This Day In History （请勿跟贴，谢谢！）

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March 8


1702:
British throne ascended by Anne.

On this day in 1702, Anne became the last Stuart monarch of Great Britain, having earlier acquiesced to the Act of Settlement of 1701, which designated as her successors the Hanoverian descendants of King James I.

1971:
American boxer Joe Frazier retained his world heavyweight championship by winning a 15-round decision over former champion Muhammad Ali at Madison Square Garden in New York City.

1942:
Japanese troops captured Rangoon, Burma (Yang鬾, Myanmar) during World War II.

1917:
The U.S. Senate voted to limit filibusters by adopting the rule of cloture.

1917:
Rioting in St. Petersburg marked the beginning of the February Revolution and the first stage of the Russian Revolution.

1857:
Hundreds of women workers in New York City's garment and textile factories staged a strike against low wages, long working hours, and inhumane work conditions.

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March 7


1965:
Attack on civil rights protesters in Selma, Alabama.

On this day in 1965, state troopers used nightsticks and tear gas to attack American civil rights activists as they crossed a bridge in Selma, Alabama, during their march to the state capitol in Montgomery.

1987:
American boxer Mike Tyson became the youngest heavyweight to acquire the World Boxing Association (WBA) championship belt when he defeated James Smith in 12 rounds.

1876:
Alexander Graham Bell received a patent for the telephone.

1875:
Composer Maurice Ravel was born in Ciboure, France.

1850:
U.S. Senator Daniel Webster spoke out in favour of the Compromise of 1850 (enacted in September), a series of moderate measures that addressed the question of slavery in U.S. territories.

1792:
English astronomer Sir John Herschel, a successor to his father, Sir William Herschel, in the field of stellar and nebular observation and discovery, was born.

1644:
Massachusetts established the first bicameral legislature in North America.

161:
Marcus Aurelius became emperor of Rome.

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March 6


1924:
King Tut's tomb opened.

On this day in 1924, the Egyptian government opened the mummy case of King Tutankhamen, ruler of Egypt in the 14th century BC, whose burial chamber had been discovered in 1922 by renowned British archaeologist Howard Carter.

1957:
Ghana became an independent nation, led by Prime Minister Kwame Nkrumah.
1928: Latin American author Gabriel García Márquez was born in Aracataca, Colombia.

1857:
U.S. Chief Justice Roger B. Taney announced the Dred Scott decision, making slavery legal in all U.S. territories.

1853:
Giuseppe Verdi's opera La traviata premiered at La Fenice opera house in Venice.

1836:
The Alamo in Texas fell to Mexican General Antonio López de Santa Anna after a 13-day siege.

1619:
French satirist and dramatist Savinien Cyrano de Bergerac was born in Paris.

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March 5


1770:
Boston Massacre.

Harassed by a mob, British troops on this day in 1770 opened fire, killing Crispus Attucks and four others in the Boston Massacre, an event that galvanized anti-British feelings in the lead-up to the American Revolution.

1979:
The U.S. space probe Voyager 1 flew by Io, the innermost of Jupiter's satellites, and observed nine active volcanoes on its surface.

1953:
Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin died in Moscow and was succeeded by Georgy Malenkov.

1946:
British Prime Minister Winston Churchill popularized the term “Iron Curtain”—describing the separation between Soviet and Western nations—in a speech at Fulton, Missouri.

1887:
Brazilian musician and Latin American composer Heitor Villa-Lobos was born in Rio de Janeiro.

1871:
Polish German activist Rosa Luxemburg, who played a key role in the founding of the Polish Social Democratic Party and the Spartacus League, was born in Zamość.

1798:
Napoleon invaded Switzerland and occupied Bern, ending the ancient ruling system of that country, the Confederation of the Thirteen Cantons.

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March 4


1933:
Inauguration of U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt.

On this day in 1933, in the midst of the Great Depression, Franklin D. Roosevelt was inaugurated as the 32nd U.S. president, and later he led the country out of the Depression and to victory in World War II.

1837:
Chicago was incorporated as a city, with a population of about 4,200.

1804:
Irish convicts rose up in the Castle Hill Rising, Australia's first rebellion.

1789:
The U.S. Constitution went into effect as the governing law of the United States, the date having been established by Congress.

1681:
William Penn secured from King Charles II of England the colonial province of Pennsylvania in North America, hoping to provide a refuge in the New World for Quakers and other persecuted people and to build an ideal Christian commonwealth.
1678:
Italian composer and violinist Antonio Vivaldi, who left a decisive mark on the form of the concerto and the style of late Baroque instrumental music, was born.

1461:
King Henry VI of England was deposed by Yorkists and replaced by Edward IV.

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March 3


2005:
Steve Fossett's circumnavigation of Earth.

On this day in 2005, American adventurer Steve Fossett became the first person to complete a solo nonstop circumnavigation of the globe without refueling when he landed in Kansas after more than 67 hours in flight.

1962:
American Jackie Joyner-Kersee, considered by many to be the greatest female athlete ever, was born.

1934:
American bank robber John Dillinger made a daring escape from prison at Crown Point, Indiana.

1931:
"The Star-Spangled Banner," written by Francis Scott Key during the War of 1812, was officially adopted as the national anthem of the United States by act of Congress.

1923:
The first issue of the American weekly newsmagazine Time was published.

1918:
The second of two treaties of Brest-Litovsk concluded hostilities between the Central Powers and Soviet Russia during World War I.

1861:
The Russian emperor Alexander II issued the Emancipation Manifesto, freeing the serfs from slavery.

1820:
Henry Clay helped win passage of the Missouri Compromise, which divided the United States over the issue of slavery for years afterward.

1671:
The Paris Opéra first opened, with a performance of Pomone by composer Robert Cambert.

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March 2


1956:
Moroccan independence declared.

The North African country of Morocco, situated directly across the Strait of Gibraltar from Spain, proclaimed independence from France this day in 1956, with the sultan Muhammad V forming its first government.

1962:
American basketball player Wilt Chamberlain scored a record 100 points in a National Basketball Association (NBA) game.

1930:
English novelist D.H. Lawrence died in Vence, France (his ashes were moved in 1935 to Taos, New Mexico, where he once had lived).

1917:
The Jones Act took effect, designating Puerto Rico as a territory of the United States, “organized but unincorporated,” and conferring U.S. citizenship collectively on Puerto Ricans.

1900:
Composer Kurt Weill, who created a revolutionary kind of opera of sharp social satire in collaboration with the writer Bertolt Brecht, was born in Germany.

1867:
Over U.S. President Andrew Johnson's veto, Radical Republicans in Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act, forbidding the president to remove civil officers without senatorial consent.

1865:
Confederate forces under General Jubal A. Early suffered a decisive defeat that ended Southern resistance in the Shenandoah Valley, Virginia, during the American Civil War, and the Confederacy collapsed the following month.

1498:
Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama and his fleet reached the island of Mozambique on their first voyage to India.

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March 1


1872:
Establishment of Yellowstone as world's first national park.

Yellowstone National Park, situated in the western United States and designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1978, was established by the U.S. Congress as the country's—and the world's—first national park this day in 1872.

1961:
The Peace Corps was established by U.S. President John F. Kennedy by means of his Peace Corps Act.

1932:
The infant son of American aviator Charles A. Lindbergh was abducted from his home, Bruno Hauptmann being later convicted of the baby's kidnapping and murder.

1919:
Protesters in Seoul, Korea, launched the March First Movement, a series of demonstrations for Korean national independence from Japan.

1896:
The Ethiopian army of Emperor Menilek II won a decisive victory against the Italian army at Adwa, Ethiopia.

1875:
Republicans in the U.S. Congress passed the last of the Force Acts, which protected the constitutional rights of blacks during Reconstruction.

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February 28


1986:
Olof Palme assassinated.

Olof Palme, the internationally prominent prime minister of Sweden (1969–76, 1982–86) whose strong pacifist beliefs included opposition to the Vietnam War, was assassinated this day in Stockholm in 1986.

1942:
During World War II, Japanese troops landed on the island of Java, which they occupied until 1945.

1922:
Egypt was declared an independent country.

1906:
American gangster Bugsy Siegel was born in Brooklyn, New York.

1901:
American chemist Linus Pauling, who received two Nobel Prizes, one for Chemistry in 1954 and another for Peace in 1962 (for efforts to control the spread of nuclear weaponry), was born.

1827:
The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad became the first steam-operated railway in the United States to be chartered as a common carrier of freight and passengers.

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February 29


1992:
Voting begun on Bosnian independence.

Beginning this day in 1992, the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina held a referendum on independence that won almost unanimous support, and on March 3 independence was proclaimed, prompting shelling by Serbian forces.

1920:
A new, democratic constitution was adopted by the National Assembly elected by Czech and Slovak leaders, furthering the consolidation of the two states into Czechoslovakia.

1904:
Jimmy Dorsey, whose orchestra was one of the most popular big bands of the swing era in the United States, was born.

1768:
The Confederation of Bar was organized to defend the privileges of the Roman Catholic Church and the independence of Poland against Russian encroachment.

1736:
Ann Lee (“Mother Ann”), the religious leader who brought the Shaker sect from England to the American colonies, was born in Manchester, England.

1704:
The town of Deerfield, Massachusetts, was razed in the bloodiest battle of Queen Anne's War.

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February 27


1991:
U.S. victory declared in Persian Gulf War.

On this day in 1991, U.S. President George Bush ordered a cease-fire effective at midnight and declared victory in the Persian Gulf War, a conflict triggered by Iraq's invasion and occupation of Kuwait in August 1990.

1973:
Two hundred members of the American Indian Movement forcefully took the reservation hamlet of Wounded Knee, South Dakota.

1967:
Saint Kitts and Nevis (with Anguilla) became an independent state associated with the United Kingdom.

1933:
In Berlin the Reichstag (parliament) building caught fire, a key event in the establishment of Nazi dictatorship.

1884:
Paul Kruger, president of the South African Republic, signed a treaty in London that disavowed British authority over the Transvaal.

1807:
American poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow was born in Portland, Massachusetts (now in Maine).

1776:
At the Battle of Moore's Creek Bridge, North Carolinian revolutionaries defeated loyalists during the American Revolution.

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February 26


1815:
Napoleon's escape from Elba.

Forced to abdicate as French emperor in 1814, Napoleon escaped from exile on the island of Elba this day in 1815 and, gathering support en route, retook power on his return to Paris on March 20, ushering in the Hundred Days.

1993:
The World Trade Center in New York City was bombed in an act of terrorism, Islamic radicals being later convicted for the crime.

1951:
American novelist James Jones published From Here to Eternity, about the U.S. Army in Hawaii before the 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor.

1919:
The U.S. Congress established Grand Canyon National Park in northwestern Arizona.

1885:
The Berlin West Africa Conference concluded, the major European countries having staked claims to their colonial expansions in Central Africa.

1802:
Victor Hugo, a poet, novelist, and dramatist who was the most important of the French Romantic writers, was born.

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February 25


1986:
Ousting of Marcos in Philippines.

On this day in 1986, Philippine President Ferdinand E. Marcos, under pressure from the United States, fled his country for Hawaii after a fraudulent electoral victory over Corazon Aquino, who replaced him as president.

1990:
In Nicaragua, Violeta Barrios de Chamorro of the U.S.-financed National Opposition Union achieved an upset victory over the incumbent president, Daniel Ortega of the Sandinista National Liberation Front.

1964:
American boxer Muhammad Ali, known at the time as Cassius Clay, became the world heavyweight champion by knocking out Sonny Liston in seven rounds.

1956:
The Twentieth Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union came to a close after First Secretary Nikita S. Khrushchev delivered a secret speech denouncing the late Soviet leader Joseph Stalin.

1948:
The communists seized control of the government of Czechoslovakia.

1570:
As pope, Pius V excommunicated Queen Elizabeth I of England from the Roman Catholic Church.

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February 24


1868:
U.S. President Andrew Johnson impeached.

On this day in 1868, the U.S. House of Representatives voted 126–47 to impeach President Andrew Johnson, whose lenient Reconstruction policies regarding the South after the Civil War angered Radical Republicans in Congress.

1991:
U.S. ground operations began in the Persian Gulf War, more than a month after an air war was launched against Iraq to free Iraqi-occupied Kuwait.

1976:
The regime of Fidel Castro adopted the constitution of Cuba, which mandated the operation of only one political party—the Communist Party of Cuba.

1942:
The Voice of America made its first broadcast, in German, to counter the propaganda of Nazi leaders.

1848:
The antimonarchal Revolutions of 1848 reached France, the one nation where the insurgency was successful.

1821:
Agustín de Iturbide made an appeal for an independent Mexico in the Iguala Plan.

1803:
In Marbury v. Madison, the U.S. Supreme Court declared an act of Congress unconstitutional, thus establishing the doctrine of judicial review.

1739:
The Battle of Karnal pitted the invading forces of Nādir Shah of Iran against Muḥammad Shah, Mughal emperor of India.

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February 23


1836:
Alamo besieged by Santa Anna's Mexican army.

This day in 1836, during the Texas war for independence, Mexican General Antonio López de Santa Anna began a siege of the Alamo, which was captured after 13 days and which became for Texans a symbol of heroic resistance.

1945:
Six U.S. servicemen raised the American flag over Mount Suribachi on the island of Iwo Jima during World War II.

1905:
The first Rotary Club was founded by Chicago attorney Paul P. Harris.

1870:
Mississippi was readmitted to the United States following the American Civil War.

1822:
Boston was granted a charter to become a city.

1685:
Composer George Frideric Handel, a leading figure of late Baroque music, was born in Germany.

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February 22


1997:
Cloning of Dolly.

On this day in 1997, a team of British scientists working under the direction of Ian Wilmut at the Roslin Institute near Edinburgh announced the birth of Dolly the sheep, the first clone of an adult mammal.

1980:
During the 1980 Winter Olympics, against the backdrop of the Cold War, the U.S. ice hockey team defeated the favoured Soviet team in one of the greatest upsets in the history of the Olympic Games.

1932:
The Purple Heart, a U.S. military decoration originally instituted by George Washington in 1782 to honour bravery in battle, was revived as an award for those wounded or killed in action against an enemy.

1847:
U.S. General Zachary Taylor led troops against a Mexican force commanded by General Antonio López de Santa Anna at the Battle of Buena Vista.

1680:
Catherine Deshayes, Madame Monvoisin—known as “La Voisin”—was executed in Paris for her involvement in the Affair of the Poisons.

896:
Arnulf was crowned Holy Roman emperor by Pope Formosus, who declared the previous emperor, Lambert, deposed.

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February 21


1965:
Malcolm X assassinated.

Malcolm X, who articulated concepts of racial pride and black nationalism in the United States, was assassinated this day in 1965 and became an ideological hero after the posthumous release of The Autobiography of Malcolm X.

1972:
U.S. President Richard M. Nixon paid a state visit to the People's Republic of China, ending a 21-year estrangement between the communist country and the United States.

1925:
The American weekly magazine The New Yorker began publication under Harold W. Ross.

1921:
Reza Khan (later Reza Shah Pahlavi) overthrew the Qājār dynasty in Iran.

1916:
The Battle of Verdun, one of the most devastating engagements of World War I, began.

1907:
W.H. Auden, one of the foremost English-language poets of his era, was born.

1885:
The Washington Monument was dedicated on the grounds of the Mall in Washington, D.C.

1876:
Abstract sculptor Constantin Brancusi was born in Romania.

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February 20


1962:
John Glenn's orbit of Earth.

John H. Glenn, Jr., the oldest of seven astronauts selected by NASA for Project Mercury spaceflight training (and later a U.S. senator), became on this day in 1962 the first American to orbit Earth, doing so three times.

1986:
The Soviet Union launched the core module of the space station Mir.

1976:
The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization held its final exercise in Manila (and formally ended on June 30, 1977).

1943:
The volcano Parícutin in Michoacán, Mexico, erupted, eventually burying two villages.

1929:
The U.S. Congress formally accepted the deeds of cession of eastern Samoa, forming American Samoa.

1909:
Italian author Filippo Tommaso Marinetti coined the term Futurism in the Parisian newspaper Le Figaro.

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February 19


1945:
Iwo Jima invaded by U.S. Marines.

On this day in 1945, during the final phases of World War II, U.S. Marines invaded Iwo Jima so as to wrest control of the strategically important island from the Japanese, who put up fierce resistance in the ensuing battle.

1997:
Deng Xiaoping, who introduced economic reforms to China in 1978, died in Beijing.

1942:
U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the executive order allowing the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II.

1881:
Kansas became the first U.S. state to include the prohibition of alcoholic beverages in its state constitution.

1878:
American inventor Thomas Edison patented the phonograph.

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February 18


1930:
Pluto discovered by Clyde Tombaugh.

Using a 13-inch (33-cm) telescope at the Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona, Clyde W. Tombaugh, a 24-year-old American with no formal training in astronomy, discovered the planet Pluto this day in 1930.

2001:
American stock-car racer Dale Earnhardt, Sr., died from injuries suffered during a crash in the final lap of the Daytona 500.

1975:
REA Express, Inc., at one time the largest delivery service in the United States, filed for bankruptcy.

1960:
Seven nations established the Latin American Free Trade Association (LAFTA), predecessor to the Latin American Integration Association.

1861:
Jefferson Davis was inaugurated as provisional president of the Confederate States of America.

1848:
Louis Comfort Tiffany—an American designer internationally recognized as one of the greatest proponents of Art Nouveau, particularly in the art of glassmaking—was born.

1546:
Martin Luther, leader of the Protestant Reformation, died at age 62 in Eisleben, Saxony.

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February 17


1996:
An earthquake and an accompanying tsunami in Indonesia left 108 people dead, 423 injured, and 58 missing.

1955:
British Minister of Defense Harold Macmillan announced plans to develop and produce hydrogen bombs.

1897:
The National Congress of Parents and Teachers, better known as the Parent-Teacher Association (PTA), was founded in Washington, D.C., as the National Congress of Mothers.

1843:
The British annexed most of what is now Sindh province in Pakistan after winning the Battle of Miani.