This Day In History （请勿跟贴，谢谢！）

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July 31


1971:
Lunar Roving Vehicle first used on the Moon.
On this day in 1971, Apollo 15 astronauts James B. Irwin and David Scott first used the four-wheeled, battery-powered Lunar Roving Vehicle to extensively explore the Moon's surface, in particular the Hadley-Apennine site.

1994:
A UN Security Council resolution authorized the use of “all necessary means” to restore democracy to Haiti.

1948:
U.S. President Harry S. Truman dedicated Idlewild Airport as New York International Airport (rededicated as John F. Kennedy International Airport in 1963).

1921:
Whitney M. Young, Jr., who spearheaded the drive for equal opportunity for blacks in industry and U.S. government service while he was head of the National Urban League (1961–71), was born in Lincoln Ridge, Kentucky.

1667:
The Treaty of Breda ended the Second Anglo-Dutch War and transferred New Netherland (now New York and New Jersey) to England.

1556:
St. Ignatius of Loyola, founder of the Jesuit order of the Roman Catholic Church, died in Rome.

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July 30


1898:
Death of Otto von Bismarck.
Otto von Bismarck—who, as prime minister of Prussia (1862–73, 1873–90), used ruthlessness and moderation to unify Germany, founding the German Empire (1871) and serving as its first chancellor (1871–90)—died this day in 1898.

1975:
Former Teamsters president Jimmy Hoffa disappeared under mysterious circumstances.

1956:
The phrase “In God we trust” legally became the national motto of the United States.

1942:
Frank Sinatra sang with the Tommy Dorsey Orchestra in his last recording before venturing on a solo career.

1540:
Lutheran clergyman Robert Barnes was burned as a heretic after being used by Thomas Cromwell and King Henry VIII to gain European support for their antipapal movement in England.

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July 29


1958:
National Aeronautics and Space Administration established.
Criticized for allowing the Soviet Union to launch the first man-made satellite to orbit Earth (Sputnik 1, on October 4, 1957), U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed legislation this day in 1958 that created NASA.

1981:
Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer were married in St. Paul's Cathedral in London.

1957:
The International Atomic Energy Agency was created.

1913:
Albania was formally recognized by the major European powers as an independent principality following the issuance of the Vlor

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July 28


1914:
Beginning of World War I.
Using the assassination of the Austrian archduke Francis Ferdinand as a pretext to present Serbia with an unacceptable ultimatum, Austria-Hungary declared war on the Slavic country on this day in 1914, sparking World War I.

1976:
An earthquake in the industrial city of Tangshan, China, killed more than 240,000 people.

1844:
Gerard Manley Hopkins, who was one of the most individual of Victorian writers and who influenced many leading 20th-century poets, was born in Stratford, Essex, England.

1821:
Peru declared its independence from Spain.

1794:
Maximilien Robespierre, a radical Jacobin leader and one of the principal figures in the French Revolution, was guillotined before a cheering mob on the Place de la Révolution in Paris.

1750:
Composer Johann Sebastian Bach died in Leipzig, Germany.

1540:
King Henry VIII of England privately married his fifth wife, Catherine Howard.

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July 27


1996:
Terrorist attack at Atlanta Olympics.
On this day in 1996 a pipe bomb exploded in Olympic Centennial Park in Atlanta, Georgia, killing 1 person and injuring 111 in the first terrorist attack at the Olympics since the 1972 Games in Munich, West Germany.

2003:
American cyclist Lance Armstrong won his fifth consecutive Tour de France bicycle race.

1953:
The armistice agreement ending the Korean War was signed at P'anmunjŏm in central Korea.

1946:
Avant-garde writer Gertrude Stein, whose Paris home was a salon for leading artists and writers, died in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France.

1919:
The Chicago Race Riot of 1919 was ignited after a young black man was stoned and drowned in Lake Michigan for swimming in an area reserved for whites.

1909:
The world's first military airplane completed one of the final qualifying flights for its sale to the U.S. Army Signal Corps by Wilbur and Orville Wright.

1830:
The July Revolution began in France, leading to the abdication of Charles X and bringing Louis-Philippe to the throne.

1794:
Antoine-Christophe Merlin and other conspirators initiated the Thermidorian Reaction, a revolt that ultimately ended the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution.

1214:
At the Battle of Bouvines, French King Philip II defeated an international coalition led by the Holy Roman emperor Otto IV.

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July 26


1956:
Suez Canal seized.
On this day in 1956, Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser seized control of the Suez Canal and nationalized it, sparking a crisis that later resulted in French, British, and Israeli forces briefly occupying parts of Egypt.

2004:
In response to an explosion of violence in the Darfur region, the European Union advocated that the United Nations institute economic sanctions against The Sudan.

1965:
The Republic of Maldives gained its independence from Britain.

1953:
Fidel Castro attacked the Moncada military fortress in Santiago de Cuba, and, although unsuccessful, the event later inspired the 26th of July Movement, which culminated in the overthrow of Fulgencio Batista's regime in Cuba.

1894:
English writer Aldous Huxley, whose deep distrust of 20th-century trends in both politics and technology found expression in his novel Brave New World (1932), was born in Godalming, Surrey.

1775:
The U.S. Postal Service was established by the Second Continental Congress, and Benjamin Franklin was named the first postmaster general.

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July 25


1814:
American advance into Canada halted by British troops.
Near Niagara Falls on this day in 1814, British troops commanded by General Phineas Riall thwarted an invasion of Canada by a U.S. force under General Jacob Brown in the Battle of Lundy's Lane during the War of 1812.

1952:
Puerto Rico attained its own government as a commonwealth of the United States.

1919:
A member of the foreign ministry of the newly formed Soviet government, Lev Karakhan, issued the Karakhan Manifesto, in which he offered to relinquish all Soviet claims to the special rights and privileges in China won by the Russian tsarist government.

1906:
Johnny Hodges—a jazz alto saxophonist who was a featured soloist in Duke Ellington's orchestra, known for his brilliant improvisational sense of composition—was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

1898:
U.S. forces under General Nelson A. Miles invaded Puerto Rico during the Spanish-American War.

1868:
The U.S. Congress formed the Wyoming Territory.

1834:
English Romantic poet and literary critic Samuel Taylor Coleridge died.

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July 24


1917:
Beginning of Mata Hari's trial.
Dutch-born dancer and courtesan Mata Hari, whose name became a synonym for the seductive female spy, went on trial this day in 1917, accused of spying for Germany, and was subsequently found guilty and shot by a firing squad.

1974:
The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that President Richard M. Nixon had to provide transcripts of Watergate tapes to special prosecutor Leon Jaworski.

1959:
Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev and U.S. Vice President Richard M. Nixon engaged in the “kitchen debate” at an American exhibition in Moscow.

1944:
Soviet forces liberated the Majdanek concentration and extermination camp on the outskirts of the city of Lublin, Poland.

1923:
The Treaty of Lausanne, the final treaty concluding World War I, was signed at Lausanne, Switzerland.

1911:
Hiram Bingham discovered Machu Picchu in a remote part of the Peruvian Andes.

1897:
Amelia Earhart, one of the world's most celebrated aviators and the first woman to fly alone across the Atlantic Ocean, was born in Atchison, Kansas.

1847:
Brigham Young and his fellow Mormons arrived in Salt Lake City, Utah.

1783:
Catherine II (the Great) of Russia and Erekle II of Kartalinia-Kakhetia (eastern Georgia) concluded the Treaty of Georgievsk.

1567:
Mary, Queen of Scots, was formally deposed after rebellious Scottish nobles deserted her army at Carberry Hill and forced her to abdicate in favour of her one-year-old son, James.

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July 23


1952:
Egyptian monarchy toppled by coup.
On this day in 1952, the Free Officers, a nationalistic military group led by Colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser, engineered a coup that overthrew King Farouk I of Egypt, ending the monarchy and bringing Nasser to power.

1997:
Slobodan Milošević became president of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (comprising Serbia and Montenegro) after serving as president of Serbia from 1989.
1970: Sultan Saʿīd ibn Taymūr of Oman was overthrown by his son, Qābūs ibn Saʿīd, in a palace coup.

1945:
Marshal Philippe Pétain of France went on trial for treason during World War II.

1844:
Attilio and Emilio Bandiera were executed along with nine others following a failed revolt against Austrian rule in Italy.

685:
John V was consecrated pope, succeeding St. Benedict II.

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July 22


1977:
Deng Xiaoping reinstated.
After falling from favour during the Cultural Revolution (1966–76), Deng Xiaoping returned to power on this day in 1977 after the Chinese Communist Party reinstated all his former high posts, including that of vice-premier.

1946:
A violent Jewish right-wing underground movement in Palestine, the Irgun Zvai Leumi, blew up a wing of the King David Hotel in Jerusalem, killing 91 soldiers and civilians.

1943:
Led by U.S. General George S. Patton, Allied forces took Palermo, on the northwest corner of Sicily, giving them a strategic foothold from which to invade mainland Italy during World War II.

1923:
Bob Dole—U.S. senator (1968–96), Republican congressional leader, and his party's candidate for the presidency in 1996—was born in Russell, Kansas.

1812:
The duke of Wellington defeated “40,000 Frenchmen in 40 minutes” at Salamanca, Spain, during the Peninsular War.

1456:
Hungarian forces led by János Hunyadi, including an untrained army of peasants, won one of the most remarkable victories in the history of Turkish wars, resisting Ottoman sultan Mehmed II's siege of Belgrade.

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July 21


1798:
Egyptians defeated in the Battle of the Pyramids.
Napoleon's Army of Egypt used a new military tactic, the massive divisional square, to defeat the Egyptian forces of Murād Bey this day in 1798 at the Battle of the Pyramids during Napoleon's Egyptian campaign.

1983:
The world's lowest recorded temperature, −128.6 °F (−89.2 °C), was measured at Vostok Station, Antarctica.

1967:
Albert John Luthuli, president of the African National Congress (1952–60) and the first African to be awarded a Nobel Prize for Peace (1960), died after being struck by a train.

1961:
Virgil I. (“Gus”) Grissom became the second American to enter space during Project Mercury.

1954:
The Geneva Accords effectively divided Vietnam at the 17th parallel.

1861:
The First Battle of Bull Run (called First Manassas by the South) was fought during the American Civil War.

1774:
The Treaty of Kü绋筴 Kaynarca was signed at the conclusion of the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–74.

1613:
Michael Romanov was crowned tsar of Russia, founding the Romanov dynasty.

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July 20


1969:
First Moon landing.
On this day at 4:18 PM, North American Eastern Daylight Time (EDT), the Eagle lunar landing module, carrying Neil Armstrong and Edwin (“Buzz”) Aldrin, touched down on the Moon near the southwestern edge of the Sea of Tranquillity (Mare Tranquillitatis)—the ultimate triumph for the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Apollo program. At 10:56 PM EDT, Armstrong stepped from the Eagle onto the Moon's dusty surface with the words, “That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind.” Armstrong and Aldrin left the module for more than two hours and deployed scientific instruments, collected surface samples, and took numerous photographs.

1976:
The Viking I lander touched down at Chryse Planitia on Mars.

1944:
German military leaders attempted to assassinate Adolf Hitler in the July Plot.

1917:
The Corfu Declaration was issued, calling for the establishment of a unified Yugoslav state following World War I.

1917:
Prince Georgy Yevgenyevich Lvov resigned his post as prime minister of Russia's Provisional Government following the July Days demonstrations.

1894:
The Pullman Strike, a widespread railroad strike in the United States, ended, shortly after President Grover Cleveland ordered federal troops to Chicago.

1877:
The Siege of Pleven began in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78.

1402:
The forces of the Ottoman sultan Bayezid I were defeated by those of the Central Asian ruler Timur in the Battle of Ankara, resulting in the collapse of Bayezid's empire.

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July 19


1870:
Beginning of the Franco-German War.
The French emperor, Napoleon III, declared war on Prussia, on this day, beginning the Franco-German War, at least partly because his military advisers were convinced that the reorganization of the French army in 1866 had made it superior to its German counterparts. They also had great faith in two recently introduced technical innovations: the breech-loading chassepot rifle, with which the entire army was now equipped; and the newly invented mitrailleuse, an early machine gun.

1965:
American wild animal tamer Clyde Beatty died in Ventura, California.

1947:
Aung San, the Burmese nationalist leader and prime minister, was assassinated in Rangoon (Yang鬾, Myanmar).

1886:
Franz Liszt played the piano for the last time at a concert in Luxembourg.

1848:
The Seneca Falls Convention opened in New York, launching the woman suffrage movement in the United States.

1813:
The Sisters of Charity, the first American religious society, was founded by Mother Elizabeth Bayley Seton.

1333:
Scottish forces were defeated by the English under Edward III in the Battle of Halidon Hill.

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July 18


1925:
Publication of Mein Kampf.
The first volume of Mein Kampf, the political manifesto written by Adolf Hitler that became the bible of Nazism in Germany's Third Reich, was published this day in 1925, and two years later the second volume appeared.

1944:
Allied forces captured the French town of Saint-L

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July 17


1936:
Beginning of the Spanish Civil War .
A well-planned uprising by Nationalist rebels against the Republican government of Spain began this day in 1936, sparking a bloody civil war that lasted until 1939, when the Nationalists and Francisco Franco assumed power.

1998:
The United Nations completed the statute establishing the International Criminal Court, which began sittings four years later.

1945:
Joseph Stalin, Winston Churchill, and Harry S. Truman met at the Potsdam Conference, the last Allied summit conference of World War II.

1944:
German Field Marshal Erwin Rommel was seriously injured when his car was forced off the road by British fighter-bombers.

1862:
Abraham Lincoln's wartime Congress passed the second Confiscation Act, a precursor to the Emancipation Proclamation.

1763:
John Jacob Astor, founder of a renowned family of Anglo-American capitalists, business leaders, and philanthropists, was born in Waldorf, Germany.

1683:
Turkish forces began the Siege of Vienna against the Habsburg Holy Roman emperor Leopold I.

1453:
French forces routed the English in the Battle of Castillon, the concluding battle of the Hundred Years' War.

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July 16


1945:
First atomic bomb exploded near Alamogordo, New Mexico.
The United States tested the first atomic bomb this day in 1945 near Alamogordo, New Mexico, and the following month dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan, hastening the end of World War II.

2001:
Jacques Rogge of Belgium was chosen to replace Juan António Samaranch as the president of the International Olympic Committee.

1918:
Former Russian tsar Nicholas II and his family were executed by Bolsheviks.

1862:
Ida Bell Wells-Barnett, an American journalist who led a crusade against lynching, was born in Holly Springs, Mississippi.

1790:
Washington, D.C., was established by Congress as the capital of the United States.

1054:
Humbert of Silva Candida, cardinal and papal legate, excommunicated Michael Cerularius, patriarch of Constantinople, who retaliated by excommunicating the cardinal, which led to the schism between the churches of Rome and Constantinople.

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July 15



1965:
Close-up pictures of Mars provided by Mariner 4 .
Mariner 4, launched by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) on November 28, 1964, flew by Mars and returned pictures of its surface this day. The Mariner program consisted of interplanetary probes designed to fly by Mars, Venus, and Mercury. Mariners 2 (1962) and 5 (1967) passed Venus within 35,000 km and 4,000 km (22,000 miles and 2,500 miles), respectively, and made temperature and atmospheric density measurements. Mariners 4 (1965), 6 and 7 (1969), and 9 (1971–72) obtained photographs of the Martian surface and made significant analyses of the atmosphere.

1978:
American singer-songwriter Bob Dylan performed in England before 200,000 people.

1912:
Jim Thorpe won a gold medal for the decathlon at the Olympics in Stockholm.

1883:
Circus performer Charles Stratton, known to the world as Tom Thumb, died.

1606:
Dutch artist Rembrandt was born in Leiden, Netherlands.

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July 14


1789: Bastille stormed by Paris mob.
On this morning a mob advanced on the Bastille (the state prison) in Paris, intent on asking the prison governor to release the arms and munitions stored there. Angered by the governor's evasiveness, the people stormed and captured the prison. This dramatic action came to symbolize the end of the ancien régime. Commemorating this event, one of the most pivotal in the history of France, Bastille Day has been celebrated annually on July 14 since 1880 as a French national holiday with parades, speeches, and fireworks.

1968:
Baseball great Hank Aaron hit his 500th career home run.

1921:
Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, in a still-controversial decision, were found guilty of the murder of two men.

1881:
American gunfighter Billy the Kid was shot and killed by Sheriff Pat Garrett.

1865:
British mountaineer Edward Whymper climbed the Matterhorn.

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July 13


1793:
French revolutionary Jean-Paul Marat assassinated.
On this day, Jean-Paul Marat, a leader of the radical Montagnard faction during the French Revolution, was stabbed to death in his bath by Charlotte Corday, a young Girondin supporter from Normandy. The author of Plan de législation criminelle (“Plan for Criminal Legislation”), which was considered subversive and was suppressed by French authorities, Marat assimilated the ideas of such critics of the ancien régime as Montesquieu and Jean-Jacques Rousseau and corresponded with the American Revolutionary leader Benjamin Franklin. In 1789, at the start of the French Revolution, Marat went from being a supporter of the monarchy to publishing antiroyalist pamphlets.

1878:
The Treaty of Berlin was signed, replacing the Treaty of San Stefano that ended the Russo-Turkish War.

1861:
General George B. McClellan and Union troops defeated Confederate forces in northwestern Virginia. Once the area was under the Union's control, pro-Union settlers were able to form it into the separate state of West Virginia.

1832:
Henry Rowe Schoolcraft identified the source of the Mississippi River as Lake Itasca, in Minnesota.

1787:
The U.S. Congress passed the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, which laid the basis for the government of the Northwest Territory and for the admission of its constituent parts as states of the Union.

1713:
Spain and Britain signed one of the treaties of Utrecht, this one giving Gibraltar and Minorca to Britain.

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July 12


1984:
Geraldine Ferraro designated running mate of Walter Mondale.
Democratic presidential candidate Walter F. Mondale put forward Geraldine Ferraro as his running mate on this day, making her the first woman ever nominated for vice president by a major political party in the United States. The onetime U.S. district attorney for Queens county in New York won a reputation as an effective and hardworking politician while representing that state's Ninth Congressional District in the House of Representatives. Her skillful negotiating as the chair of the 1984 Democratic platform committee helped convince Mondale to pick her for the ticket.

1975:
The island nation of S鉶 Tomé and Príncipe was granted independence from Portugal.

1920:
The independent republic of Lithuania, having successfully expelled invading Soviet troops, signed a peace treaty with Russia.
1862: The Congressional Medal of Honor, awarded for battlefield bravery, was created for the U.S. Army.

1543:
King Henry VIII of England wed his sixth and last wife, Catherine Parr.

1536:
Renaissance scholar and humanist Desiderius Erasmus died in Basel, Switzerland.