The Mayfield Handbook of Technical & Scientific Writing
Contents:
1. Planning and Producing Documents
1.1Characteristics of Effective Technical Communication
1.1.1 Accuracy
1.1.2 Clarity
1.1.3 Conciseness
1.1.4 Coherence
1.1.5 Appropriateness
1.2 Document Purpose
1.2.1 Explicit Purposes
1.2.2 Implicit Purposes
1.2.3 Statement of Objective
1.3 Problem Statement
1.4 Audience
1.4.1 Audience Types and Level of Expertise
1.4.1.1 Writing for Experts
1.4.1.2 Writing for Technicians
1.4.1.3 Writing for Managers
1.4.1.4 Writing for Laypersons
1.4.1.5 Writing for a Mixed Audience
1.4.2 Audience Use of Document
1.4.3 Audience Attitudes Toward Writer and Subject
1.4.4 Document Density
1.4.4.1 Examples of Document Density
1.5 Organization
1.5.1 Developing a Detailed Outline
1.5.1.1 Informal Outline
1.5.1.2 Formal Outline
1.5.2 Subject Headings
1.6 Forecasting
1.7 Drafting a Technical Document
1.8 Revising Organization
1.9 Revising Content
1.10 Editing for Grammar and Style
1.11 Reviewing a Document
1.11.1 Peer Review
1.11.1.1 Requesting a Peer Review
1.11.1.2 Performing a Peer Review
1.11.2 Technical Review
1.11.3 Editorial Review
1.11.4 Managerial Review
1.12 Collaborative Writing
1.13 Legal and Ethical Issues
1.14 Document Design
1.14.1 Format
1.14.2 Layout
1.14.2.1 Example of Page Layout
1.15 Document Checklist
2. Document Types
2.1 Memoranda
2.2 Meeting Documents
2.2.1 Agenda
2.2.2 Minutes
2.3 Literature Reviews
2.4 Reports
2.4.1 Laboratory Reports
2.4.2 Research Reports
2.4.3 Research Articles
2.4.4 Design and Feasibility Reports
2.4.5 Progress Reports
2.4.6 Consulting Reports
2.4.7 Trip Reports
2.5 Letters
2.5.1 Job Application Letters
2.5.2 Acceptance Letters
2.5.3 Transmittal Letters
2.5.4 Letters of Inquiry
2.5.5 Technical-Information Letters and Memoranda
2.5.6 References and Letters of Recommendation
2.5.6.1 Obtaining Letters of Recommendation
2.5.6.2 Writing Letters of Recommendation
2.9 Theses
2.9.1 The Thesis-Writing Process
2.9.2 Thesis Proposal
2.9.3 Format of the Thesis
2.9.4 Thesis Defense
2.10 Oral Presentations
2.10.1 Informal and Formal Oral Reports
2.10.2 Format of Oral Presentations
2.10.3 Overheads and Other Display Media
2.10.4 Delivery
2.10.5 Example of Materials for an Oral Presentation: A Design Review
2.11 Meetings
2.12 Electronic Documents
2.12.1 Electronic Mail
2.12.2 Web Sites
2.12.3 Hypertext
2.13 Résumés
2.13.1 Action Verbs for Résumés and Job Application Letters
2.14 Notes and Notebooks
3. Elements of Technical Documents
3.1 Sections and Subsections
3.2 Headings and Subheadings
3.3 Front Matter
3.3.1 Title and Title Page
3.3.2 Abstract
3.3.3 Table of Contents
3.3.4 List of Figures
3.3.5 List of Tables
3.3.6 List of Terms
3.3.7 Acknowledgments
3.4 Body
3.4.1 Introduction
3.4.1.1 Problem Statement
3.4.1.2 Purpose
3.4.1.3 Scope
3.4.1.4 Authorization
3.4.1.5 Sample Title and Introduction: Astronautical Engineering Design Report
3.4.1.6 Sample Title and Introduction: Mechanical Design Report
3.4.1.7 Sample Title and Introduction: Biology Report
3.4.1.8 Sample Title and Introduction: Information Systems Report
3.4.2 Background
3.4.3 Theory
3.4.4 Design and Decision Criteria
3.4.5 Materials and Apparatus
3.4.6 Procedure
3.4.7 Work Plan
3.4.8 Results
3.4.9 Discussion
3.4.10 Conclusion
3.4.10.1 Sample Short Conclusion: Biology
3.4.10.2 Sample Long Conclusion: Aero-Astro Engineering
3.4.11 Recommendations
3.5 End Matter
3.5.1 References
3.5.2 Appendixes
3.5.3 Indexes
4. Graphs and Figures
4.1 Reasons for Using Graphics
4.1.1 Condensing Text
4.1.2 Clarifying Relationships
4.1.3 Highlighting Patterns
4.2 Common Graphics
4.2.1 Working Drawings
4.2.2 Tables
4.2.3 Bar Graphs
4.2.4 Line Graphs
4.2.5 Pie Graphs
4.2.6 Illustrations
4.2.7 Diagrams
4.2.8 Photographs
4.2.9 Exploded Views
4.2.10 Schematic Diagrams
4.2.11 Flowcharts
4.2.12 Timetables (Gantt Charts)
4.3 General Guidelines for Graphics
4.3.1 Accurate Labeling
4.3.2 Numbering Graphics
4.3.3 Integrating Graphics and Text
5.2 Paragraph Coherence
5.2.1 Transitional Devices
5.2.1.1 Transitional Words and Phrases
5.2.1.2 Common Transitional Words and Phrases
5.2.2 Linking Pronouns
5.2.3 Repetition of Key Words
5.3 Paragraph Development
5.3.1 Exemplification
5.3.2 Narration
5.3.3 Process
5.3.4 Description
5.3.5 Comparison and Contrast
5.3.6 Analogy
5.3.7 Cause and Effect
5.3.8 Classification and Division
5.3.9 Definition
5.3.10 Analysis
5.3.11 Enumeration
6. Sentences
6.1 Stacked Modifiers and Nouns
6.2 Wordiness
6.2.1 Passive Voice and Active Voice
6.2.2 Nominalizations
6.2.3 Unnecessary Repetition
6.2.4 Unnecessary Words and Phrases
6.3 Overloaded Sentences
6.4 Sentence Fragments
6.5 Comma Splice
6.6 Fused Sentences
6.7 Stringy Sentences
6.8 Agreement
6.8.1 Subject-Verb Agreement
6.8.1.1 Two or More Nouns
6.8.1.2 Sentences Beginning with There
6.8.1.3 Indefinite Pronouns
6.8.1.4 Collective Nouns
6.8.1.5 Quantifiers
6.8.2 Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement
7.5 Biased Language
7.5.1 Sexist Language
7.5.2 Ageist Language
7.5.3 Language Biased against People with Disabilities
7.5.4 Ethnically and Racially Biased Language
8. Punctuation
8.1 Periods
8.2 Commas
8.2.1 Introductory Elements
8.2.2 Coordinating Conjunctions Joining Independent Clauses
8.2.3 Elements in a Series
8.2.4 Coordinate Modifiers
8.2.5 Nonrestrictive Modifiers
8.2.6 Parenthetic Elements
8.2.7 Elliptical Constructions
8.2.8 Specialized Uses of Commas
8.2.9 Superfluous Commas
8.2.10 Placement of Commas with Other Punctuation
8.3 Colons
8.4 Semicolons
8.5 Question Marks
8.6 Exclamation Marks
8.7 Apostrophes
8.8 Quotation marks
8.9 Hyphens
8.10 Dashes
8.11 Parentheses
8.12 Brackets
9. Mechanics
9.1 Capitalization
9.2 Italics
9.3 Abbreviations
9.4 Acronyms
9.5 Numbers
9.6 Enumeration
9.7 Symbols
9.8 Equations
9.9 Spelling
10. Citing Sources and Listing References
10.1 Using the Language of Your Source Appropriately
10.2 Acknowledging Sources
10.3 Basic Structure and Formats of Citation Styles
10.3.1 Citing Online Sources
10.3.2 Specific Citation Styles
10.4 American Psychological Association (APA) Author-Date Style
10.4.1 General Structure
10.4.2 Guidelines for APA Parenthetical Citation
10.4.2.1 Name of Author Included in Text
10.4.2.2 Placement of Parenthetical Citations
10.4.2.3 Page Numbers
10.4.2.4 Quotations
10.4.2.5 One Work by Two Authors
10.4.2.6 One Work by Three, Four, or Five Authors
10.4.2.7 One Work by Six or More Authors
10.4.2.8 More Than One Work by the Same Author
10.4.2.9 More Than One Work by Different Authors in the Same Parenthetical Citation
10.4.2.10 Two Works by the Same Author in the Same Year
10.4.2.11 Two Works by Different Authors with the Same Last Name
10.4.2.12 Organizational Author
10.4.2.13 Unknown Author
10.4.2.14 Personal Communication and Other \"Nonrecoverable\" Information
10.4.3 Use of Endnotes
10.4.4 APA Reference List
10.4.4.1 Content Guidelines
10.4.4.2 Page Format
10.4.4.3 General Structure of Entry
10.4.4.4 Books
10.4.4.5 Journal Articles
10.4.4.6 Electronic Sources
10.5 Modern Language Assocation (MLA) Author-Page Style
10.5.1 General Structure
10.5.2 Guidelines for MLA Parenthetical Citation
10.5.2.1 Placement of Parenthetical Citations
10.5.2.2 Name of Author Included in Text
10.5.2.3 Page Numbers
10.5.2.4 Quotations
10.5.2.5 One Work by Two or Three Authors
10.5.2.6 One Work by Four or More Authors
10.5.2.7 More Than One Work by the Same Author
10.5.2.8 More Than One Work by Different Authors in the Same Citation
10.5.2.9 Two Works by Different Authors with the Same Last Name
10.5.2.10 Organizational Author
10.5.2.11 Unknown Author
10.5.2.12 Personal Communication and Other \"Nonrecoverable\" Information
10.5.3 Use of Endnotes or Footnotes
10.5.3.1 Endnotes
10.5.3.2 Footnotes
10.5.4 MLA List of Works Cited
10.5.4.1 Content Guidelines
10.5.4.2 Page Format
10.5.4.3 General Structure of Entry
10.5.4.4 Books
10.5.4.5 Journal Articles
10.5.4.6 Electronic Sources
10.6 Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) Note Citations
10.6.1 General Structure
10.6.2 Guidelines for CMS Note Citation
10.6.2.1 Placement of Superscript Notes
10.6.2.2 Page Numbers
10.6.2.3 Quotations
10.6.2.4 Citing More Than One Work by the Same Author
10.6.2.5 More Than One Work by Different Authors in the Same Note
10.6.2.6 Two Works by Different Authors with the Same Last Name
10.6.2.7 Personal Communication and Other \"Nonrecoverable\" Information
10.6.3 Use of Endnotes or Footnotes
10.6.4 CMS Note List
10.6.4.1 Content Guidelines
10.6.4.2 Page Format
10.6.4.3 General Structure of Entry
10.6.4.4 Books
10.6.4.5 Journal Articles
10.7 Council of Biology Editors (CBE) Citation-Sequence System
10.7.1 General Structure
10.7.2 Guidelines for CBE Citation-Sequence System
10.7.2.1 Name of Author Included in Text
10.7.2.2 Placement of Superscript Note Numbers
10.7.2.3 More Than One Work in the Same Citation
10.7.2.4 Personal Communication and Other \"Nonrecoverable\" Information
10.7.3 Use of Endnotes or Footnotes
10.7.4 CBE Numbered List of References
10.7.4.1 Content Guidelines
10.7.4.2 Page Format
10.7.4.3 General Structure of Entry
10.7.4.4 Books
10.7.4.5 Journal Articles
10.7.4.6 Electronic Sources
10.8 IEEE Citation-Sequence System
10.8.1 General Structure
10.8.2 Guidelines for IEEE Citation-Sequence System
10.8.2.1 Placement of Note Numbers
10.8.2.2 Name of Author Included in Text
10.8.2.3 More Than One Work in the Same Citation
10.8.2.4 Personal Communication and Other \"Nonrecoverable\" Information
10.8.3 Use of Endnotes or Footnotes
10.8.4 IEEE Numbered List of References
10.8.4.1 Content Guidelines
10.8.4.2 Page Format
10.8.4.3 Books
10.8.4.4 Journal Articles
10.8.4.5 Electronic Sources
11. Parts of Speech
11.1 Nouns
11.1.1 Countable and Uncountable Nouns
11.1.1.1 Countable Nouns
11.1.1.2 Uncountable (Mass) Nouns
11.1.2 Other Grammatical Characteristics of Nouns
11.1.2.1 Gender
11.1.2.2 Number
11.1.2.3 Person
11.1.3 Proper Nouns
11.1.4 Possession
11.8 Articles
11.8.1 Definite Articles
11.8.2 Indefinite Articles
11.8.2.1 Choosing between a and an
11.8.3 Usage Rules for Articles
11.8.3.1 Is an Article Necessary?
11.8.3.2 Which Article is Appropriate?
11.8.3.3 Articles and Demonstrative and Possessive Adjectives
11.8.3.4 Articles and Proper Nouns
12. Parts of Sentences
12.1 Subjects
12.2 Predicates
12.3 Objects
12.3.1 Direct Objects
12.3.2 Indirect Objects
12.3.3 Objects of Prepositions
12.4 Modifiers
12.4.1 Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Modifiers
发表于 2007-7-22 12:26:33