口诀记忆非谓语动词之区别

tycoon

非谓语动词一直是英语学习者的绊脚石｡为了便于同学们记忆和运用非谓语动词,本文以“口诀”的形式,对其特点和作用作一概述｡
　　口诀一､ 要求用动词不定式作宾语的动词｡
　　两个希望一期望,假装渴望与极想｡
　　没有计划与安排,准备学会两选择｡
　　manage想请两决定, help提出agree｡
　　要求不定式作宾语,25词答应不敢抗拒｡
　　注:以上口诀包括了25个要求用动词不定式作宾语的及物动词(口诀中用斜体标明)｡它们是: wish, hope, expect; pretend, long, desire; fail, plan, arrange; prepare, learn, choose, elect; manage, want, ask, decide, determine; help, offer, agree; demand; promise, dare, refuse｡ 例如:
　　I want to speak English.
　　He decided to go out.
　　Mother promised to return early.
　　口诀二､ 要求用动名词作宾语的动词｡
　　两原谅劝告两避免,承认设想想象之冒险｡
　　坚持完成练习保持喜欢,反对否定正视讨厌｡
　　建议介意错过考虑,着手延期忍受放弃｡
　　包括情不自禁阻防某人,值得习惯忙于盼望想要允许动名来作宾｡
　　注:以上口诀指出了要求用动名词作宾语的动词和短语动词｡它们是: excuse, pardon, advise, avoid, escape; admit, imagine, fancy, risk; insist on, finish, practise, keep, enjoy; object to, deny, face, dislike; suggest, mind, miss, consider; set about, put off/delay, stand/bear/put up with, give up/get rid of; include, can’t help, prevent/stop/keep sb from; be worth, be/get used to, be busy, look forward to, feel like, allow/permit｡ 例如:
　　I finished writing a composition.
　　He is used to living here.
　　Would you mind opening the window?
　　口诀三､ 既可用动词不定式又可用动名词作宾语但含义不尽相同的动词｡这些动词分为两组｡
　　1. 想起忘记真遗憾,动名作宾事以前,
　　今后切莫再遗憾,可用不定式来避免｡(意思仅限一般式)
　　注: remember, forget, regret, mean后面跟动名词,表示过去已发生的动作｡例如:
　　You must remember to bring your dictionary this afternoon.
　　Do you remember giving me that book? (You have already given me that book. Do you remember it?)
　　Don’t forget to give my regards to them.
　　I shall never forget hearing her singing that song.
　　I mean to do it at once. (I want to do it at once.)
　　I mean doing it at once. (I have a try at once.)
　　2. stop to do sth停下正在做的事去做某事, stop doing sth停止做某事; try to do sth设法做某事, try doing sth试着做某事｡例如:
　　Stop to listen to me. (= Stop what you are doing and begin to listen to me.)
　　Stop talking. (= Don’t talk.)
　　He tried to think in English. (= He tried his best to think in English.)
　　He tried repairing the radio.
　　口诀四､ 既可用动词不定式(短语)又可用动名词(短语)作宾语且意思相同的动词｡
　　开始喜欢继续拖延,试图忍受宁愿讨厌｡
　　注:动词begin/start, like/love, continue, delay, attempt, can’t bear, prefer, hate后面的宾语可以是动名词(短语)也可以是动词不定式,这时它们表达的意思基本相同｡试比较下面两组句子:
　　The farmers have continued to plant both crops.
　　The farmers have continued planting both crops.
　　We begin to speak English.
　　We begin speaking English.
　　口诀五､ 动词不定式作宾语补足语时要求带to的动词｡
　　希望想警告,喜欢order鼓励allow告诉;
　　期望知道请advise教;
　　invite, hate别漏掉,后跟宾补to莫丢｡
　　注:在以下这些动词后面作宾语补足语的动词不定式(短语),不可以省略不定式符号to｡ 它们是: wish, want, warn, like, order, encourage, urge/inspire, allow/permit/forbid/oblige/force, tell, expect, know, ask, advise/persuade, teach, invite, hate等｡例如:
　　He invited me to give a talk.
　　I wish you to wash your hands.
　　Such a development inspired us to work still harder.
　　口诀六､ 动词不定式作宾语补足语时要省略不定式符号to的动词｡
　　一让二使听观注意感觉看, listen to也有关,
　　get带to别小看, help之后随你便, 被动式带to要记心间｡
　　注:以下动词后面的宾语补足语由动词不定式充当时,动词不定式符号to可以省略;但在被动语态中,动词不定式符号to不可省略｡它们是: let, have/make, hear, watch, notice, feel see/look at, listen to, get, help｡ 例如:
　　The boss made Tom do the job.
　　Tom was made to do the job.
　　口诀七､ 动名词和现在分词之别｡
　　主语宾语用动名,修饰名词显其用｡
　　动名词作表可用what提问,主表内容可划等｡
　　分词状补可分明,修饰名词主谓关系清,作表可用how提问,说明主语的性状和特征｡
　　注:以上口诀说明了非谓语动词在句子中的作用｡以下的例句可以看出它们的作用｡
　　Speaking English aloud is very important. (动名词短语作主语)
　　Do you mind my smoking here? (动名词短语作宾语)
　　What’s your job? My job is teaching. (动名词作表语)
　　How is the film? The film is very moving. (现在分词作表语)
　　To see is to believe. (动词不定式作主语和表语)
　　Walking in the street(现在分词短语作时间状语), he saw his first teacher. (= When he was walking in the street, he saw his first teacher.)
　　Heated(过去分词作状语), water can be changed into steam. (= If it is heated, water can be changed into steam.)
　　The boy talking with the teacher(现在分词短语作定语) is my brother. (= The boy who is talking with the teacher is my brother.)
　　The window facing south(现在分词短语作定语) is mine. (= The window which faces south is mine.)
　　Look at the flying(现在分词作定语) bird. (= Look at the bird which is flying.)
　　I saw a killed(过去分词作定语) bird. (= I saw a bird which was killed.)