英语常用词缀整理(适于初学者)

lytinazhao

                英语常用词缀整理
表示否定的前缀：
un-  unfair, unhappy  
non- nonsmoker, nonviolent
in-  inedible, inexact, invincible,
dis-  disloyal, discontent         
表示相反的前缀：
un- unbind, uncover
de- decrease, deduct
dis- discover, discourage
ir-  irregular, irrelevant,
counter- counterattack, counteract
表示错误或失当的前缀：
mis- misjudge, misdirect, mistake
mal- maltreat, malpractice
pseudo- pseudo-classic, pseudo-scientific, pseudonym
表示向背的前缀：
pro- pro-Chinese, pro-American
anti- anti-war, anti-social
表示程度的前缀：
arch- archbishop, arch-fascist
super- supermarket, superluxury
ultra- ultra-leftist, ultraconservative,
over- overeat, overdressed, overflow, overdue, overdose
under- undercook, underfeed, underestimate
mini- mini-car, mini-skirt
semi-  semiskilled, semi-steel
表示时间的前缀：
pre-  pre-school, pre-war
fore- foretell, forewarn
post- post-war, postgraduate
表示方位的前缀：
sub- subway, submarine
inter- international, interdependent, intersection, interact, internet,
trans- transatlantic, transfer, translate, transform
英语中只有三个前缀，就是be-, en-/em-, a-, 并不改变词根的基本意义，而是引起词性的变化，如：
be-  befriend, belittle, benumb, befool
en-  enslave, enable, enlarge, encourage, endanger，envision, enrich, enlist,
em-  embody, empower
a-  asleep, ablaze
英语的后缀具有较强的语法作用，加在词根上构成派生词，并不改变词根的基本意义，而是改变了词性。
动词变名词：
-ation  exploration, simplification, conversation, celebration, civilization, cooperation, decoration, expectation, location, navigation, suggestion, consideration, declaration, invitation,
-ment  arrangement, movement, equipment, achievement, announcement, appointment, argument, improvement, commitment, statement,
-al    refusal, proposal, memorial, approval, survival,
-ee   trainee, employee
-er   trainer, employer, worker, teacher
-age   drainage, coverage, usage, encourage, package, voyage,
形容词变成名词：
-ness  happiness, meanness, awareness,
-ity   diversity, acceptability
-ism   nationalism, fanaticism, socialism,   
-ist   loyalist, racialist  
名词、形容词变动词：
-ify  beautify, simplify
-ize  modernize, hospitalize
-en  quicken, widen, broaden, soften,
-ate  accelerate, celebrate, generate, originate, populate, alienate, communicate, coordinate, estimate,
名词变形容词：
-y   hairy, sandy
-ish  foolish, Turkish
-esque picturesque, Dantesque
-some burdensome, troublesome
-ous  poisonous, humorous, generous, luxurious, continuous, mountainous, prosperous,
-tive  effective, destructive, distinctive, executive, objective,
-al  commercial, continental, digital, economical, environmental, financial, functional, official, oriental, tidal, universal, ancestral, critical, educational, formal, historical, initial, individual, national, physical,
-able comparable, compatible, remarkable, suitable, available, enjoyable,
-ful  hurtful, careful, cheerful, peaceful, powerful, successful,
-less  careless,
但也有一些带后缀的派生词仅仅改变词义，而不改变词性，如gangster, boyhood, impressionism, kingdom, spoonful, Londoner, machinery, matting, booklet, idealism, friendship, drudgery
附：
PREFIXES  MEANING   EXAMPLES
a-      lacking in    amoral(immoral), apolitical, asocial
anti-     against     anti-body, anti-clockwise  
arch-    highest, worst  archbishop, arch-enemy
bi-     two      bicycle, biweekly, bilingual, bilateral
co-     with, joint   co-author, cooperate, coordinate,
counter-   in opposition to  counter-attack, counteract
de-     to reverse action  decode, debug
di-     two       dilemma, disyllabic
dis-     the opposite of,  disbenefit, dislike,
to reverse action  disconnect, dismount
ex-     former     ex-wife, ex-chairman
fore-     before     foretell, forecourt
hyper-    extremely    hypercritical, hyper-important
in-      not       insane, inexperienced
inter-     between, among  international, interrelation
               interrupt, intervene,
mal-     badly      maltreat, malnutrition
mini-     little       miniskirt, minibus
mis-     wrongly, astray   misspell, misleading
mono-    one        monolingual, monotone
multi-    many       multi-million, multi-racial
non-     not        non-smoker, non-musician
out-     faster, longer    outrun, outlive
over-    too much      overheat, overeat
poly-    many       polysyllabic
post-    after        post-war, post-graduate
pre-     before       pre-war, premarital
pro-    on the side of     pro-British, proconsul
pseudo-   false        pseudo-science, pseudo-classic
re-     again, back     rebuild, rebound, rebirth, retrace, reunite, review,  
sub-    lower/less than, beneath substandard, subhuman, submarine, subway
super-    above, better      superman, supermarket
trans-    across        transplant, transatlantic
ultra-    extremely, beyond   ultra-violet, ultra-modern
un-     not,         unfair, unexpected,
to reverse action    untie, undress
under-    too little       underestimate, understate
uni-     one         unilateral, uniform, union
-ist                receptionist, journalist, tourist, colonist, specialist,