This Day In History （请勿跟贴，谢谢！）

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January 27


1973:
Vietnam War ended.
The Paris accord ending the Vietnam War, America's longest war, was signed this day in 1973, providing for an exchange of prisoners and for the unilateral withdrawal of U.S. forces from South Vietnam.

1996:
Colonel Ibrahim Baré Ma?nassara led a successful military coup in Niger against the democratically elected government of President Mahamane Ousmane.

1967:
U.S. astronauts Virgil I. Grissom, Edward H. White, and Roger B. Chaffee perished in a fire aboard Apollo 1.

1945:
The Nazi concentration camp at Auschwitz, Poland, was liberated by Soviet troops.

1944:
The Soviet Red Army ousted German and Finnish forces from Leningrad (St. Petersburg), concluding an 872-day siege.

1880:
American inventor Thomas Edison patented the incandescent lamp.

1832:
Mathematician and novelist Lewis Carroll was born in Daresbury, Cheshire, England.

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January 26


1788:
First European settlement in Australia.
On this day in 1788, Arthur Phillip, who had sailed into what is now Sydney Cove with a shipload of convicts, hoisted the British flag and established the first permanent European settlement on the continent of Australia.

1950:
India became a republic, achieving full independence from Great Britain.

1942:
The first U.S. expeditionary force to land in Europe during World War II reached Ireland.

1885:
British General Charles Gordon and other defenders of Khartoum were killed by Sudanese rebels.

1880:
Douglas MacArthur, the U.S. general who commanded the Southwest Pacific Theatre in World War II, administered postwar Japan during the Allied occupation that followed, and led United Nations forces during the first nine months of the Korean War, was born.

1837:
Michigan became the 26th U.S. state admitted to the Union.

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January 25


41:
Claudius affirmed as Roman emperor.

On this day in AD 41, Claudius I, who extended Roman rule in North Africa and made Britain a province of Rome, was affirmed as emperor, ascending to the post one day after the murder of his nephew, Gaius Caesar (Caligula).

1882:
British writer Virginia Woolf, who made an original contribution to the form of the novel and was one of the most distinguished critics of her time, was born in London.

1874:
English author W. Somerset Maugham, best known for the novels Of Human Bondage (1915), The Moon and Sixpence (1919), Cakes and Ale (1930), and The Razor's Edge (1944), was born.

1759:
Robert Burns, national poet of Scotland, was born in Alloway in Ayrshire.

1554:
Jesuit missionaries founded the city of S鉶 Paulo (now in Brazil) on the anniversary of the conversion of St. Paul.

1533:
Henry VIII, king of England, married his second wife, Anne Boleyn, in a secret ceremony.

844:
A Roman archdeacon named John was elected antipope against the nobility's candidate, Pope Sergius II.

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January 24


2004:
Opportunity's Mars landing.

Launched in mid-2003, the six-wheeled robotic rover Opportunity landed on Mars this day in 2004 and—like its twin rover, Spirit, which had landed on January 3—analyzed rocks and soils and relayed pictures back to Earth.

1908:
The first Boy Scout troop was organized by Lieutenant General Robert Baden-Powell in England.

1849:
Carpenter James Wilson Marshall found nuggets of gold in California's American River near the site of a sawmill he was building for John Sutter, ushering in a gold rush.

1556:
An earthquake in Shensi (Shaanxi) province, China, killed 830,000 people.

41:
The Roman emperor Caligula was murdered at the Palatine Games by Cassius Chaerea (a tribune of the Praetorian Guard), Cornelius Sabinus, and others.

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January 23


1997:
Madeleine Albright sworn in as U.S. secretary of state.

On this day in 1997, Madeleine Albright, who had earlier served as U.S. ambassador to the UN, assumed under President Bill Clinton the office of secretary of state, becoming the first woman to hold that cabinet post.

2002:
American journalist Daniel Pearl was kidnapped in Karachi, Pakistan, and later executed.

1997:
The Age of Aquarius dawned, some astrologers believe, because for the first time since 1475 a number of planets, the Sun, and the Moon were aligned in a perfect six-pointed star in the first degrees of Aquarius.

1898:
Sergey Mikhaylovich Eisenstein, a Russian film director and theorist known for such classics as Potemkin (1925), Alexander Nevsky (1938), and Ivan the Terrible (released in two parts, 1944 and 1958), was born.

1849:
Born in England, Elizabeth Blackwell received her M.D. degree from Geneva Medical College in New York, becoming the first American-trained woman physician.

1789:
Georgetown College (now Georgetown University) was established in Washington, D.C.

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January 22


1973:
Roe v. Wade ruling.

On this day in 1973, the U.S. Supreme Court issued one of its most momentous decisions, ruling in Roe v. Wade that a Texas statute criminalizing abortion in most instances violated a woman's constitutional right of privacy.

1998:
One of the most notorious domestic terrorists in U.S. history, Theodore Kaczynski, the so-called Unabomber, who killed three people and injured 22 in 16 attacks between 1979 and 1995, was sentenced to four terms of life in prison without parole.

1943:
All Japanese resistance in Papua, on the island of New Guinea, site of an important Allied base at Port Moresby in World War II, ceased.

1905:
On what was later known as Bloody Sunday, Russian workers marching on St. Petersburg were fired on by Russian troops.

1904:
Influential ballet choreographer George Balanchine was born in St. Petersburg.

1821:
Russian explorer Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen discovered Peter I Island, the first sighting of land within the Antarctic Circle.

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January 21


1976:
First commercial Concorde flight.

Generating a sonic boom as it traveled through the atmosphere at supersonic speed, the Concorde, a commercial aircraft built with funding from the British and French governments, began regular service on this day in 1976.

1996:
Cleanup of 1.8 million gallons (6.8 million litres) of oil began near Block Island National Wildlife Refuge, Rhode Island, two days after the barge North Cape had run aground and created a 12-mile (19-km) oil slick.

1905:
Fashion designer Christian Dior was born in Granville, France.

1885:
Leadbelly—an African American folk-blues singer, songwriter, and guitarist whose ability to perform a vast repertoire of songs, in conjunction with his notoriously violent life, made him a legend—is believed to have been born this day.

1793:
Louis XVI, the last Bourbon king of France, was executed by guillotine in Paris during the French Revolution.

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January 20


1778:
Hawaii “discovered” by James Cook.

The first European to visit Hawaii was British explorer James Cook, who landed at Waimea on Kauai island this day in 1778 and was killed the following year by Hawaiians when he returned to the islands.

1981:
The Iran hostage crisis ended when Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini released 52 Americans held hostage for 15 months.

1971:
A nationwide strike in Great Britain's postal system began.

1962:
Robinson Jeffers, one of the most controversial American poets of the 20th century, died.

1961:
U.S. President John F. Kennedy, in his Inaugural Address, said, “And so, my fellow Americans: ask not what your country can do for you—ask what you can do for your country.”

1945:
U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt was inaugurated for an unprecedented fourth term in office.

1930:
American astronaut Buzz Aldrin was born in Montclair, New Jersey.

1892:
The first official basketball game was played in Springfield, Massachusetts, by YMCA students of the game's inventor, James A. Naismith.

1801:
U.S. President John Adams nominated John Marshall to be chief justice of the United States.

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January 19


1966:
Rule in India transferred to Indira Gandhi.
Following the sudden death of Indian Premier Lal Bahadur Shastri eight days earlier, Indira Gandhi became prime minister of India on this day in 1966, assuming the office first held by her father, Jawaharlal Nehru.

1955:
U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower held the first-ever televised presidential press conference.

1883:
In the North Sea the German steamer Cimbria collided with the British steamer Sultan and sank, killing 340.

1853:
Giuseppe Verdi's opera Il trovatore premiered in Rome.

1825:
Ezra Daggett and Thomas Kensett obtained a patent for a preservation process used to store food in tin cans.

1809:
Edgar Allan Poe, an American short-story writer, poet, critic, and editor famous for his cultivation of mystery and the macabre, was born.

1807:
Confederate General Robert E. Lee was born in Stratford, Virginia.

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January 18


1871:
German Empire established.
The German Empire, forged as a result of diplomacy rather than an outpouring of popular nationalist feeling, was founded this day in 1871 in the aftermath of three successful wars by the North German state of Prussia.

1943:
To save on the costs of labour and equipment, the United States banned the sale of presliced bread during World War II.

1911:
The first aircraft landing on a ship's flight deck was performed by American pilot Eugene Ely on the battleship Pennsylvania in San Francisco Bay.

1904:
British American film actor Cary Grant was born in Bristol in Gloucestershire, England.

1782:
American orator and politician Daniel Webster was born in New Hampshire.

1779:
English physician, philologist, and thesaurus compiler Peter Roget was born in London.

1733:
A polar bear was first exhibited in Boston.

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January 17


1893:
Hawaiian monarchy overthrown.
Acting for Hawaiian sugar interests and their American allies, a committee led by Sanford Ballard Dole deposed Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani this day in 1893 and installed a provisional government with Dole as president.

1943:
British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt met at Casablanca, Morocco.

1942:
American professional boxer Muhammad Ali was born in Louisville, Kentucky.

1917:
The United States purchased three of the Virgin Islands—St. Thomas, St. John, and St. Croix—from Denmark for $25 million.

1899:
American gangster Al Capone was born in Brooklyn, New York.

1820:
English poet and novelist Anne Bront

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January 16


1991:
Beginning of Persian Gulf War .
The Persian Gulf War, triggered by Iraq's occupation of Kuwait in August 1990, began on this day in 1991 with a U.S.-led air offensive against Iraq that continued until a cease-fire was declared on February 28.

1934:
Marilyn Horne, an American mezzo-soprano noted for the seamless quality and the exceptional range and flexibility of her voice, was born.

1883:
The Pendleton Civil Service Act established the Civil Service Commission in the United States.

1556:
Charles V, Holy Roman emperor and king of Spain, renounced his claim to Spain.

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January 15


1759:
British Museum opened to the public.
Established by an act of Parliament in 1753, the British Museum—which counts among its world-renowned antiquities and archaeological holdings the Elgin Marbles and the Rosetta Stone—opened to the public this day in 1759.

1967:
In the first Super Bowl game, the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League (NFL) defeated the Kansas City Chiefs of the American Football League (AFL) by a score of 35 to 10.

1909:
American jazz drummer Gene Krupa was born in Chicago.

1896:
American photographer Mathew B. Brady, known for his portraits of politicians and images of the American Civil War, died alone and virtually forgotten in a hospital charity ward in New York City.

1870:
The donkey appeared as a symbol of the U.S. Democratic Party in a Thomas Nast cartoon.

1844:
The University of Notre Dame, founded in Indiana by the Congregation of the Holy Cross, was officially chartered.

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January 14


1900:
Premiere of Giacomo Puccini's opera Tosca .
The opera Tosca—a psychological drama of deceit and doubt composed by Giacomo Puccini, one of the greatest exponents of operatic realism—made its world premiere in Rome's Costanzi Theatre on this day in 1900.

1997:
Greek archaeologists announced that they had discovered an ancient site in Athens that may have been Aristotle's Lyceum.

1954:
Baseball player Joe DiMaggio and actress Marilyn Monroe married at City Hall in San Francisco.

1784:
The Continental Congress ratified the Peace of Paris (1783) with Great Britain, granting independence to the American colonies.

1526:
The Treaty of Madrid was signed by the Habsburg emperor Charles V (Charles I of Spain) and his prisoner Francis I, king of France, who had been captured during the Battle of Pavia in February 1525 and held prisoner until the conclusion of the treaty, when he was allowed to return to France.

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January 13


1898:
蒻ile Zola's “J'accuse” published.

On this day in 1898, French author 蒻ile Zola published an open letter in the newspaper L'Aurore denouncing the French general staff for its role in the 1894 treason conviction of Jewish French army officer Alfred Dreyfus.

1997:
President Abdala Bucaram of Ecuador visited President Alberto Fujimori of Peru, the first official visit to Peru by an Ecuadoran president in 150 years.

1942:
American industrialist Henry Ford patented plastic automobile construction.

1884:
Russian-born American singer Sophie Tucker, the “Last of the Red-Hot Mamas,” was born.

1832:
Horatio Alger, one of the most popular American authors in the last 30 years of the 19th century and perhaps the most socially influential American writer of his generation, was born.

1808:
Salmon P. Chase, secretary of the Treasury (1861–64) in Abraham Lincoln's wartime cabinet and sixth chief justice of the United States (1864–73), was born.

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January 12


1879:
Beginning of Zulu War.
The Zulu War began this week in 1879 as the British sought control over Zululand in eastern South Africa, and, despite initial setbacks, British forces were victorious over the Zulu army after six months of fighting.

1969:
American gridiron football quarterback Joe Namath, having “guaranteed” victory, led the New York Jets to a 16–7 win over the favoured Baltimore Colts in Super Bowl III.

1932:
Hattie Ophelia Caraway became the first woman elected to the U.S. Senate.

1916:
P.W. Botha, prime minister (1978–84) and president (1984–89) of South Africa, was born.

1876:
American novelist Jack London, author of Call of the Wild (1903) and White Fang (1906), was born in San Francisco.

1773:
The oldest public museum in the United States was established in colonial Charleston, South Carolina.

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January 11


1935:
Amelia Earhart's Hawaii-to-California flight.
On this day in 1935, Amelia Earhart, one of the world's most celebrated aviators, made the first successful solo flight from Hawaii to California, a distance longer than that from the United States to Europe.

2001:
The U.S. Federal Communications Commission approved the merger of America Online and Time Warner, and AOL Time Warner (since shortened to Time Warner) stock began trading the next morning.

1964:
U.S. Surgeon General Luther L. Terry announced that cigarette smoking is linked to lung cancer.

1878:
Milk was delivered for the first time in glass bottles in New York City.

1861:
Alabama seceded from the Union, the fourth state to do so in the run-up to the American Civil War.

1755/57:
Alexander Hamilton, the first secretary of the U.S. Treasury, was born in the British West Indies.

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January 10


1776:
Common Sense published.

On this day in 1776, Thomas Paine published Common Sense, a 50-page pamphlet that sold more than 500,000 copies within a few months and called for a war of independence that would become the American Revolution.

1984:
The United States and the Vatican established diplomatic relations after a 117-year break.

1949:
American boxer George Foreman was born in Marshall, Texas.

1946:
Radar signals bouncing off the Moon were detected for the first time.

1946:
The first United Nations General Assembly met in London.

1925:
American jazz drummer and percussionist Max Roach was born.

1920:
The League of Nations was established in Geneva.

1901:
The first major oil field in Texas was discovered, near Beaumont.

1861:
Florida seceded from the Union and in February 1861 joined the Confederacy.

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January 9


2005:
Election of Mahmoud Abbas.
Mahmoud Abbas, who was a founder of Fatah in the 1950s and had served briefly as prime minister of the Palestinian Authority (PA) in 2003 under Yāsir ʿArafāt, was elected president of the PA on this day in 2005.

2001:
Australian scientists said that analysis of DNA taken from 60,000-year-old local human remains showed no links with human ancestors from Africa, suggesting that Africa was not the only site of the genesis of the human species.

1908:
Simone de Beauvoir, French writer and feminist who gave a literary transcription to the themes of existentialism, was born in Paris.

1861:
Mississippi became the second U.S. state (after South Carolina) to secede from the Union, in the run-up to the American Civil War.

1839:
Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre of France proclaimed his invention of the daguerreotype, the first commercially successful form of photography.

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January 8


1997:
Anniversary of Grimaldi rule in Monaco.
On this day in 1997, the principality of Monaco began a yearlong celebration in honour of the 700th anniversary of the rule of the Grimaldi family, who seized power in 1297 and gained firm possession of Monaco in 1419.

1959:
Charles de Gaulle was inaugurated as president of France's Fifth Republic.

1942:
English theoretical physicist Stephen W. Hawking was born.

1918:
U.S. President Woodrow Wilson announced his Fourteen Points, an outline for peace following World War I.

1862:
American publisher Frank Nelson Doubleday was born.

1815:
U.S. General Andrew Jackson defeated Great Britain in the Battle of New Orleans, the final engagement in the War of 1812.