Nature：微小RNA在基因沉默中的研究新进展

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Nature：微小RNA在基因沉默中的研究新进展
生物谷报道：关闭特定基因表达是一种能力，这种能力不仅为研究细胞过程提供了一种有力的工具，而且也可用于癌症等疾病的治疗。本期Nature上两篇论文报告了关于用微小RNA（miRNAs）来进行基因沉默的研究结果。
微小RNA是指调控信使RNA稳定性和转录的小RNA。Chendrimada等人发现，三分子复合物RISC（该复合物已知能产生微RNA）与MOV10复合物发生相互作用，后者包括核糖体抗关联因子eIF6。这一发现表明，eIF6所起的作用是在演化过程中保留下来的、由微RNA引导的基因沉默的调控因子。Rolf Thermann 和 Matthias Hentze发现，果蝇的微RNA\"miR2\"通过生成与核糖体非常相似的大miRNA复合物来阻止蛋白形成，而锁进所形成的\"假多核糖体\"（pseudo-polysome）中的信使RNA的作用便被有效阻止了。



FIGURE 1. Biochemical and functional analysis of eIF6 in the miRNA pathway.
a, b, Flag affinity eluate was fractionated on a Superose 6 gel filtration medium after which the column fractions were subjected to SDS–PAGE and either silver staining or western blot analysis. Fractions of the column are denoted on the top and molecular mass markers are indicated at the bottom. Asterisks denote contaminating polypeptides. c, Illustration of Renilla luciferase containing the wild-type or mutant let-7b sites. d, Reporter constructs containing one or two let7-b-responsive sites are repressed in HeLa cells. e, f, Treatment with 2'-O-methyl single-stranded RNA (let-7b as) or eIF6 knockdown abolishes let-7b-mediated translational repression without any effect on reporters with a mutant let-7b binding site. Each point represents at least three independent experiments. Error bars in d–f indicate s.e.m.

原文出处：
Nature  Volume 447 Number 7146
MicroRNA silencing through RISC recruitment of eIF6 p823
Thimmaiah P. Chendrimada, Kenneth J. Finn, Xinjun Ji, David Baillat, Richard I. Gregory, Stephen A. Liebhaber, Amy E. Pasquinelli & Ramin Shiekhattar
doi:10.1038/nature05841
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (2,149K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary
Drosophila miR2 induces pseudo-polysomes and inhibits translation initiation p875
Rolf Thermann & Matthias W. Hentze
doi:10.1038/nature05878
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (340K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary

相关基因：
eIF6
eIF6 [Drosophila melanogaster]
Other Aliases: Dmel_CG17611, CG17611, eif6, l(2)k13214, unnamed
Other Designations: eIF6 CG17611-PA
Chromosome: 2R; Location: 60A3-60A3
GeneID: 37776


作者简介：
Ramin Shiekhattar, Ph.D.
Professor
Gene Expression and Regulation Program and
Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program
Introduction
The laboratory of Ramin Shiekhattar, Ph.D., is interested in the biochemical events that contribute to the development of cancer. The focus of the laboratory's research is the biochemical isolation of proteins encoded by genes known to be involved in human cancer. The Shiekhattar laboratory also studies the role of these proteins on normal cellular growth and uses cells derived from tumors to study the function of these genes in cell culture models.
Research Summary
The Shiekhattar laboratory is pursuing research in two major areas. The first is the molecular mechanism of cancer. A number of human familial cancer syndromes are caused by the inheritance of a mutant allele of a tumor suppressor gene. These genes are involved in regulating cell growth, and they contribute to carcinogenesis when mutated or lost. Thus, individuals who carry only one functional copy of a given tumor suppressor gene are predisposed to cancer, since a second mutation in the same gene will render them lacking an important negative growth regulator.
The second major research area of the Shiekhattar laboratory is the epigenetic regulation of gene expression. The laboratory's goal is to understand the epigenetic regulation of gene expression in mammalian development and genetic disease. Histone modifying enzymes are a crucial component of the epigenetic control of gene activity through the regulation of chromatin state. Shiekhattar's laboratory has identified a number of factors such as chromatin remodeling complexes and histone-deacetylases that are involved in this process.
Recent Scientific Advances
BRCA1/BRCA2-containing complexes: Over the past several years, the Shiekhattar laboratory has used biochemical procedures to isolate multiprotein complexes containing proteins encoded by several tumor suppressor genes, including BRCA1, BRCA2, Nf1 and Nf2. The laboratory has begun to decipher the biochemical role of these complexes in regulation of transcription and DNA repair. Moreover, through mass spectrometric microsequencing of the constituents of these complexes, Shiekhattar's laboratory has also identified novel genes whose mutations may contribute to cancer. The laboratory is analyzing the function of these novel genes and their pattern of expression in normal as well as malignant tissues.
Chromatin remodeling: Recent genetic and biochemical studies have identified a host of multisubunit complexes that, in an ATP-dependent manner, are able to alter the structure of the nucleosome. To gain further insight into the biochemical activity and polypeptide composition of chromatin remodeling complexes in human cells, the Shiekhattar laboratory has initiated a systematic analysis of novel chromatin remodeling activities from human cells. This analysis has revealed a novel two subunit (135 kDa and 180 kDa) chromatin remodeling complex displaying a unique mononucleosome DNaseI cleavage pattern. Mass spectrometric analysis of the two subunits identified the 135 kDa subunit h. The 180 kDa subunit was identified through the analysis of expressed sequence tags as a protein closely related to Williams syndrome transcription factor (WSTF). The gene for WSTF is deleted in Williams syndrome, a complex developmental disorder marked by mental retardation, growth defects, cardiovascular disease, dysmorphic facial features, and a unique cognitive profile. This disorder is due to a contiguous gene deletion (
Chromatin remodeling meets chromosome segregation: Nucleosomal DNA is arranged in a higher-order structure that presents a barrier to most cellular processes involving protein DNA interactions. The cellular machinery involved in sister chromatid cohesion, the cohesin complex, also requires access to the nucleosomal DNA to perform its function in chromosome segregation. The machineries that provide this accessibility are termed chromatin remodelling factors. The Shiekhattar laboratory has isolated a human ISWI (SNF2h)-containing chromatin remodelling complex that encompasses components of the cohesin and NuRD complexes. The laboratory has shown that the hRAD21 subunit of the cohesin complex directly interacts with the ATPase subunit SNF2h. Mapping of hRAD21, SNF2h and Mi2 binding sites by chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments reveals the specific association of these three proteins with human DNA elements containing Alu sequences. The laboratory has found a correlation between modification of histone tails and association of the SNF2h/cohesin complex with chromatin. Moreover, the laboratory has shown that the association of the cohesin complex with chromatin can be regulated by the state of DNA methylation. Finally, the Shiekhattar laboratory has presented evidence pointing to a role for the ATPase activity of SNF2h in the loading of hRAD21 on chromatin.
Histone deacetylases: The Shiekhattar laboratory has identified a family of histone deacetylase complexes that function through modifying chromatin structure to keep genes silent. The polypeptide composition of these complexes has in common a core of two subunits, HDAC1,2 and BHC110, an FAD-binding protein. The laboratory has isolated two members of this family, the BHC and XFIM complexes, and shown that the BHC complex is involved in regulation of neuronal specific genes. A candidate X-linked mental retardation gene and the transcription initiation factor II-I (TFII-I) are components of a second member of this family of complexes. Other subunits of these complexes include polypeptides associated with cancer causing chromosomal translocations. These findings not only delineate a novel class of multiprotein complexes involved in transcriptional repression but also identified a novel enzyme BHC110 whose activity remains to be determined.
Selected Publications
1. Bochar, D. A., Savard, J., Wang, W., Lafleur, D. W., Moore, P., Cote, J., and Shiekhattar, R. A novel family of chromatin remodeling factors related to Williams syndrome transcription factor. PNAS. USA 97: 1038-1043 (2000).
2. Guenther, Matthew G., Lane, William S., Verdin, Eric, Lazar, Mitchell A., and Shiekhattar, R. A coreSMRT Corepressor Complex containing HDAC3 and TBL1, a WD40 Repeat Protein Linked to Deafness. Genes and Development 14: 1048-1057 (2000).
3. Bochar, D. A., Wang, L., Beniya, H., Kinev, A.., Xue, Y., Lane, W. S., Wang, W., Kashanchi, F., and Shiekhattar, R. BRCA1 is associated with a human SWI/SNF-related complex: Linking Chromatin Remodeling to Breast Cancer. Cell 102: 257-265 (2000).
4. Marmorstein, L., Bochar, Daniel A., Beniya, H., Kinev, A.; Epstein, J.; Aaronson, Stuart A., and Shiekhattar, R. A human BRCA2 complex containing a structural DNA binding component influences cell cycle progression. Cell 104: 247-257 (2001).
5. Lo, W-S, Duggan, L., Tolga Emre, N. C., Belotserkovskya, R., Lane, W. S., Shiekhattar, R and Berger, S., L. Snf1-a Histone Kinase that Works in Concert with Histone Acetyltransferase Gcn5 to Regulate Transcription. Science 293; 1142-1146 (2001).
6. Hakimi, M-A., Bochar, D.A., Chenoweth, J., Lane, W.S., Mandel, G., and Shiekhattar, R. A core-BRAF35 complex containing histone deacetylase mediates repression of neuronal-specific genes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99: 7420-7425 (2002).
7. Hakimi M-A, Bochar D. A., Schmiesing J. A. Jr, Dong, Y., Barak, O. G., Speicher, D. W., Yokomori , K., and Ramin Shiekhattar. A chromatin remodeling complex that loads cohesin onto human chromosomes. Nature 418; 994-998 (2002).
8. Hakimi, M-A, Speicher, D.W., and Ramin Shiekhattar. The motor protein kinesin-1 links neurofibromin and merlin in a common cellular pathway of neurofibromatosis. J. Biol. Chem 4277; 36909-12 (2002).

Prof. Matthias W. Hentze, M.D.
Associate Director, EMBL
Meyerhofstrasse 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany
Co-Director of the EMBL/ Heidelberg Univ. \"Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit\"
Im Neuenheimer Feld 150, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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