习语(idiom)是固定的词组,在语义上是个不可分割的统一体,其整体的意义往往不能从组成习语的各个词汇的表面意思上揣测出来。英语习语有两个特征:一是语义的统一性(semantic unity),一是结构的固定性(structural stability)。习语是语言文化的结晶,生动形象,言简意赅。了解和掌握英语中的习语,不仅能提高语言运用能力,而且能增加文化内涵。一般来说,大部分英语习语属于口语语体。口语是语言存在的最基本的形式。从语言的起源和发展来看,口语是第一位的,书面语是第二位的。不要望文生义,否则,会犯不少错误,闹笑话出洋相。举例说明:
1.Don't take what she says too much to heart,she's just letting off steam.别把她的话往心里去,她只是发泄一下而已。
let off steam作\"发泄强烈的感情;发脾气\"解。
2.Don't play games with me,Jane.I'm on to your tricks and manipulations.简,别跟我捣鬼,我对你的诡计和手段一清二楚。
play games作\"捣鬼\"解。
3.Even if you read French easily,you'll find it's another cup of tea to make conversation in French.即使你觉得阅读法语不难,你也会发现用法语对话完全是另一回事。
another cup of tea原意是\"另一杯茶\",引申义是\"另一回事\"。
4.He is all at sea as to what to do next.他惘然若失,不知下一步该怎么办。
all at sea原意是\"在海上\",引申义为\"不知所措\"。
5.For a while rock'n'roll was all the go;then it was replaced by something else.摇滚乐曾一度流行,但很快就被别的东西取代了。
all the go在此作\"流行\"解。
6.This is a fine kettle of fish!I forgot to bring my cheque.真糟糕!我忘了带支票。
a fine kettle of fish作\"一团糟\"解。
7.I've already made up my mind.There's no sense flogging a dead horse.我已经下了决心,不必再白费口舌了。
flog a dead horse作\"白费力气\"解。
8.We intend to have a ball at
the amusement park today.我们打算今天到游乐场玩个痛快。
have a ball作\"寻乐;痛快地玩\"解。
9.He jumped down my throat at the mere mention of his wife.一提他妻子他就暴跳如雷。
jump down one's throat作\"突然粗暴地回答\"解。
10.The old man thought that too many people now let good manners go by the board.这位老人认为,现在许多人把好的举止抛到九霄云外去了。
go by the board原意为\"顺着船舷走\",现引申义为\"落空;失败\"。
11.Bill is an easy-going person.He just goes with the flow.比尔是个随和的人。人家怎么做,他就怎么做。
go with the flow作\"随从大家的意见\"解。
12.Jia Baoyu was born with a silver spoon in his mouth.贾宝玉生在富贵人家。
be born with a silver spoon in one's mouth意为\"生于富贵之家\"。
除此之外,英语中还有大量的口语习语(colloquial idioms)。如:curry favour(拍马屁),the apple of one's eye(掌上明珠),hit the nail on the head(击中要害),know the ropes(内行),to tread on air(洋洋得意), thick and thin(不顾艰难险阻的),head over heels(完全地),have a bee in one's bonnet(胡思乱想),at sixes and sevens(乱七八糟),neither fish nor fowl(非驴非马)等。准确熟练地运用这些习语可以增强表达能力,也可以看出一个人掌握英语的水平。一般来说,习语大多是通俗口语,在翻译时要译得生动活泼和口语化一点。根据语言专家的估计,英语习语有五万条左右,英语习语是英语词汇不可分割的一个重要组成部分,需要下苦功夫学习和掌握它们。