This Day In History （请勿跟贴，谢谢！）

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November 28


1943:
Opening of Tehrān Conference .
The Tehrān Conference, attended by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin, at which Stalin pressed for an invasion of France, opened this day in 1943.

2000:
The parliament of The Netherlands passed a bill permitting euthanasia under specified conditions.

1961:
Gridiron football player Ernie Davis of Syracuse University became the first African American to win the prestigious Heisman Trophy.

1960:
Mauritania declared its independence and left the French Community.

1919:
Lady Astor became the first woman elected to the British House of Commons.

1912:
Albanian national delegates, led by Ismail Qemal, issued the Vlor

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November 27


1895:
Nobel Prizes established.
Through the will drawn up by Alfred Bernhard Nobel—the Swedish chemist, engineer, and industrialist who invented dynamite and other, more powerful explosives—the Nobel Prizes were established on this day in 1895.

1983:
The revised Code of Canon Law, signed by Pope John Paul II in January, took effect.

1973:
The U.S. Senate voted overwhelmingly in favour of Gerald R. Ford's succession to the vice presidency.

1953:
Eugene O'Neill, playwright and author of Long Day's Journey into Night, died at age 65.

1942:
The French navy scuttled 73 ships at Toulon in order to avoid German seizure.

1919:
The Treaty of Neuilly, outlining the post-World War I peace terms for Bulgaria, was signed between the defeated country and the Allied powers.

1874:
Chaim Weizmann, the first president of Israel and the guiding force behind the World Zionist Organization, was born.

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November 26


1942:
Premiere of Casablanca.
Set in occupied Morocco during World War II, directed by Michael Curtiz, and starring Humphrey Bogart, Ingrid Bergman, and Paul Henreid, Casablanca premiered this day in 1942 and became one of Hollywood's most revered films.

1982:
Nakasone Yasuhiro, leader of the Liberal-Democratic Party, was elected prime minister of Japan, replacing Suzuki Zenkō.

1950:
The People's Republic of China officially entered the Korean War on the side of North Korea.

1941:
U.S. Secretary of State Cordell Hull sent a harsh notice to Japan, calling for a full withdrawal from China and Indochina.

1924:
After the defeat of the White Russians and the Chinese, the Mongolian People's Republic was proclaimed.

1922:
Charles Schulz, the creator of the popular comic strip Peanuts, was born.

1909:
Eugène Ionesco, the Romanian-born French dramatist whose one-act “antiplay” La Cantatrice chauve (1949; The Bald Soprano) inspired a revolution in dramatic techniques and helped inaugurate the Theatre of the Absurd, was born.

1894:
Nicholas II, the last tsar of Russia, married Alexandra.

1883:
Sojourner Truth, the African American evangelist and reformer who applied her religious fervour to the abolitionist and women's rights movements, died.

579:
Pelagius II succeeded Benedict I as pope.

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November 25


1970:
Japanese military base seized by Mishima Yukio.
On this day in 1970, renowned Japanese novelist Mishima Yukio and four members of his Shield Society, a private army formed to preserve Japan's martial spirit, seized control of a military headquarters near downtown Tokyo.

2002:
In London the Agatha Christie play The Mousetrap celebrated its 50th anniversary with a royal gala, having opened on November 25, 1952, and this performance being its 20,807th.

1975:
Suriname gained its independence from The Netherlands.

1942:
Leslie Groves and J. Robert Oppenheimer chose Los Alamos, New Mexico, as the site of Project Y, which developed the first atomic bomb.

1936:
Germany and Japan formed the Anti-Comintern Pact against the Soviet Union.

1863:
General Ulysses S. Grant defeated General Braxton Bragg's Confederate forces at Lookout Mountain during the American Civil War.

1846:
American temperance advocate Carry Nation, famous for using a hatchet to demolish barrooms, was born.

1277:
Nicholas III was elected pope of the Roman Catholic church.

1120:
William the Aetheling, duke of Normandy, was killed in a shipwreck on his way to England.

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November 24


1642:
Dutch discovery of Tasmania.
Dutch navigator Abel Janszoon Tasman, who sailed from Batavia (Jakarta) to investigate the practicality of a sea passage eastward to Chile and to explore New Guinea, skirted the southern shores of Tasmania this day in 1642.

2001:
The Grand National Assembly of Turkey ratified changes to the country's legal code that made women equal to men before the law and no longer subject to their husbands.

1998:
Queen Elizabeth II, speaking at the annual ceremonies opening the British Parliament, announced that the right of hereditary peers to vote in the House of Lords would end, though compromise legislation later allowed 92 hereditary peers to remain in the Lords.

1963:
Dallas nightclub owner Jack Ruby fatally shot Lee Harvey Oswald, the accused assassin of U.S. President John F. Kennedy.

1947:
The Hollywood Ten, a group of motion-picture producers, directors, and screenwriters who appeared before the House Un-American Activities Committee in October 1947, were found in contempt of Congress.

1874:
American inventor Joseph Farwell Glidden patented the first commercially successful barbed wire.

1859:
Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection was published.

1832:
A special state convention in South Carolina adopted the Ordinance of Nullification, upholding the doctrine of nullification.

1700:
Louis XIV of France proclaimed his grandson Philip to be king of Spain, beginning the War of the Spanish Succession.

1531:
The second Peace of Kappel brought an end to the Kappel Wars during the Swiss Reformation.

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November 23


1855:
Ley Juárez passed.
Passed this day in 1855 in Mexico, the Ley Juárez abolished special courts for the clergy and military in an attempt by justice minister Benito Juárez to eliminate the remnants of colonialism in Mexico and promote equality.

1946:
At least 6,000 Vietnamese civilians were killed in a French naval bombardment of the port city of Haiphong.

1935:
Lincoln Ellsworth landed on Ellsworth Land, Antarctica, and claimed it for the United States, a claim the U.S. government has never taken up.

1883:
Mexican painter José Clemente Orozco, considered the most important 20th-century muralist to work in fresco, was born.

1863:
The Battle of Chattanooga, a decisive Union victory during the American Civil War, began.

1765:
The British Stamp Act received its first repudiation from jurists in the Frederick County Court House in Frederick, Maryland.

1407:
Louis I, duc d'Orléans, was assassinated by agents of John the Fearless, duke of Burgundy, during a power struggle over control of the French king Charles VI.

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November 22


1963:
U.S. President John F. Kennedy assassinated.
The most notorious political murder in recent American history occurred this day in 1963, when John F. Kennedy, the 35th U.S. president (1961–63), was shot and killed in Dallas, Texas, while riding in an open car.

1994:
Mount Merapi, on the island of Java, erupted, killing 64 people.

1990:
Margaret Thatcher announced her resignation as British prime minister after a split occurred in the ranks of the Conservative Party.

1975:
Juan Carlos became king of Spain, two days after the death of Francisco Franco.

1718:
The pirate Blackbeard was killed off the coast of North Carolina.

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November 21


1620:
Signing of Mayflower Compact.
On this day in 1620, 41 male passengers on the Mayflower, prior to landing at Plymouth, Massachusetts, signed the Mayflower Compact, by which they agreed to abide by the laws of the new government they would establish.

2002:
A North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) summit meeting in Prague extended an official invitation to become new alliance members to Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia.

2000:
The United Farm Workers called off the boycott of California table grapes begun in 1984 by union organizer Cesar Chavez, saying the goals of the strike had been met.

1964:
The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge, spanning New York Harbor from Brooklyn to Staten Island, opened to traffic.

1920:
On Bloody Sunday, the Irish Republican Army killed 11 Englishmen suspected of being intelligence agents, and the Black and Tans took revenge the same afternoon, attacking spectators and players at a Gaelic football match in Croke Park, Dublin, killing 12 and wounding 60.

1878:
Lord Lytton, the viceroy of India, launched the Second Afghan War.

1806:
The Continental System, a blockade designed to close the entire European continent to British trade, was proclaimed when Napoleon issued the Berlin Decree.

1783:
The first manned hot-air balloon flight was made by Jean-Fran鏾is Pil鈚re de Rozier and Fran鏾is Laurent, marquis d'Arlandes, traveling from the Ch鈚eau de la Muette across the Bois de Boulogne on the edge of Paris in a balloon made by Joseph-Michel and Jacques-蓆ienne Montgolfier.

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November 20


1910:
Mexican Revolution launched by Francisco Madero.
On this day in 1910, Francisco Madero launched a failed revolt that nonetheless sparked the Mexican Revolution by inspiring hope in such leaders as Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata, who then mobilized their ragged armies.

1998:
American tobacco companies signed an agreement with the governments of 46 U.S. states to settle the states' claims for reimbursement of Medicaid funds they had expended to treat smoking-related illnesses, the settlement costing the tobacco manufacturers $206 billion beyond the $40 billion they had agreed to pay four other states in 1997.

1975:
Francisco Franco, ruler of Spain since his overthrow of the democratic government in 1939, died in Madrid.

1917:
For the first time, tanks were used effectively in warfare, by the British at the Battle of Cambrai.
1910: Russian author Leo Tolstoy, suffering from pneumonia, died of heart failure at the railroad station of Astapavo.

1858:
Selma Lagerl鰂, the first woman and first Swedish writer to win the Nobel Prize for Literature, was born.

1815:
In the final phases of the Napoleonic Wars, Britain, Russia, Austria, and Prussia renewed the Quadruple Alliance to prevent further French aggression.

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November 19


1977:
Anwar el-Sādāt's visit to Israel.
After the Arab-Israeli war of 1973–74, Egyptian President Anwar el-Sādāt began to work toward peace, and on this day in 1977 he began his historic visit to Israel, during which he offered a peace plan to its parliament.

2002:
As had the House of Representatives the previous week, the U.S. Senate overwhelmingly approved the creation of a new cabinet department, the Department of Homeland Security, to have a workforce of 170,000.

1863:
U.S. President Abraham Lincoln delivered the brief but renowned Gettysburg Address at the dedication of the National Cemetery in Pennsylvania during the American Civil War.

1820:
The Troppau protocol, a declaration of intention to take collective action against revolution, was signed by the Holy Alliance powers at the Congress of Troppau.

1794:
During his tenure as the first chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, John Jay negotiated the Jay Treaty with Great Britain, helping mend ties between the Americans and British.

1703:
The man in the iron mask, a political prisoner famous in French history and legend, died in the Bastille.

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November 18


1978:
Jonestown massacre.
Jim Jones, leader of the Peoples Temple religious community that he formed in the 1950s, and some 900 of his followers died this day in 1978 in Guyana in a massive act of murder-suicide known as the Jonestown massacre.

1941:
John Christian Watson, the first Labour prime minister of Australia, died in Sydney.

1905:
Prince Charles (Carl) of Denmark was elected king of Norway as Haakon VII.

1903:
Philippe-Jean Bunau-Varilla, representing Panama, met with U.S. Secretary of State John Hay to negotiate the Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty, which gave the United States a strip 10 miles (16 km) wide across the Isthmus of Panama for construction of the Panama Canal.

1882:
Famed operatic soprano Amelita Galli-Curci was born in Milan.

1814:
Brazilian sculptor and architect Aleijadinho, known for his beautiful Rococo statues and his churches, died in Mariana.

1477:
William Caxton, a pioneering English printer, published Dictes and Sayenges of the Phylosophers, the first dated book printed in England.

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November 17


2003:
Arnold Schwarzenegger inaugurated as governor of California.
Republican Arnold Schwarzenegger, an Austrian-born American bodybuilder and film actor, was inaugurated on this day in 2003 as the governor of California following a recall election that ousted the sitting governor.

1989:
Massive antigovernment demonstrations in Czechoslovakia were set off by police brutality at a demonstration commemorating the 50th anniversary of the suppression of a student demonstration in German-occupied Prague, and, under the leadership of Václav Havel, they continued until the communist government resigned.
1950:
German athlete Roland Matthes, one of the greatest backstrokers in the history of swimming, was born in East Germany.

1887:
British Field Marshal Bernard Law Montgomery was born in London.

1869:
After 10 years of construction, the Suez Canal opened in Egypt.

1800:
The U.S. Congress held its first session in Washington, D.C.

1558:
At the death of Mary I this day, Elizabeth Tudor came to the English throne as Elizabeth I.

284:
Diocletian was acclaimed emperor by his soldiers.

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November 16


1988:
Election of Bhutto as Pakistan's prime minister.
Benazir Bhutto, elected prime minister of Pakistan on this day in 1988, became the first woman in modern history to lead a Muslim country, serving as prime minister from 1988 to 1990 and again from 1993 to 1996.

1855:
British explorer David Livingstone was the first European to see Victoria Falls (Mosi-oa-Tunya).

1776:
Sint Eustatius became the first foreign government to recognize the fledgling United States.

1632:
Swedish King Gustav II Adolf died during the Battle of Lützen, though his forces were victorious, and his cause was skillfully directed by his chief adviser, Axel Oxenstierna.

1272:
British monarch Henry III died at age 65.

42:
Tiberius, the second Roman emperor and the adopted son of Augustus, was born.

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November 15


1988:
Palestinian statehood proclaimed by Yāsir ʿArafāt.
Meeting at Algiers, the Palestine National Council, at the urging of PLO chairman Yāsir ʿArafāt, issued a declaration of independence for a state of Palestine in the West Bank and Gaza Strip on this day in 1988.

1938:
A farewell parade was held in Barcelona, Spain, for the volunteers of the International Brigades who fought for the Republicans during the Spanish Civil War.

1891:
W. Averell Harriman, a statesman and leading U.S. diplomat in relations with the Soviet Union during World War II and the Cold War, was born.

1889:
Emperor Pedro II of Brazil was forced to abdicate by a group of military officers led by Manuel Deodoro da Fonseca.

1885:
St. Joseph Mukasa, one of the Martyrs of Uganda, was beheaded by order of Mwanga, kabaka (ruler) of Buganda.

1884:
The Berlin West Africa Conference opened, in which the major European nations met to decide all questions connected with the Congo River basin of Central Africa.

1848:
Pellegrino Rossi, a former member of the Carbonaria, was assassinated in Rome during the Revolutions of 1848.

1818:
The Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, the first of four congresses held by Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia, and France following the Napoleonic Wars, concluded.

1630:
Johannes Kepler, the German astronomer who discovered three major laws of planetary motion, died in Regensburg.

1315:
The Swiss Confederation achieved its first great military success against the Austrian Habsburgs at the Battle of Morgarten.

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November 14


1962:
Eritrea made a province of the Ethiopian empire.
On this day in 1962, the Ethiopian parliament and Eritrean Assembly voted unanimously for the abolition of Eritrea's federal status, making Eritrea (independent since 1993) a simple province of the Ethiopian empire.

2002:
Chosen to succeed Richard Gephardt as leader of the Democratic Party in the U.S. House of Representatives, Nancy Pelosi of California became the first woman to be named leader of either party in either house of Congress.

1969:
Apollo 12 was launched, carrying a crew of Charles Conrad, Jr., Richard F. Gordon, Jr., and Alan L. Bean, and five days later the mission made the second landing on the Moon.

1915:
Educator, reformer, and first president and principal developer of Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute (now Tuskegee University) Booker T. Washington, the most influential spokesman for African Americans in the late 19th and the early 20th century, died.

1885:
The Serbo-Bulgarian War began when Serbian King Milan Obrenovic IV declared war on Bulgaria.

1851:
Harper & Brothers published Herman Melville's masterpiece Moby Dick.

1305:
Clement V was crowned pope, becoming the first of the Avignon popes.

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November 13


2001:
Kabul captured by Northern Alliance.
On this day in 2001, on the heels of the U.S.-led invasion of Afghanistan prompted by the deadly terrorist attacks of 9/11, the army of the anti-Taliban Northern Alliance captured the capital city of Kabul.

1985:
Mount Ruiz in the Cordillera Central of the Andes, in west-central Colombia, erupted twice, burying the town of Armero on the Lagunilla River and killing an estimated 25,000 people.

1918:
Egyptian patriot Saʿd Zaghlūl formed Al-Wafd al-Miṣrī (Arabic: “Egyptian Delegation”), the nationalist political party that was instrumental in gaining Egyptian independence from Britain.

1916:
During World War I, the costly four-month Allied offensive against German positions along the Somme River ended.

1850:
Robert Louis Stevenson, a Scottish essayist, poet, and author of fiction and travel books who was best known for his novels Treasure Island (1881), Kidnapped (1886), The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1886), and The Master of Ballantrae (1889), was born.

1770:
George Grenville, the English politician whose policy of taxing the American colonies started the train of events leading to the American Revolution, died in London.

1002:
English King Ethelred II launched an attack against Danish settlers in the St. Brice's Day massacre.

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November 12


1990:
Akihito enthroned.
Japanese Emperor Akihito—according to tradition, the 125th direct descendant of Jimmu, Japan's legendary first emperor—was formally enthroned on this day in 1990, nearly two years after the death of his father, Hirohito.

1980:
The U.S. space probe Voyager 1 reached the planet Saturn.

1968:
Baseball player Sammy Sosa was born in the Dominican Republic.

1930:
The first Round Table Conference, called by the British government to consider the future constitution of India, opened in London.

1918:
One day after Emperor Charles's abdication, the National Assembly of Austria resolved unanimously that “German Austria is a democratic republic” and “German Austria is a component part of the German republic.”

1912:
Spanish Prime Minister José Canalejas was assassinated by the anarchist Manuel Pardi馻s.

1859:
The first flying trapeze act was performed—by Jules Léotard, without a net, in Paris.

1833:
The great Leonid meteor shower, in which hundreds of thousands of meteors were observed in one night, was seen all over North America, initiating the first serious study of meteor showers.

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November 11


1921:
First Armistice Day celebrated.
On this day in 1921, the anniversary of the end of World War I, the first Armistice Day was commemorated with the burial of the bodies of unknown soldiers in tombs in Paris, in London, and outside Washington, D.C.

1975:
Angola declared independence after the Portuguese withdrew.

1966:
Gemini 12, the last spacecraft in the Gemini series and the first to make an automatically controlled reentry into Earth's atmosphere, was launched.

1918:
At 5:00 AM the Allied powers and Germany signed an armistice document in the railway carriage of Ferdinand Foch, the commander of the Allied armies, and six hours later World War I came to an end.

1889:
Washington was admitted to the union as the 42nd U.S. state.

1813:
British troops under Colonel J.W. Morrison defeated U.S. forces led by General John Boyd at the Battle of Crysler's Farm during the War of 1812.

1778:
During the American Revolution, Iroquois Indians, in direct retaliation for colonial assaults on two Indian villages, attacked a New York frontier settlement in the Cherry Valley Raid.

1493:
Christopher Columbus discovered the island of St. Martin.

1417:
Martin V was unanimously elected pope, bringing an end to the Great Schism.

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November 10


1871:
Dr. David Livingstone found by Henry Stanley.
On this day in 1871, according to his journal, explorer Henry Stanley greeted David Livingstone, the fellow explorer in search of the source of the Nile River, with the famous words “Dr. Livingstone, I presume?”

2001:
After 15 years of negotiations, China's membership in the World Trade Organization was approved, and the following day Taiwan's membership was approved.

1982:
The Vietnam Veterans Memorial, designed by Maya Lin, was dedicated in Washington, D.C.

1982:
Soviet statesman and Communist Party leader Leonid Ilich Brezhnev died in Moscow after presiding as the leader of the Soviet Union for more than 18 years.

1938:
Turkish reformer Kemal Atatürk, the founder and first president (1923–38) of the Republic of Turkey, died in Istanbul.

1918:
Józef Piłsudski, Polish revolutionary and first chief of state of the newly reconstituted Poland, arrived in Warsaw to declare Poland an independent state.

1888:
Jack the Ripper's infamous killing spree in the Whitechapel district of London's East End came to an end.

1879:
American poet Vachel Lindsay, who, in an attempt to revive poetry as an oral art form of the common people, wrote and read to audiences compositions with powerful rhythms that had an immediate appeal, was born.

1444:
Turkish forces defeated the Hungarians in the Battle of Varna, securing Turkey's control over Constantinople (Istanbul) and assuring the Ottoman conquest in the Balkans.

911:
Conrad I was elected German king at Forschheim, after the death of Louis the Child, the last of the East Frankish Carolingians.

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November 9


1989:
Opening of the Berlin Wall.
Long a symbol of the Cold War, the Berlin Wall, erected in 1961 and eventually extending 28 miles (45 km) to divide the western and eastern sectors of Berlin, was opened by the East German government on this day in 1989.

1996:
Evander Holyfield scored a technical knockout of Mike Tyson to win the heavyweight boxing championship for a third time.

1943:
The United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration was created by a 44-nation agreement.

1938:
Beginning on this night, called Kristallnacht (“Crystal Night” or “Night of Broken Glass”), some 48 hours of Nazi-orchestrated anti-Jewish violence erupted throughout Germany and Austria, resulting in the destruction and vandalizing of synagogues and Jewish businesses, along with the deaths of at least 91 Jews.

1923:
The Beer Hall Putsch led by Adolf Hitler ended after 16 Nazis were killed on a march toward the Marienplatz in the centre of Munich, Germany.

1923:
Alice Coachman, the first African American woman to win an Olympic gold medal, was born in Albany, Georgia.

1799:
The Coup of 18–19 Brumaire began in Paris, marking Napoleon's rise to power and the end of the French Revolution.