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考研英语中的完型填空(2001年起更名为英语知识运用,为方便起见,以下仍沿用旧称)实际上并不像很多考生想象的那样难——2001年的完型填空是自1994年以来题型发生较大变化的第一年,难免剑走偏锋,难度偏大不足为奇。该套完型试题对于法律常识和相关背景知识的过高要求使得很多考生萌生了在备考中乃至考场上放弃完型填空的想法,其实大可不必。在2002年、2003年连续两年的调整后,考研完型填空的命题路数已逐渐步入正轨,2004年和2005年的两套最新题就很好地体现了这一趋势。本文的目的就是通过对这两套题的点评和分析,帮助同学们掌握在短期内提高完型填空正确率的不二法门——上下文逻辑关系分析法。
完型填空中的20个空格并非孤立存在,作为标准化考试,命题者必须通过上下文体现出的某种线索来保证空格所填答案的惟一性,而这种线索又可大致分为三类:一、文章的中心思想;二、上下句间的逻辑关系;三、空格所在句对正确答案词义和用法搭配的要求。如在解题时只利用第三类线索,则只见树木,不见森林,当然难以斩获高分。事实上前两类线索也可以帮助我们解出为数不少的题目!
2004年完型填空真题评析
先分析2004年完型填空真题:(下文为讨论方便,笔者用“正关系”表示同义或近义关系,用“反关系”表示反义关系)
Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories (21) on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior (22) they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through (23) with others. Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in (24) to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status, (25) as a rejection of middle-class values.
Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families,(26) the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes (27) lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are (28) to criticism.
Changes in the social structure may indirectly (29) juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that (30) to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment (31) make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in (32) lead more youths into criminal behavior.
Families have also (33) changes these years. More families consist of one-parent households or two working parents; (34), children are likely to have less supervision at home (35) was common in the traditional family (36). This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other (37) causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased (38) of drugs and alcohol, and the growing (39) of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, (40) a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.
21. A) acting B) relying C) centering D) commenting
22. A) before B) unless C) until D) because
23. A) interactions B) assimilation C) cooperation D) consultation
24. A) return B) reply C) reference D) response
25. A) or B) but rather C) but D) or else
26. A) considering B) ignoring C) highlighting D) discarding
27. A) on B) in C) for D) with
28. A) immune B) resistant C) sensitive D) subject
29. A) affect B) reduce C) check D) reflect
30. A) point B) lead C) come D) amount
31. A) in general B) on average C) by contrast D) at length
32. A) case B) short C) turn D) essence
33. A) survived B) noticed C) undertaken D) experienced
34. A) contrarily B) consequently C) similarly D) simultaneously
35. A) than B) that C) which D) as
36. A) system B) structure C) concept D) heritage
37. A) assessable B) identifiable C) negligible D) incredible
38. A) expense B) restriction C) allocation D) availability
39. A) incidence B) awareness C) exposure D) popularity
40. A) provided B) since C) although D) supposing
作为一篇社会科学议论文,文章首句开宗明义,以“focus either on... or on...”的结构指出关于青少年犯罪原因的理论不外乎两种:侧重于分析个人因素和侧重于分析社会因素。接下来的两句话进行分述,结构对应十分工整,逻辑关系也非常清晰——由于本段末句说“Theories focusing on...”,所以括号(21)当中应当填入与focus构成正关系的词。选项中显然只有centering能够胜任,center本义为“中心”(名词),引申为动词“集中或聚焦”,是focus的同义词。
括号(22)前面说孩子们参与犯罪行为,括号后面说他们没有由于之前的恶劣行为受到足够的惩罚,括号前后显然构成因果的逻辑关系,故选because。
括号(24)前面说孩子们犯罪,后面说他们没能达到更高的社会经济地位,括号前后仍然构成因果逻辑关系。实际上in (24) to与上句中because位置对应,含义对等,属于同义复现。四个选项中只有response可以指“反应”,英文释义如下:act or feeling produced in answer to a stimulus; reaction,in response to即表示因果关系,正确。
括号(25)前面说青少年没能达到更高的社会经济地位,后面说他们摒弃中产阶级价值观,两者意义相近,构成正关系,而其他选项but rather、but、or else都表示转折关系,只有选项or(或者)可以满足该关系,事实上or亦常作“或者说”解,引导同位语或者连接一对同义词。
括号(26)前面说大多数关于青少年犯罪的理论侧重于分析来自贫困家庭的孩子,后面说来自富裕家庭的孩子同样也会犯罪,前后显然构成转折的逻辑关系,于是括号中应该填入上句中focus on的反义词,ignore(忽视)正确。discard(丢弃)不可以和宾语fact搭配。consider(考虑)和highlight(强调,突出)的意思与句意要求恰好相反。
括号(27)前面说富裕家庭的孩子犯罪,后面说缺乏足够的父母管教,前后构成因果的逻辑关系。For可以表示因果关系,实际上for lack of(由于缺乏……)也是习惯搭配。故for正确。
括号(28)所在句中出现了典型的and结构,两端连接的成分应该构成正关系。And前面的tentative表“试验性的,尝试的”,而试验性的理论当然不完善,容易受到批评,表示“容易受到……的”的词组是be subject to,故subject正确。本题较具迷惑性的是sensitive,be sensitive to意为敏感的,也有“容易受到……伤害的”之意,但本题并不强调“受到伤害”,故sensitive错。Be immune to意为“not affected by, not susceptible to”,即“不受……影响”,与句意恰好相反。Be resistant to表“对……有抵抗力的”,亦与句意相反。
括号(30)前面说经济的变化,后面说青少年更少的工作机会,前后应构成因果的逻辑关系。选项中只有lead to“导致”可以表示因果关系。
括号(34)前面说越来越多的家庭由(小孩和)单亲或双职工构成,后面说孩子们可能受到父母的管教较少,前后构成因果关系,consequently“结果,因此”正确。
括号(36)的解答实际上也体现了逻辑关系的分析,前文提到现代家庭的构成,这实际上就是一种家庭“结构”。实际上第三段首句就指出社会“结构”的变化影响青少年犯罪,所以本题属于同义复现,structure为正确选项。
括号(38)应表达毒品和酒精对于青少年犯罪的正面影响,而restriction(限制、约束)只能减少犯罪,allocation(分配)不合乎实际情况,只能是availability(可获得性)正确:容易得到更多的毒品和酒精当然会造成犯罪的增长。
括号(39)应表达虐待孩子和忽视孩子对于青少年犯罪的正面影响,而对于虐待孩子和忽视孩子增长的awareness(意识)和exposure(曝光)应能减少犯罪,正确答案为incidence(发生率),这些事情增长的发生率当然会造成更多犯罪。
括号(40)前面说所有这些上述状况都倾向于增加孩子犯罪的可能性,后面说直接的因果关系尚未被确立,前后显然构成转折让步的逻辑关系,所以although正确。
2004年完型填空的20道题目中竟有13题与逻辑关系的分析有关,这种解题思路的重要性显而易见。
2005年完型填空真题评析
The human nose is an underrated tool. Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals, (1) this is largely because, (2)animals, we stand upright. This means that our noses are (3) to perceiving those smells which float through the air, (4) the majority of smells which stick to surfaces. In fact (5), we are extremely sensitive to smells, (6) we do not generally realize it. Our noses are capable of (7) human smells even when these are (8) to far below one part in one million.
Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another, (9) others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers. This may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate (10) smell receptors in the nose. These receptors are the cells which sense smells and send (11) to the brain. However, it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell (12) can suddenly become sensitive to it when (13) to it often enough.
The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that the brain finds it (14) to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can (15) new receptors if necessary. This may (16) explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells—we simply do not need to be. We are not (17) of the usual smell of our own house but we (18) new smells when we visit someone else’s. The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors (19) for unfamiliar and emergency signals (20) the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire.
1. A) although B) as C) but D) while
2. A) above B) unlike C) excluding D) besides
3. A) limited B) committed C) dedicated D) confined
4. A) catching B) ignoring C) missing D) tracking
5. A) anyway B) though C) instead D) therefore
6. A) even if B) if only C) only if D) as if
7. A) distinguishing B) discovering C) determining D) detecting
8. A) diluted B) dissolved C) dispersed D) diffused
9. A) when B) since C) for D) whereas
10.A) unusual B) particular C) unique D) typical
11.A) signs B) stimuli C) messages D) impulses
12.A) at first B) at all C) at large D) at times
13.A) subjected B) left C) drawn D) exposed
14.A) ineffective B) incompetent C) inefficient D) insufficient
15.A) introduce B) summon C) trigger D) create
16.A) still B) also C) otherwise D) nevertheless
17.A) sure B) sick C) aware D) tired
18.A) tolerate B) repel C) neglect D) notice
19.A) available B) reliable C) identifiable D) suitable
20.A) similar to B) such as C) along with D)aside from
作为一篇科普说明文,文章首句开门见山地提出了全文主旨:人类的鼻子被低估了。可以先解括号(2),其后说人类是直立的,而这显然是不同于动物的,要选带有否定意义的词,故选unlike。
括号(1)前面说人们通常认为人类的嗅觉不如动物敏感,后面说这很大程度上是由于人类直立行走的缘故,前后显然构成“但是”的强转折逻辑关系,故选but。Although和while(尽管,虽然)表让步的逻辑关系,故应排除。
括号(4)所在句用逗号连接两个并列的动宾结构,前后应构成正关系,逗号前面说人类的鼻子只能感知飘浮于空气中的气味(perceiving those smells which float through the air),逗号后面说大部分气味贴在地表(the majority of smells which stick to surfaces),两个宾语彼此对立,所以括号所填词应当和“感知”(perceive)构成反关系,故排除catch(捕获,发觉)和track(跟踪,追踪),而ignore表有意不理睬或忽视,与文意不符,故选miss(错过,遗漏)。
括号(5)前面主要谈论“人类的嗅觉不敏感”的观点,后面却话锋一转说:我们实际上对嗅觉极其敏感,显然前后构成转折的逻辑关系,选项中只有though(然而)满足此关系,需要注意though此处的词性为副词而非连词。
括号(6)前面说我们对嗅觉极其敏感,后面说我们通常没有意识到这一点,前后再次构成转折让步的逻辑关系,故选even if(即使)。
括号(9)前面说一些人发现他们可以嗅出一种花香而无法嗅出另一种,后面说另一些人对两种花香同样敏感,前后显然构成对比转折的逻辑关系,whereas(然而)此处相当于but in contrast或while,可以满足该关系,故选whereas。
括号(12)的解答过程应采取如下思路:首先推断出括号后的大致意思表示“如果人能经常闻到某种特定气味,也会突然对其变得敏感”,然后根据括号修饰“人们对于某种特定气味不敏感”可以判断括号应与“often enough”构成反关系,选项中只有“at first”(起先,最初)能够满足要求——“起先,最初”当然与“经常”构成对立关系。
括号(15)前面出现了but,表示转折。前面的分句说“使所有的接受器始终处于工作状态是低效的”,括号中所填词一定要与“所有的接受器始终工作”构成反关系,即“不让所有的接受器一直工作,而是在需要的情况下,使某些接受器开始进入工作状态”,结合第二段括号(10)附近的文意可以了解人类的鼻子是能够“generate”气味接收器的,这与“create”(创造,产生)构成重现;而且本括号后宾语为“new receptors”——既然是“新的”,当然选择“create”比“trigger”(触发)更加合适;“introduce”(引进、放入)和“summon”(召集、召开)与题意不符,故选create。
括号(16)前面的This指代段首的“The explanation for insensitivity to smell”,而该explanation已经解释了为什么人们对某种特定气味起初不敏感,却可以在经常接触该气味后突然对其敏感起来,括号(16)后面说该explanation解释了为什么我们通常对自己的气味不敏感——这是另一个现象,所以括号应该填入“also”,表并列的逻辑关系。
括号(17)所在句为对前句的进一步解释说明,前句说“not usually sensitive to our own smells”,本句说“not _____ of the usual smell of our own house”,显然“own smells”(自己的气味)和“the usual smell of our own house”(自己房间的通常气味)构成正关系,所以括号内应当填入“sensitive”的同义词,选项中只有aware构成“be aware of ”的搭配时表“意识到,发觉”,可以和“敏感”构成正关系,“be sick of”和“be tired of ”(均表厌倦的)均与句意相反。
括号(18)后面的“new smells when we visit someone else’s”(别人房间的新气味)显然与“the usual smell of our own house”(自己房间的通常气味)构成负关系,且与前面分句以but构成转折关系,故括号所填词一定要与“not aware”构成负关系,即与“aware”构成正关系,选项中只有notice满足要求,tolerate和repel与句意无关,neglect与句意相反。
括号(19)前面的 keep smell receptors给人似曾相识的感觉,原来是该段括号(14)后面的keep all smell receptors working的重现,于是本括号当然受到前文“working”的提示,能够与“working”构成正关系的只有“available(that can be used or obtained)”。
括号(20)前面说“unfamiliar and emergency signals”(陌生和紧急情况的信号)为概括性描述,括号后面“the smell of smoke”为具体例子之一,所填词要能够表示举例的逻辑关系,只有“such as”(例如)能够满足要求。
真题分析至此告一段落,2005年完型填空的20道题目中亦有13题与逻辑关系的分析有关,两套最新真题中与逻辑关系分析有关的题目比例竟然高达65%——数据有力地证明了这种解题思路的重要性。
笔者在此需要指出,本文开头提出的三类线索有时彼此重叠,并非泾渭分明,但这愈发突显出了上下文逻辑关系分析法的作用——这种解题思路绝不仅限于考查句间连接词的题目,而是渗透在解完型填空的各类考题当中。可以预测,在2006年考研英语的完型填空当中,这种解题思路必将大行其道。笔者送同学们八字方针:瞻前顾后,顾全大局。希望大家反复揣摩,掌握方法后辅以高质量的模拟题强化训练,则完型填空必将不再面目狰狞,而是被我们如庖丁解牛般运用其命题的客观规律游刃有余地分析至不堪一击!
附:2004、2005年考研英语完型填空答案
2004年:CDADA BCDAB ACDBA BBDAC
2005年:CBACB ADADB CADCD BCDAB |
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