This Day In History （请勿跟贴，谢谢！）

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September 29


1923:
British mandate in Palestine.
Set in motion by the Balfour Declaration of 1917, the British mandate for the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine was finally approved by the Council of the League of Nations and came into force this day in 1923.

1938:
The American harness racehorse Greyhound established a trotting record for 1 mile in 1:551/4.

1938:
Poland demanded the cession of Teschen, a rich region that had been contested and then divided between Poland and Czechoslovakia following World War I.

1918:
German Chancellor Georg von Hertling tendered his resignation on the day of the Bulgarian armistice and the British attack of the Western Front during World War I.

1906:
The United States occupied Cuba after the rebellion surrounding the reelection of Tomás Estrada Palma.

1833:
King Ferdinand VII of Spain died, and his two-year-old daughter, Isabella II, was proclaimed queen.

642:
Arab General ʿAmr ibn al-ʿĀṣ marched into Alexandria, and the Arab conquest of Egypt, which had begun with an invasion three years earlier, ended in peaceful capitulation.

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September 28


1542:
California “discovered”.
Explorer Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, known as the “discoverer” of California, landed this day in 1542 near what is now San Diego and became the first European to set foot on the west coast of what would become the United States.

1958:
Madagascar voted for autonomy within the French Community.

1920:
In what became known as the Black Sox Scandal, eight members of the Chicago White Sox baseball team were indicted by a grand jury on charges that they had thrown the 1919 World Series to the Cincinnati Reds in return for a bribe.

1911:
Using the pretext of infringement of Italian interests in the Turkish provinces of Tripolitana and Cyrenaica (Libya), the Italian government issued an ultimatum to Turkey and declared war the next day.

1781:
The Siege of Yorktown began, eventually leading on October 19 to the British surrender by General Lord Cornwallis and the end of the American Revolution.

351:
Roman Emperor Constantius II defeated the usurper Magnentius in the Battle of Mursa, the bloodiest battle of the 4th century.

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September 27


1066:
Norman Conquest begun.
On this day in 1066, after being delayed by bad weather, William, duke of Normandy, embarked his army and set sail for the southeastern coast of England in what would be known in history as the Norman Conquest.

1996:
Taliban leaders seized the capital city of Kabul, declaring all of Afghanistan an Islamic state.

1964:
Following months of investigation into the assassination of U.S. President John F. Kennedy, the Warren Commission released its findings.

1954:
The landmark late-evening talk show and variety program The Tonight Show premiered (as Tonight!), with Steve Allen as host.

1918:
British forces attacked the Hindenburg Line in the final offensive on the Western Front during World War I.

1601:
Louis XIII, king of France from 1610 to 1643, was born.

1540:
The Jesuit order, founded by St. Ignatius of Loyola, was approved by Pope Paul III.

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September 26


1960:
First televised U.S. presidential debate.
The first in a series of historic televised debates (seen by some 85 to 120 million viewers) between U.S. presidential candidates John F. Kennedy and Vice President Richard M. Nixon was broadcast this day in 1960.

1969:
The Beatles released Abbey Road, their last-recorded album (Let It Be, though recorded earlier than Abbey Road, was released in 1970).

1898:
George Gershwin, one of the most significant and popular of American composers, was born.

1820:
American frontiersman and hero Daniel Boone died in St. Charles, Missouri.

1815:
The Holy Alliance of Russia, Austria, and Prussia was formed, after the final defeat of Napoleon.

1687:
During the bombardment of the Acropolis by Venetian forces, part of the Parthenon was destroyed in a powder explosion.

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September 25



1513:
Pacific Ocean sighted by Balboa.
On this day (or two days later) in 1513, Spanish conquistador and explorer Vasco Nú馿z de Balboa, standing “silent, upon a peak in Darién,” on the Isthmus of Panama, became the first European to sight the Pacific Ocean.

1970:
Hostilities came to an end during Black September, the brief but violent civil war between the Palestine Liberation Organization and Jordan.

1962:
Sonny Liston became world heavyweight boxing champion with a first-round knockout of Floyd Patterson in Chicago.

1799:
André Masséna, French nobleman and general under Napoleon, defeated Russian forces in the Second Battle of Zürich.

1777:
Philadelphia, then the American capital, was occupied by British forces during the American Revolution.

1066:
Tostig, earl of Northumbria, and Harald III, king of Norway, were killed in an attempt to depose Tostig's brother, King Harold II of England.

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September 24


1957:
Federal troops sent into Little Rock, Arkansas.
On this day in 1957 racial desegregation took centre stage when federal troops were dispatched to Little Rock, Arkansas, to maintain order and enforce the right of black students to attend the local public high school.

1993:
Norodom Sihanouk was crowned king of Cambodia for the second time.

1960:
The first nuclear-powered aircraft carrier, the Enterprise, was launched by the United States.

1938:
Don Budge won the U.S. Open, becoming the first player to win a grand slam title in tennis.

1934:
Babe Ruth played in his last baseball game for the New York Yankees at Yankee Stadium.

1877:
Saigo Takamori, a hero of the Meiji Restoration, was killed after reluctantly leading a rebellion against the Meiji government.

1869:
Plummeting gold prices led to a panic known as Black Friday, when U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant, after learning of an attempt by Jay Gould and James Fisk to drive up the gold market, ordered $4 million of government gold to be sold on the market.

1755:
John Marshall, the fourth chief justice of the United States and principal founder of the U.S. system of constitutional law, including the doctrine of judicial review, was born.

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September 23


1846:
Neptune observed.
This day in 1846, astronomer Johann Gottfried Galle became the first person ever to observe the planet Neptune, the existence of which had been mathematically predicted by Urbain-Jean-Joseph Le Verrier and John Couch Adams.

1939:
Sigmund Freud, the founder of modern psychoanalysis, died in London.

1868:
A small group of Puerto Rican radicals committed to independence attempted an uprising, El Grito de Lares; the revolt was crushed by the Spanish.

1862:
Otto von Bismarck was appointed prime minister of Prussia by William I.

1806:
Lewis and Clark arrived in St. Louis, Missouri, at the end of their daring expedition to the Pacific Northwest.

1779:
During the American Revolution, in the midst of a naval engagement between the warships Bonhomme Richard and Serapis off the east coast of England, American commander John Paul Jones answered a call to surrender from his English counterpart with the famous quotation, “I have not yet begun to fight!”

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September 22


1980:
Solidarity formed.
Solidarity, the Polish trade union and political party that became a hotbed of resistance to Soviet control, was founded this day in 1980 when delegates of 36 unions met and united under the leadership of Lech Wałęsa.

2002:
Hundreds of thousands of rural protesters converged on London to demonstrate in favour of foxhunting, which two years later the House of Commons banned in England and Wales.

1989:
American composer Irving Berlin died in New York City.

1980:
The Iran-Iraq War began when Iraqi armed forces invaded western Iran along the countries' joint border.

1940:
Jean Decoux, the French governor-general of Indochina appointed by the Vichy government after the fall of France, concluded an agreement with the Japanese that permitted the stationing of 30,000 Japanese troops in Indochina.

1927:
Gene Tunney successfully defended his world heavyweight boxing title by defeating Jack Dempsey after the controversial “long count” in the seventh round.

1922:
Chinese-born American theoretical physicist Chen Ning Yang, corecipient with Tsung-Dao Lee of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1957, was born.

1776:
American officer Nathan Hale was hanged by the British for spying during the American Revolution.

1609:
Spain's Philip III issued a royal order for deportation of the Moriscos (Christians of Moorish ancestry).

530:
Pope Felix IV died, having named Boniface II as his successor.

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September 21


1823:
Joseph Smith's vision of Moroni.
According to the teachings of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Moroni was an angel or resurrected being who appeared to Joseph Smith on this day in 1823 and instructed him to restore God's church on earth.

2001:
In stock market trading in the United States, the Dow Jones industrial average posted its largest weekly loss (14.3 percent) since the Great Depression.

1931:
The Bank of England dropped the gold standard, and the pound sterling promptly lost 28 percent of its value, undermining the solvency of countries in eastern Europe and South America.

1867:
Henry L. Stimson, an American statesman who exercised a strong influence on U.S. foreign policy in the 1930s and '40s and served in the administrations of five presidents between 1911 and 1945, was born.

1840:
While experimenting with gallic acid, a chemical he was informed would increase the sensitivity of his prepared paper, William Henry Fox Talbot discovered that the acid can be used to develop a latent image on paper, leading to a revolution in photography.

1435:
In the French kingdom, the Treaty of Arras was signed, ending the long quarrel between Duke Philip of Burgundy and King Charles VII.

19:
The Roman poet Virgil, best known for his national epic the Aeneid, died.

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September 20


1870:
Rome incorporated into Italy.
On this day in 1870, Italian troops occupied Rome, leading to the eventual incorporation of Rome into the Kingdom of Italy and the limiting of papal governing authority to the Vatican itself and a small district around it.

1854:
British and French forces defeated the Russians at the Battle of the Alma, a victory that left the Russian naval base of Sevastopol vulnerable and endangered the entire Russian position in the Crimean War.
1792:
The French Legislative Assembly was replaced by the National Convention, marking the formal beginning of the First Republic.

1761:
The Portuguese Jesuit Gabriel Malagrida was burned to death for his involvement in the Conspiracy of the Távoras.

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September 19


1796:
George Washington's Farewell Address published.
In his Farewell Address, printed in a Philadelphia newspaper on this day in 1796, George Washington, the first U.S. president, implored his country to maintain neutrality and avoid entangling alliances with Europe.

1955:
President Juan Perón of Argentina was overthrown and fled to Paraguay after an army-navy revolt led by democratically inspired officers.

1863:
The Battle of Chickamauga Creek, an important engagement of the American Civil War that was fought over control of the railroad centre at nearby Chattanooga, Tennessee, began.

1783:
The Montgolfier brothers sent aloft a balloon with a rooster, a duck, and a sheep aboard, rapidly advancing French aeronautics.

1657:
John II Casimir Vasa, king of Poland, signed the Treaty of Wehlau, renouncing the suzerainty of the Polish crown over ducal Prussia and making Frederick William the duchy's sovereign ruler.

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September 18


1931:
Mukden seized by Japanese.
On this day in 1931, in the so-called Mukden Incident, the Japanese army in Manchuria used the pretext of an explosion along its railway to occupy Mukden and to increase its control, within three months, to all of Manchuria.

2001:
For the second straight day, Typhoon Nari pounded Taiwan with record rainfalls, causing massive flooding and killing 79 people.

1965:
Japanese astronomers Ikeya Kaoru and Seki Tsutomu discovered Comet Ikeya-Seki.

1948:
A local communist commander seized power in Madiun, Indonesia, as part of a rebellion effort against the Sukarno government in an incident known as the Madiun Affair.

1932:
By royal decree the dual kingdom of the Hejaz and Najd, along with its dependencies, was unified under the name of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

1898:
British forces under Sir Horatio Herbert Kitchener confronted French forces commanded by Jean-Baptiste Marchand at the disputed fort of Fashoda in the Egyptian Sudan.

1895:
Booker T. Washington declared the Atlanta Compromise—a classic statement on race relations—in a speech at the Atlanta (Georgia) Exposition.

1885:
Bulgarian nationalists in Eastern Rumelia mounted a coup and declared the province's unification with Bulgaria, leading to the Serbo-Bulgarian War.

1819:
French physicist Jean-Bernard-Léon Foucault, who introduced and helped develop a technique of measuring with extreme accuracy the absolute velocity of light and provided experimental proof that the Earth rotates on its axis, was born.

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September 17


1978:
Camp David Accords concluded.
The Camp David Accords, negotiated by U.S. President Jimmy Carter, were completed this day in 1978, leading to a peace treaty between Egypt and Israel and a broader framework for pursuing peace in the Middle East.

1991:
North Korea and South Korea were admitted to the United Nations.

1948:
Folke, Greve (count) Bernadotte, was assassinated by Jewish extremists while serving the United Nations as mediator between the Arabs and the Israelis.

1939:
During World War II the Soviet army invaded Poland from the east, and the Polish government fled to Romania.

1901:
British adventurer Sir Francis Chichester, who sailed around the world alone in 1966–67 in the 55-foot (17-metre) yacht Gipsy Moth IV, was born.

1861:
The forces of Buenos Aires province, commanded by Governor Bartolomé Mitre, defeated those of the Argentine Confederation, led by Justo José de Urquiza, at the Battle of Pavón.

1631:
The Swedish-Saxon army under King Gustav II Adolf of Sweden destroyed the army of the Roman Catholic Habsburg emperor Ferdinand II and the Catholic League, under Johann Tserclaes, Graf (count) von Tilly, in the Battle of Breitenfeld.

1549:
Pope Paul III suspended the Council of Trent after Charles V forbade the Spanish and German prelates to go to Bologna.

1374:
The Polish nobility and their king, Louis I, signed the Pact of Koszyce.

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September 16


1620:
Mayflower's departure for America.
On this date in 1620, English colonists aboard the Mayflower set sail for America, where they founded Plymouth, Massachusetts, after 41 men, including William Bradford and Myles Standish, signed the Mayflower Compact.

1998:
The Basque separatist organization ETA announced an indefinite cease-fire after 30 years of terrorist guerrilla attacks in Spain that were blamed for 800 deaths; the peace lasted 14 months.

1978:
Mohammad Zia-ul-Haq was proclaimed president of Pakistan.
1977:
American operatic soprano Maria Callas died in Paris.

1975:
Papua New Guinea achieved full independence from Australia.

1970:
King Ḥussein of Jordan declared martial law following the hijacking of four international airliners by the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP).

1919:
The U.S. Congress granted a national charter to the American Legion, an organization of U.S. war veterans.

1810:
A local revolt in Mexico was sparked by Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a parish priest in Dolores, who uttered the Grito de Dolores (“Cry of Dolores”), calling for the end of rule by Spanish peninsulars, for equality of races, and for redistribution of land.

1380:
Charles V, who was king of France from 1364 and led the country in a miraculous recovery from the devastation of the first phase of the Hundred Years' War (1337–1453), died.

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September 15


1821:
Central Americans granted independence.
On this day in 1821, Central American notables accepted a plan drafted by the Mexican caudillo Agustín de Iturbide that brought independence from Spain to Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua.

1978:
Muhammad Ali won the world heavyweight boxing championship for the third time.

1950:
United Nations troops landed at Inchʾŏn, South Korea, crippling a North Korean invasion during the Korean War.

1916:
The tank was used for the first time in combat, by the British during World War I.

1862:
During the American Civil War, Confederates under General Thomas Jonathan (“Stonewall”) Jackson captured Harpers Ferry, Virginia (now in West Virginia), and took more than 12,500 prisoners, the largest Union surrender in the war.

1812:
Napoleon's forces invaded Moscow and found the city abandoned, two-thirds of it destroyed by fire.

1590:
Giambattista Castagna was elected pope as Urban VII; he died of malaria 12 days later.

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September 14


1847:
Mexico City captured by U.S. forces.
U.S. General Winfield Scott's advance on Mexico City was marked by an unbroken series of victories that culminated this day in 1847, when he entered Mexico City and ended the military phase of the Mexican War.

1994:
Acting commissioner of baseball Bud Selig announced that the remainder of the 1994 major league baseball season, including the World Series, would be canceled. Players and owners had failed to reach a settlement of the players' strike begun in August.

1975:
Elizabeth Ann Seton, the first American-born saint, was canonized by the Roman Catholic church.

1927:
Isadora Duncan, a pioneer of modern expressive dance, died in France in an automobile accident.

1901:
U.S. President William McKinley died eight days after being shot in Buffalo, New York.

1849:
Russian physiologist Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, known chiefly for his development of the concept of the conditioned reflex, was born.

1829:
Russia and the Ottoman Empire signed the Treaty of Edirne, concluding the Russo-Turkish War of 1828–29.

1814:
Francis Scott Key was inspired to write "The Star-Spangled Banner" after Fort McHenry successfully withstood a British attack.

1752:
Great Britain adopted the Gregorian calendar; the date was moved ahead 11 days (the day after September 2 became September 14).

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September 13


1598:
Philip III crowned king of Spain and Portugal.
King Philip III of Spain and Portugal, crowned on this day in 1598, was virtuous in his private affairs but indifferent as a ruler and extravagant in his spending, exacerbating Spain's growing economic problems.

1943:
Chiang Kai-shek (Chiang Chung-cheng) became president of China.

1886:
African American educator, writer, and philosopher Alain Locke, remembered as the leader and chief interpreter of the Harlem Renaissance, was born.

1857:
Milton Snavely Hershey, founder of the Hershey Chocolate Company, was born in Pennsylvania.

1759:
British forces defeated the French in the Battle of Quebec.

1515:
Swiss mercenaries attacked the French position near Marignano; the next day they were defeated by French and Italian troops, giving rise to Switzerland's policy of neutrality.

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September 12


1764:
Death of French composer Rameau.
French composer of the late Baroque period Jean-Philippe Rameau—known for his harpsichord music and famous as a composer of operas, including the masterpiece Pygmalion (1748)—died on this day in 1764.

1980:
The senior command of the Turkish army, led by General Kenan Evren, carried out a bloodless coup in their homeland.

1974:
Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia was deposed by the Derg, a committee of revolutionary soldiers.

1959:
The Soviet Union launched Luna 2, the first space probe to hit the Moon.

1943:
German commandos effected the escape of Benito Mussolini to Munich during World War II.

1934:
Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania signed the Treaty of Understanding and Cooperation, providing for mutual defense mainly against Nazi Germany, which had replaced the Soviet Union as the most likely aggressor against the Baltic states.

1919:
Italian nationalist poet Gabriele D'Annunzio led an occupation of the Adriatic port city of Fiume (now Rijeka, Croatia), bringing to the forefront the Fiume question.

1814:
The Genevan republic was admitted to the ranks of the Swiss cantons.

1733:
Stanisław I was elected king of Poland by the Sejm (Diet) of 12,000 delegates in Warsaw; the move led to the War of the Polish Succession.

1683:
The Siege of Vienna ended after a combined force led by John III Sobieski of Poland defeated the Turkish invaders.

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September 11


2001:
World Trade Center and Pentagon attacked by terrorists.
On this day in 2001, 19 militants associated with the terrorist group al-Qaeda hijacked four planes in the United States, crashing three into buildings (the fourth crashed in Pennsylvania) and killing some 3,000 people.

1973:
General Augusto Pinochet led a coup d'état, overthrowing the government of President Salvador Allende of Chile.

1944:
Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt met in Canada at the second Quebec Conference.

1855:
The 11-month Siege of Sevastopol ended after British and French troops finally captured the main naval base of the Russian Black Sea fleet during the Crimean War.
1814:
U.S. naval forces under Thomas Macdonough defeated a larger British force at the Battle of Lake Champlain during the War of 1812.

1777:
British forces defeated the Americans at the Battle of the Brandywine during the American Revolution.

1709:
The duke of Marlborough led a British army of 100,000 men against a French army of 90,000 at the Battle of Malplaquet in the War of the Spanish Succession.

1697:
Austrian forces won a decisive victory over an Ottoman army at the Battle of Zenta.

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September 10


1608:
John Smith chosen president of Jamestown.
Having survived capture by Indians (reputedly through the efforts of Pocahontas, a chief's daughter), John Smith became president of Jamestown colony, the first permanent English settlement in North America, this day in 1608.

1988:
By winning the U.S. Open, Steffi Graf completed the grand slam of tennis; she was the first woman to accomplish the feat since Margaret Court in 1970.

1974:
Guinea-Bissau gained independence from Portugal.

1919:
Austria and the Allied powers signed the Treaty of Saint-Germain, concluding World War I.

1894:
The United Daughters of the Confederacy, an American women's patriotic society, was founded in Nashville, Tennessee.

1813:
U.S. naval forces under the command of Oliver Hazard Perry defeated the British in the Battle of Lake Erie during the War of 1812.

1721:
The Second Northern War (1700–21) was concluded by the Peace of Nystad.

1651:
Japanese rebel Yui Shosetsu committed suicide after the failure of his plot against the Tokugawa shogunate.

1419:
John the Fearless, second duke of Burgundy, was killed during a meeting with the future king Charles VII at Montereau, France.

422:
Celestine I was elected to succeed Boniface I as pope.