Beethoven的乐派归类图书馆考证～

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Beethoven的乐派归类问题一直是一个非常有争议的问题，在一个论坛古典音乐版和人讨论的时候，特地花了一下午时间，跑到图书馆去翻找了大量音乐史的资料，看看到底有多少credibility高的著作把他归到“古典主义”乐派。。。

翻找的结果是： 基本都强调他早期的古典风格，而不会忽视他后期的突破创新，比方第七交响曲，还有钢琴奏鸣曲中的变革。。。

因此我个人认为介于古典和浪漫主义之间，应该是最适合的表述。。。

－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－

我摘选的这几本都是经典书籍，我相信认真对待音乐史的人肯定对其中或者全部的书名
会很熟悉。因为都是权威的作品，所以我假设他们都是独立研究，没有互相参考；即使
有参考同一研究成果，那么我相信会同时参考它，肯定那个研究成果是被广为认可的。

第一类是专门的音乐类，音乐史书籍：

1. 我第一个就是先找关于音乐家传记最权威最reliable的Baker’s Biographical
Dictionary of Musicians。（该经典成书于1900年，在很多人心中是最全面最可信的
音乐家biography辞书）
Beethoven, Ludwig van
The great german composer whose unsurpassed genius, expressed with supreme
mastery in his syms., chamber music, concertos, and piano sonatas, revealed
an extraordinary power of invention and marked a historic turn in the art of
composition;
(好像是第三卷，页码忘记记了。没有看到书中有把他划归为具体哪一类。最明显标志
是这句：“marked a historic turn in art of composition”――支持我的论点：过
渡时期。)


2．接着再找权威教材，由Cornell 和Yale 大学 Grout, Palisca写的 A history of
western Music.  (fifth edition W.W.Norton&Company)

\"…been recognized as the finest survey of Western art music since its fist
appearance in 1960.\" 这本书我知道是很多大学的教科书，我自己也看过，但是说实
话，我不觉得有什么特色，大同小异，可能音乐史就那么回事，怎么写，公认的知识还
都是一样的，除非有新的研究突破。

书中是单独分出一章来讲beethoven，而不是把它归到浪漫主义或者古典主义！！

第15章，560页专门有一小节讲贝多芬和浪漫主义的关系：
Beethoven and the romantics
… His influence on later composers resulted mostly from the works of the
middle period, especially the Rasummovsky Quartets, the fifth, sixth, and
seventh symphonies, and the piano sonatas. Even in these works it was not
the classic element in Beethoven’s style but he revolutionary elements, the
free, impulsive, mysterious, demonic spirit, the underlying conception of
music as a mode of self-expression, that fascinated
（看好了：it was not the classic element in the beethoven’s style but…）
… 中间省去一段E.T.A.Hoffmann的个人观点…
最后一句话：
Romantic or not, Beethoven was one of the great disruptive forces in the
history of music. After him, nothing could ever be the same; he opened the
gateway to a new world.
（不管算不算浪漫主义，贝多芬的革命性突破是不可否认的。所以说在浪
漫和古典之间是最合适的说法，至少，这本权威教材里贝多芬没有被划到古典主义流派
中！！！）

3．再来看一本“标准教材”，大牛Paul Henry Lang的Music in Western
Civilization. (W.W.Norton&Company)

Just as paul henry lang ranks among the twentieth century’s most eminent
musicologists, Music in Western Civilization ranks as one of the century’s
masterpieces of music history. Published the year author turned forty, the
book was immediately recognized for the important contributions it would
make to the historical study of music in the United States.
New York Times Book Review called it “a tremendous achievement, a product
of comprehending and comprehensive scholarship…”
好，了解了下这本书和作者的地位后，我们来看看它的内容大纲，到底把贝多芬划分到
哪个派别：

CONTENTS
12. Rococo-style gallant-empfindsamkeit

13. THE CALSSIC ERA
  the return of Classic Thought
  The Classic Orientation in Arts and Letters
  Haydn
   Earlier works
   Later works
  Mozart
  Instrumental Works
  Theater and Opera in the classic era
  Mozart’s Italian Operas
  Mozart and the singspiel
  Mozart’s Operatic Conceptions
（看清楚，古典主义时期有没有贝多芬的名字呢？？？）

14. The peripheries of eighteenth-century music and its practice

15. The confluence of classicism and romanticism
  Classicism versus Romanticism
  The romantic movement in Germany
  The classic-romantic in literature and its counterpart in music
  Beethoven
   Life
   …
（贝多芬被划分到哪个时期？？？confluence of classicism and romanticism!!
! ）

16. Romanticism

17. From Romanticism to realism


第二类是百科全书。
我一直感觉百科全书的编纂要比学术著作严谨。前者影响面广，作为人类知识的参考首
选，写入的应该是比较公认的观点和比较可靠的事实，后者可以加入比较多学者自己的
看法（当然这个是我个人观点）。

我找了世界上目前最权威的三本百科全书，World Book, Encyclopedia Americana和大
英百科全书，看看里面怎么说贝多芬：

1. The world book encyclopedia

在Page 214 找到：
Because of this constant feeling of hidden significance, Beethoven was
regarded in the 1800’s as one of the founders of musical romanticism.
（这里是把贝多芬看成是浪漫主义的奠基人）

前面小结没有把贝多芬说成是浪漫主义或者是古典主义，只提到：
Beethoven has had a great influence on music. He won for composer a new
freedom to express themselves.

2. Encyclopedia Americana international edition
(complete in thirty volumes first published in 1829)
Volume 3
Page 457
Beethoven, German composer, whose work brought the brilliant classical era
of Haydn and Mozart to an extraordinary climax, and at the same time
launched the Romantic era of Schubert, Berlioz, Wagner, Verdi, Brahms, and
Mahler with decisive authority.
（这里同时表述贝多芬的音乐让古典主义音乐走向辉煌，同时开创浪漫主义新纪元）


3. 在很多人心中是所有百科全书中最权威的“大英百科全书”
Beethoven, Ludwig, van

German composer, the predominant musical figure in the transitional period
between the Classical and Romantic eras.

（概括的真好！！我认为别的论述都是这简练的一句的不同表达！）