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哪些建筑既现代又中国
(接上期)在探寻既有现代气息又有中国特色的建筑风格时,传统的建筑形式
从中可以保留、借鉴或忽略。在此,让我们探讨一下后两种选择。
在20世纪,新的技术已经改变了建筑的种种限制。电梯的改进使建筑师能设计
真正的摩天大楼,空调的发展也使大型综合性建筑得以兴建。在今日的中国,没电
梯的六层楼很普遍,但由于有了电梯,20层或更高层的楼已经一批批涌现出来。如
果没有空调系统,拥有万人会场的人民大会堂这一宏伟建筑也将是不实用的。
借鉴过去的建筑方式,也就是说把传统的形式用在现代建筑中,往最好处说也
是件困难的事。由于先进技术的发明,当代建筑常常比传统建筑要大得多。想想沿
三环南路的高层建筑,高高的楼顶都有中国式的帽子———其形式过去是美丽的,
但现在看来却与其规模和地点不相称。
这一高度和规模的建筑在20世纪之前是见不到的。在西方,大批建筑师一直在
为新的建筑形式努力塑造适当的形象与美学标准,这种努力反映在建筑风格上则包
括了从复制欧式古典建筑到发展所谓“国际风格”建筑———这种建筑具有鲜明的
几何线条,外部无何装饰,世界各地都适用。这两种类型在北京都可见到。二环东
路上的富华大厦是彻头彻尾的欧式新古典建筑的翻版。然而,这座建筑比任何一座
它所翻版的建筑都大得多,因此它的外观与新古典式建筑就相去甚远,某些方面还
具有歪曲原作的卡通特色。(这座建筑在路上的行人看来似乎不错,但各国建筑师
们都不喜欢它。)相比之下,有着简明几何形状的燕莎中心则是当今世界典型的现
代城市建筑。
令人遗憾的是,在过去20年中,像富华大厦这样将传统形式或传统成份用在现
代建筑上已极为普遍。最为著名、恐怕也是最有争议的这类趋向的实例,就是由菲
利浦·琼森(约翰逊)设计的、于1982年完工的美国AT&T大楼。这座曼哈顿岛上的
摩天大楼有一个对称双螺旋形的顶,就像18世纪奇彭代尔式的五斗柜,琼森与他的
合作者不仅把传统建筑形式用在了现代建筑上,而且还采用了古典家俱的形式,将
这一古为今用的方式推向了荒谬的极端。(当然,当初为奇彭代尔式镜子顶端做装
饰的工匠决想不到它会成为一个80层大厦顶端的造型)。富华大厦滑稽画(在规模
与风格上的令人感到别扭的不协调)的勾勒恐怕是无意的,而AT&T大厦却是蓄意逗
笑,设计者是在取笑那些二战之后涌现出来的功能主义建筑思想。这一功能主义建
筑思想集中体现在曼哈顿岛上众多使用玻璃与钢铁建起的陡峭笔直的摩天大楼。
北京西客站是将传统成份用在现代建筑上的另一个例子。但在这个例子里,传
统成份来自中国的建筑,而不是来自欧式新古典建筑。比如,就像其整体造型与窗
口的安排是合理的那样,相对于它的高度而言,它的顶子看上去也是合理的,材料
的选择以及各部分之间的关系看起来也合适。但另一方面,将美学置于第一位的设
计思想导致了该火车站在为旅客服务的功能上不太完善,甚至从美学角度来批评设
计者在古为今用时太刻板也不失公正。
于是,这也就引导我们在如何对待传统的问题上采取最后一招,即通过创造一
种强调“现代”自身的美学而不去考虑传统(或者说跨越传统)。南银大厦,位于
苜蓿叶形三元桥的东南角,就是这一方式的优秀范例。这一建筑的外部有着清爽的
外观,就像有一层“皮肤”紧绷在建筑上。而所用的建筑材料也使这座建筑具有高
技术的氛围。就像很多现代高层建筑一样,它似乎是有意被设计成从远处就能看到
并且能欣赏它雕塑般的建筑质量。由于从机场高速路或从三环东路就能看到这一建
筑的大部,有足够的距离使人们能够从整体上来看它,因此这一方式在此处运用得
很成功。它具有弧度的外形也与机场高速路入口弯道很雅致地相互呼应。
南银大厦是座很漂亮的建筑,但其设计风格没有任何一点能体现出“中国特色”,
确切说,它是国际形建筑风格的典范,这一风格的灵感来源于格罗庇乌斯、密斯范
德罗俄以及其他二十世纪中叶的现代建筑师们。它在任何一座国际性现代都市都将
是完全适合的,在法兰克福,在纽约,与在北京、上海同样适合。
由此看来,对既有现代风格又兼具中国特色的建筑美学的探索工作仍在继续。
In the search for a style that is at once modern and
uniquely Chinese, traditional architectural patterns can be
preserved, copied or ignored. Let us consider the last two
options.?
In this century new technology has transformed architectural
possibilities. Improved elevators enabled architects to
design true skyscrapers, and the development of air-
conditioning has allowed the construction of large building
complexes. In China today, six-story walkups are very common,
but thanks to elevators, buildings of 20 stories or more
have also sprung up in droves. The Great Hall of the People,
with its 10,000-seat auditorium, is a massive complex that
would not have been practical without air-conditioning.?
Copying or “quoting” older architecture, i.e. using
traditional forms on modern buildings, is at best a difficult
task. Thanks to technical innovations, contemporary buildings
are frequently much bigger than traditional ones. Consider the
high-rise buildings along Sanhuan Nanlu, tall structures
surmounted by Chinese-looking caps - once beautiful forms that
look out of scale and out of place.?
Buildings of such height and scale had not been seen
prior to this century. In the West, legions of architects
have worked to create an appropriate image or esthetic for
these new building types. The responses range from copying
classical European architecture to the development of the so-
called “International style”, an architecture of stark
geometry and unornamented surfaces that is applicable anywhere.
Examples of both can be seen in Beijing: The Fuhua Mansion
on Erhuan Donglu copies neo-classical European architecture
without reservation. However, the building is far more
massive than any of the buildings on which it is modeled, so
its appearance, far from being neo-classical, has something of
the character of a cartoon. (The building seems to be loved
by the man in the street and loathed universally by
architects.) The Lufthansa Center, in contrast, with its
clear geometric forms, is typical of structures in modern
urban centers the world over.?
Unfortunately, using traditional forms or elements on
modern buildings in the manner of the Fuhua Mansion has
become common in the past two decades. The best known, and
perhaps most controversial, example of the trend is the AT&T
Building by Philip Johnson. Completed in 1982, this Manhattan
skyscraper has a cap of symmetrical curls like those on an
18th-century Chippendale commode. Johnson and his co-
designers not only used a traditional form on a modern
building, but adopted the form from antique furniture, not
architecture, pushing the approach to a ridiculous extreme. (
Certainly the artisans who crafted the ornament atop a
Chippendale mirror never imagined it as the pattern for the
termination of an 80-story edifice.) Whereas the suggestion
of caricature about the Fuhua Mansion (in the uncomfortable
clash of scale and style) is probably unintentional, the AT&T
Building is deliberately humorous. The designers were poking
fun at the severe glass-and-steel functionalism of so many
post-war Manhattan skyscrapers.?
The Beijing West Railway Station is another example of
using traditional elements on a modern building. In this
instance, however, the elements come from architecture, and
from Chinese, not neo-classical European, architecture. The
roof, for instance, seems plausible for a building of that
height. The choice of materials and the relationship of the
building parts are also seemingly appropriate, as are the
shape and arrangement of its window openings. On the other
hand, the primacy accorded to esthetics has resulted in a
station that does not serve travelers very well; and even
esthetically, it is fair to criticize the designers for
quoting too literally.?
This leads us to a final approach to the past, namely
ignoring it (or moving beyond it) by creating a self-
consciously “Modern” esthetic. The Silver Tower, southeast of
the Sanyuan cloverleaf, is a good example of this approach.
The exterior of the building has a crisp appearance, as
though an outer skin were stretched tautly over the structure.
The materials it is built of give the tower a “high-tech”
aura. Like many modern high-rises, it seems designed to be
viewed from afar and appreciated for its sculptural qualities.
Here the approach works well, since the building is mostly
viewed from the airport expressway or Sanhuan Donglu, at a
sufficient distance to allow the observer to take in the
building in its entirety. Its curved shape responds
gracefully to the curved expressway entrance ramp. ?
The Silver Tower is a handsome building, but there is
nothing about it that makes it \"Chinese\" in conception.
Rather, it is a good example of the International style
inspired by the work of Walter Gropius, Ludwig Mies van der
Rohe and other modernist architects of the mid-twentieth
century. It would be perfectly in place in any cosmopolitan
modern city - in Frankfurt or New York as in much as in
Beijing or Shanghai.?
Thus the search for an esthetic that is both modern and
uniquely Chinese continues.? |
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