops.com *.baidu.com *.google.com *.google.cn *.soso.com *.yahoo.com.cn
            *.yahoo.cn;
      if ($invalid_referer) {
      rewrite  ^/

;
      #return  403;
               }
  }

      #support php
      location ~ .*\\.php?$
      {
         include conf/enable_php5.conf;
      }

}

注:
1.紅動中國採用高性能的Discuz!論壇，原apache的rewrite規則幾乎不要做什麼修改即可全部移植到nginx下.
靜態化配置見面上面的:#bbs rewrite部分.
2.一般論壇都希望實現防盜鏈功能，在apache很輕鬆實現？在nginx下是否容易實現呢？答案是肯定的. 複製內容到剪貼板
代碼:
   #Preventing hot linking of images and other file types
         valid_referers none blocked server_names *.redocn.com redocn.com ...你允許連接的網址;
      if ($invalid_referer) {
      rewrite  ^/

; //讓別人盜鏈時顯示你指定的圖片.
      #return  403;
               }3.blog.redocn.com
[root@redocn vhosts]#vi blog_redocn_com.conf 複製內容到剪貼板
代碼:
server
{
      listen 80;
      server_name blog.redocn.com;
      index index.html index.htm index.php;
      root /data/www/wwwroot/blog;
      error_page 404 http://bbs.redocn.com;
      #supsite rewrite
      rewrite ^([0-9]+)/spacelist(.*)$ index.php?$1/action_spacelist$2;
      rewrite ^([0-9]+)/viewspace_(.+)$ index.php?$1/action_viewspace_itemid_$2;
      rewrite ^([0-9]+)/viewbbs_(.+)$ index.php?$1/action_viewbbs_tid_$2;
      rewrite ^([0-9]+)/(.*)$ index.php?$1/$2;
      rewrite ^([0-9]+)$ index.php?$1;
      rewrite ^action_(.+)$ index.php?action_$1;
      rewrite ^category_(.+)$ index.php?action_category_catid_$1;
      rewrite ^itemlist_(.+)$ index.php?action_itemlist_catid_$1;
      rewrite ^viewnews_(.+)$ index.php?action_viewnews_itemid_$1;
      rewrite ^viewthread_(.+)$ index.php?action_viewthread_tid_$1;
      rewrite ^index([\\.a-zA-Z0-9]*)$ index.php;
      rewrite ^html/([0-9]+)/viewnews_itemid_([0-9]+)\\.html$ index.php?action_viewnews_itemid_$2;

      rewrite ^/([0-9]+)/spacelist(.+)$ /index.php?uid/$1/action/spacelist/type$2;
      rewrite ^/([0-9]+)/viewspace(.+)$ /index.php?uid/$1/action/viewspace/itemid$2;
      rewrite ^/([0-9]+)/viewbbs(.+)$ /index.php?uid/$1/action/viewbbs/tid$2;
      rewrite ^/([0-9]+)/(.*)$ /index.php?uid/$1/$2;
      rewrite ^/([0-9]+)$ /index.php?uid/$1;

      rewrite ^/action(.+)$ /index.php?action$1;
      rewrite ^/category(.+)$ /index.php?action/category/catid$1;
      rewrite ^/viewnews(.+)$ /index.php?action/viewnews/itemid$1;
      rewrite ^/viewthread(.+)$ /index.php?action/viewthread/tid$1;
      rewrite ^/mygroup(.+)$ /index.php?action/mygroup/gid$1;

      location ~ .*\\.php?$
      {
         include conf/enable_php5.conf;
      }
}注:blog採用功能強大的Supesite作為Blog站點: http://www.supesite.com/
1.Blog如何在Nginx裡實現靜態化，具體設置見，上面的#supesite rewrite

4.down.redocn.com
[root@redocn vhosts]# vi down_redocn_com.conf 複製內容到剪貼板
代碼:
limit_zone  one $binary_remote_addr 10m;
server
{
      listen 80;
      server_name down.redocn.com;
      index index.html index.htm index.php;
      root  /data/www/wwwroot/down;
      error_page 404 /index.php;
      # redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
      error_page  500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
      location = /50x.html {
      root  html;
      }
      #Zone limit
      location / {
      limit_conn  one 1;
      limit_rate 20k;
      }


      # serve static files
      location ~ ^/(images|javascript|js|css|flash|media|static)/ {
      root  /data/www/wwwroot/down;
      expires 30d;
      }
}注:
由於現在的BT下載軟件越來越多了，我們如何限制下載的並發數和速率呢？apache需要三方模塊，nginx就不用了
在nginx利用兩個指令即可實現:limit_zone(limit_conn) 來限制並發數,limit_rate來限制下載的速率,請看上面的配置實例.

5.啟動nginx服務複製內容到剪貼板
代碼:
/usr/local/php-fcgi/bin/spawn-fcgi -a 127.0.0.1 -p 8085 -C 250 -u www -f/usr/local/php-fcgi/bin/php-cgi
/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -c /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf你可以把上面兩條命令制做成系統啟動服務腳本，相關的腳本在網上也很多，本文就不再貼出來了,給出一個實例鏈接:
http://topfunky.net/svn/shovel/nginx/init.d/nginx

五.問題及經驗總結:
1.安裝Discuz論壇後，無法上傳大於M以上的附件？
在主配置文件裡加入:client_max_body_size 10m; 詳細指令說明請參見(六)提供的Wiki鏈接.

2.Discuz附件無法下載附件?
最近遇到一個奇怪的問題在nginx下discuz論壇無法下載附件，後來打開error_log才知道，仍後一看/usr/local分區滿了,
清了一大堆無用文件後，馬上就正常了.

以上是本人遷移和測試過程中遇到的兩個小問題，在此附上說明，只是希望配置nginx的朋友不要犯我一樣的問題.
歡迎聯繫NetSeek(狂熱linux愛好者^_^ msn:cnseek@msn.com QQ:67888954 Gtalk:cnseek@gmail.com,免費提供linux技術咨詢和服務！~).

六.相關鏈接:
1.Discuz!.net高性能的PHP論壇程序 http://www.discuz.net Supesite: http://www.supesite.com/
2.Nginx參考文檔:http://wiki.codemongers.com/
3.利用Nginx實現負載均衡(阿葉大哥的文章):http://www.imysql.com/comment/reply/210
4.linuxPk[Linux寶庫]:http://bbs.linuxpk.com
5.紅動中國 http://bbs.redocn.comhttp://www.linuxtone.org

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