This Day In History （请勿跟贴，谢谢！）

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September 9


1976:
Death of Mao Zedong.
Marxist revolutionary Mao Zedong, who died this day in 1976, emerged as the undisputed Chinese Communist Party leader following the Long March (1934–35) and dominated China in the period after the communist takeover in 1949.

1998:
Special Prosecutor Kenneth W. Starr sent to Congress the report on his investigation into the actions of U.S. President Bill Clinton in the Whitewater affair and subsequent matters, including Clinton's improper sexual relationship with intern Monica Lewinsky.
1956:
Rock and roll star Elvis Presley made his first appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show.

1948:
The Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) was proclaimed, setting the stage for the Korean War.

1919:
The Boston Police Strike began after the city denied the police's right to unionize.

1861:
Sally Louisa Tompkins was commissioned a cavalry captain; she was the only woman to be commissioned in the Confederate army.

1774:
The Suffolk Resolves, protesting the Intolerable Acts, were passed at a meeting in Massachusetts.

1754:
William Bligh, the English admiral who commanded the HMS Bounty at the time of the famous mutiny, was born.

1087:
The English king William I (the Conqueror) died from an injury suffered while attempting to capture the town of Mantes and was later buried at St. Stephen's Church.

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September 8


1429:
Paris attacked by Joan of Arc.
On this day in 1429, French heroine Joan of Arc, a peasant girl who believed she was acting under divine guidance, attempted to oust the duke of Burgundy and take Paris for the newly crowned King Charles VII.

1998:
Mark McGwire of the St. Louis Cardinals broke Roger Maris's 1961 record for most home runs in a regular professional baseball season by hitting his 62nd of the season (he finished the season with 70 home runs).

1974:
Richard M. Nixon, who had resigned the U.S. presidency on August 8, 1974, was pardoned by his successor, Gerald R. Ford.

1945:
At the end of World War II, the first U.S. troops entered the Korean peninsula south of the 38th parallel to receive the Japanese surrender; north of the parallel, Japanese troops surrendered to Soviet forces.

1781:
American troops commanded by General Nathanael Greene defeated British forces under Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Stewart in the Battle of Eutaw Springs during the American Revolution.

1664:
As part of the Anglo-Dutch Wars, the duke of York (later James II) took the city of New Amsterdam, whose name was changed to New York.

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September 7


1191:
Battle of Arsūf.
On this day in 1191 the Muslim army of Saladin attacked the Crusaders of Richard I (the Lion-Heart) at the Battle of Arsūf, and, though Richard successfully counterattacked in the evening, his march to Jerusalem was delayed.

1885:
American poet and novelist Elinor Wylie was born in Somerville, New Jersey.

1876:
The Younger Brothers, a group of American outlaws, were captured following an unsuccessful bank robbery.

1860:
Giuseppe Garibaldi entered Naples, Italy, and proclaimed himself “Dictator of the Two Sicilies.”

1822:
Dom Pedro I declared the independence of Brazil.

1812:
Napoleon's French forces narrowly defeated the Russians under Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov at the Battle of Borodino.

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September 6


1901:
U.S. President William McKinley assassinated.
Republican William McKinley, the 25th president of the United States (1897–1901), was shot this day in 1901 by Leon Czolgosz, an anarchist, at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York, and died eight days later.

2000:
Tuvalu, a group of nine coral islands in the west-central Pacific with a population of about 10,000, became the 189th member of the United Nations.

1991:
The Soviet Union recognized the independence of the Baltic states—Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.

1944:
Germany fired the first long-range V-2 missile at an Allied target during World War II.

1914:
French and British forces launched an offensive against advancing Germans in the First Battle of the Marne during World War I.

1860:
American social reformer and pacifist Jane Addams, cowinner (with Nicholas Murray Butler) of the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1931, was born.

1792:
French Revolutionary leader Georges Danton was elected deputy for Paris to the National Convention.

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September 5


2001:
Evidence provided for black hole theory.
At a scientific conference in Washington, D.C., this day in 2001, scientists described an observation of energy flares that provided strong evidence of the theorized black hole at the centre of the Milky Way Galaxy.

1975:
Lynette (“Squeaky”) Fromme attempted to assassinate U.S. President Gerald R. Ford.

1972:
Palestinian terrorists attacked the Olympic Village in Munich, West Germany, during the Summer Olympic Games, taking hostage and eventually killing 11 members of the Israeli team.

1882:
The first Labor Day parade was held in New York City in honour of the American worker.

1836:
Sam Houston was elected president of the Republic of Texas.

1774:
Caspar David Friedrich, a pioneering early 19th-century German Romantic painter, was born.

1725:
Marie Leszczyńska of Poland was married to King Louis XV of France.

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September 4


1781:
Los Angeles founded.
On this day in 1781, Spanish settlers laid claim to what became Los Angeles, now the second most populous U.S. city and the home to Hollywood, whose name is synonymous with the American motion-picture industry.

1989:
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the U.S. Air Force launched the last Titan III rocket.

1972:
American swimmer Mark Spitz won his seventh gold medal during the Munich Olympic Games, the first person ever to do so in a single Olympics.

1957:
The Ford Motor Company introduced the Edsel automobile.
1908: Novelist and short-story writer Richard Wright, among the first African American writers to protest white treatment of blacks, was born.

1870:
Napoleon III, who ruled France first as president (1850–52) and then as emperor (1852–70), was deposed and the Third Republic proclaimed.

1864:
John Hunt Morgan, the Confederate guerrilla leader of “Morgan's Raiders,” was killed by Federal troops.

925:
King Athelstan of West Saxony became the first king to rule all of England.

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September 3


1976:
Viking 2's Mars landing.
After a nearly yearlong journey, NASA's robotic spacecraft Viking 2 landed on Mars this day in 1976 and began relaying information about the planet's atmosphere and soil as well as colour photographs of the rocky surface.

1894:
Labor Day was celebrated as a legal holiday in the United States for the first time.

1783:
The Treaty of Paris (part of the Peace of Paris) was signed between Britain and the United States.

1658:
English soldier and statesman Oliver Cromwell died in London.

1609:
English navigator Henry Hudson, in a quest for a passage to India on behalf of the Dutch East India Company, sailed into the harbour of present-day New York City and up the river that now bears his name.

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September 2


1666:
Great Fire of London .
On this day in 1666 the Great Fire of London began accidentally in the house of the king's baker; it burned for four days and destroyed a large part of the city, including Old St. Paul's Cathedral and about 13,000 houses.

1945:
World War II came to an end as Japanese Foreign Minister Shigemitsu Mamoru and General Umezu Yoshijiro signed Japan's formal surrender aboard the USS Missouri.

1945:
Ho Chi Minh declared Vietnam independent from France.

1928:
American jazz pianist, composer, and bandleader Horace Silver was born.

1898:
Anglo-Egyptian forces under Major General Sir Horatio Herbert Kitchener (later Lord Kitchener) defeated the Sudanese forces of the Mahdist leader ʿAbd Allāh in the Battle of Omdurman.

1792:
The September Massacres—mass killings of prisoners in Paris—began. The massacres were instigated by beliefs that political prisoners during the French Revolution were going to rise up in their jails to join a counterrevolutionary plot.

31:
Octavian (later Augustus Caesar) won a decisive victory over Mark Antony in the Battle of Actium.

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September 1


1939:
German invasion of Poland.
The lethal combination of German blitzkrieg tactics, French inactivity, and Russian perfidy doomed Poland to swift defeat this day in 1939, when Adolf Hitler invaded the country and sparked World War II.

1985:
The wreck of the Titanic was found on the ocean floor at a depth of about 13,000 feet (4,000 metres).

1969:
A group of young army officers led by Muammar al-Qaddafi deposed the king and made Libya a republic.

1951:
Australia, New Zealand, and the United States signed the ANZUS Pact.

1930:
The Young Plan, the second renegotiation of Germany's World War I reparation payments, went into effect.

1923:
A great earthquake struck the Tokyo-Yokohama metropolitan area; the death toll from the shock was estimated at 142,800.

1914:
The last known passenger pigeon died in the Cincinnati (Ohio) Zoo.

1870:
The French army suffered a decisive defeat at the Battle of Sedan in the Franco-German War.

1864:
The Charlottetown Conference, the first of a series of meetings that ultimately led to the formation of the Dominion of Canada, convened at Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island.

1838:
American frontiersman William Clark, who shared with Meriwether Lewis the leadership of the epic Lewis and Clark Expedition, died.

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August 31


1864:
Confederates evacuated from Atlanta.
During the American Civil War, the Confederate evacuation of Atlanta began this day in 1864, shortly before Union troops led by William Tecumseh Sherman occupied the city, providing a much-needed victory for the North.

1991:
Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan declared independence from the Soviet Union.

1980:
Polish labour activist Lech Wałęsa and Mieczysław Jagielski, Poland's first deputy premier, signed an agreement that conceded to workers the right to organize freely and independently.

1966:
The Harrier “jump-jet” fighter-bomber made its first flight.

1895:
The first American professional gridiron football game was played in the township of Latrobe, Pennsylvania.

1850:
King Kamehameha III officially declared Honolulu a city and the capital of his kingdom.

1751:
Robert Clive of Britain seized Arcot, India, and then withstood a 53-day siege that began a few weeks later.

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August 30


1983:
Historic spaceflight by Guion S. Bluford, Jr..
U.S. astronaut Guion S. Bluford, Jr., became on this day in 1983 the first African American to travel into space, serving as a mission specialist aboard the shuttle orbiter Challenger, and later flew on three other missions.

1862:
During the American Civil War, the Second Battle of Bull Run (Second Manassas) ended with a decisive Confederate victory.

1813:
During the Creek War, some 250 frontiersmen were killed by the Red Sticks, a Native American faction, in what became known as the Fort Mims Massacre, and in retaliation a militia led by General Andrew Jackson later destroyed two Indian villages.

1800:
Gabriel, an African American bondsman, assembled an army of about 1,000 slaves outside Richmond, Virginia, in the first major slave rebellion in U.S. history.
1637: Anne Hutchinson was banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony for her liberal viewpoints and criticism of the Puritans.

1282:
The Aragonese landed at Trapani in support of the Sicilian revolt against Charles I, Angevin king of Naples-Sicily, which had begun with the Sicilian Vespers, a massacre of the French.

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August 29


2005:
New Orleans hit by Hurricane Katrina.
On this day in 2005, Hurricane Katrina struck the U.S. Gulf Coast and devastated the area, especially New Orleans, which experienced catastrophic flooding after its levees were breached the following day.

1877:
Brigham Young, American religious leader and second president of the Mormon church, died in Salt Lake City, Utah.

1862:
Union Major General John Pope opened the Second Battle of Bull Run (also called Second Manassas) with heavy but futile attacks on Confederate General Stonewall Jackson during the American Civil War.

1842:
China signed the Treaty of Nanjing, providing for the cession of Hong Kong to Great Britain, the opening of five treaty ports, the rights of British nationals accused of criminal acts in China to be tried in British courts, and a limitation on duties on imports and exports.

1756:
The Seven Years' War—a conflict that arose from the Austrian Habsburgs' attempt to win back Silesia, which had been taken from them by Frederick II of Prussia during the War of the Austrian Succession—began.

70:
Jerusalem fell to Roman forces—which included Josephus, a former general in the Jewish army who had defected to Rome—marking the collapse of the Jewish state.

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August 28


1963:
Civil rights march on Washington.
On this day in 1963, some 200,000 people marched on Washington, D.C., an event that became a high point of the civil rights movement, especially remembered for the famous “I Have a Dream” speech of Martin Luther King, Jr.

1993:
The spacecraft Galileo took pictures of the asteroid Ida.

1952:
Writer and teacher Rita Dove, poet laureate of the United States (1993–95) and winner of the 1987 Pulitzer Prize for Thomas and Beulah (1986), was born in Akron, Ohio.

1914:
The first major engagement of the British and German navies during World War I occurred at the Battle of Helgoland Bight.

1850:
Richard Wagner's opera Lohengrin was performed for the first time, at Weimar, Germany.

1793:
The Siege of Toulon in the French Revolutionary Wars began.

476:
The fall of the Western Roman Empire was completed as Emperor Romulus Augustulus was deposed by the German warrior Odoacer.

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August 27


1576:
The death of Titian.
Titian, the greatest Italian Renaissance painter of the Venetian school, who was once described as “the sun amidst small stars not only among the Italians but all the painters of the world,” died this day in 1576.

1979:
Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma, was assassinated by the Provisional Irish Republican Army.

1939:
German Ernst Heinrich Heinkel's He 178, a turbojet-powered aircraft, made the first jet flight.

1928:
The Kellogg-Briand Pact was signed between France and the United States in a series of peacekeeping efforts after World War I.
1859: Edwin Laurentine Drake struck oil while drilling in Titusville, Pennsylvania, becoming the first driller of a productive oil well in the United States.

1776:
During the American Revolution, British forces under General William Howe defeated George Washington and the American Continental Army in the Battle of Long Island.

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August 26


1429:
Joan of Arc's arrival in the outskirts of Paris.
In preparation for an attack on Paris, part of Charles VII's campaign to drive the English from French soil, Joan of Arc and her soldiers reached the city's outskirts on this day in 1429, but the assault ultimately failed.

1978:
Cardinal Albino Luciani was elected pope as John Paul I, but he died of a heart attack 33 days later.

1975:
Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie I—who steered his country into the mainstream after World War II, overseeing its entrance into the League of Nations and the United Nations—died, possibly assassinated.

1936:
The Anglo-Egyptian Treaty established Egypt as a sovereign state after 50 years of British occupation.

1920:
The Nineteenth Amendment became part of the Constitution of the United States, giving women the right to vote.

1914:
During World War I the Battle of Tannenberg, fought between the Germans and the Russians, began.

1883:
The volcano Krakatoa in Indonesia began to erupt, and 36,000 people were killed by the eruption and the resulting tsunami.

1629:
English Puritan stockholders of the Massachusetts Bay Company pledged to emigrate to New England under the terms of the Cambridge Agreement.

1346:
During the Hundred Years' War the English, led by Edward III, defeated the French at the Battle of Crécy.

1071:
Seljuq Turk forces under Alp-Arslan vanquished the Byzantine army and captured the emperor Romanus IV Diogenes at the Battle of Manzikert.

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August 25


1944:
Paris liberated.
On this day in 1944, some two months after the Allied invasion of Normandy, Paris was liberated from German occupiers as the Free French 2nd Armoured Division under General Jacques-Philippe Leclerc entered the city.

1945:
John Birch, an American Baptist missionary and U.S. Army intelligence officer, was killed by Chinese communists, which later inspired the foundation of the John Birch Society—a private organization that considered Birch to be the first hero of the Cold War.

1919:
George C. Wallace—a four-time governor of Alabama (1962–66, 1970–78, 1982–86) who led the American South in a fight, eventually abandoned, against federal orders to end racial segregation—was born in Clio, Alabama.

1900:
German Classical scholar, philosopher, and critic of culture Friedrich Nietzsche died.

1530:
Ivan IV (the Terrible), grand prince of Moscow and first tsar of Russia, was born.

325:
The Council of Nicaea—the first ecumenical council of the Christian church—brought to an end the controversy of Arianism, concluding that God the Father was of equal status with God the Son.

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August 24


79:
Eruption of Mount Vesuvius.
Mount Vesuvius in Italy erupted on this day in AD 79, destroying the ancient cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum, and the excavations of these sites in the mid-18th century precipitated the modern science of archaeology.

1949:
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) entered into force, following the signing of its treaty four months earlier.

1821:
The Treaty of Córdoba was signed, giving Mexico its independence from Spain.

1803:
Irish revolutionary James Napper Tandy died in France.

1572:
The Massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day, plotted by Catherine de Médicis against the French Huguenots, was carried out by Roman Catholic nobles and other citizens.

410:
Alaric, chief of the Visigoths, led an army into Rome, an event that symbolizes the fall of the Western Roman Empire.

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August 23


1609:
Telescope presented by Galileo.
Italian astronomer and mathematician Galileo greatly improved the telescope, producing increasingly powerful instruments, and on this day in 1609 presented an eight-powered telescope to the Venetian Senate.

1939:
Germany and the Soviet Union signed a nonaggression pact dividing eastern Europe into German and Soviet spheres of influence.

1927:
Italian immigrants Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were executed for murder in Massachusetts, despite a mishandled trial and the widespread belief that they were innocent.

1926:
“The Great Lover,” motion-picture actor Rudolph Valentino, died suddenly at age 31, prompting widespread public grief from his fans.

1849:
English poet, critic, and editor William Ernest Henley, who introduced the early work of many of the great English writers of the 1890s in his journals, was born in Gloucester.

1514:
The Ottomans won a decisive victory over the Ṣafavids of Iran at the Battle of Chāldirān.

1305:
Scottish national hero and resistance leader Sir William Wallace was executed in London.

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August 22


1485:
Wars of the Roses ended in England.
Henry Tudor (the future Henry VII) defeated the Yorkist king Richard III in the Battle of Bosworth Field on this day in 1485, effectively ending the Wars of the Roses and establishing the Tudor dynasty on the English throne.

2004:
The Scream (1893), a painting by Edvard Munch, was stolen from the Munch Museum in Oslo, Norway.

1978:
Rebel Sandinistas occupied the National Palace in Managua, Nicaragua, holding more than 1,000 hostages for two days, in opposition to the Somoza government.

1973:
U.S. President Richard M. Nixon named Henry Kissinger secretary of state.

1862:
French composer Claude Debussy, a seminal force in the music of the 20th century, was born in Saint-Germain-en-Laye.

1851:
The first America's Cup was won by the American yacht America in a race around the Isle of Wight.

1642:
The English Civil Wars, fought between the Royalists and the Parliamentarians, began when King Charles I formally raised the royal standard at Nottingham.

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August 21


1808:
French defeated at the Battle of Vimeiro.
On this day in 1808, British General Arthur Wellesley used his “thin red line” of infantry to defeat French General Andoche Junot's forces at the Battle of Vimeiro, leading to British control of Portugal.

1991:
Latvia declared its independence from the Soviet Union.

1959:
Hawaii became the 50th U.S. state.

1858:
The famous debates in Illinois between Abraham Lincoln, Republican Party nominee for the U.S. Senate, and incumbent Senator Stephen A. Douglas of the Democratic Party began.

1831:
Nat Turner began an unsuccessful slave rebellion in the American South that eventually killed 60 people before being stopped by a 3,000-man militia.